Problemområdet som det här examensarbetet undersöker är frekvensen av överbelastningsskador inom ishockey genom en casestudie med ishockeyklubben ’Malmö Redhawks’. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns en samband mellan asymmetrisk effektutveckling och överbelastningsskador i andra sporter och den nuvarande studien avser att förtydliga dess roll inom ishockey. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan asymmetrisk effektutveckling vid tävlingsprestation och frekvensen av överbelastningsskador inom ishockey, och föreslå strategier gällande hur man kan minska skadefrekvensen genom preventivt arbete. Forskningsfrågorna som ligger till grund för studien är: ”Hur har asymmetrisk effektutveckling påverkat de överbelastningsskador som inträffat under säsongen?”; och ”Vilka fysiologiska faktorer är relevanta när man utvecklar riktlinjer för skadepreventivt arbetet med överbelastningsskador inom ishockey?”. För att undersöka syftet genomfördes en sammanställning av tillgänglig empiri från säsongens matcher genom kvantitativ metod som sedan analyserades statistiskt i SPSS genom variansanalysen ’ANOVA’. Resultaten visar att det på gruppnivå inte finns en signifikant korrelation mellan effektutveckling (F=2,554, sig.=0,11), asymmetri (F=0,003, sig.=0,96) och överbelastningsskador. Det finns inte heller någon påvisbar trend när man undersöker skadetillfällena på matchnivå, och en mer komplett förklaringsmodell behöver undersökas i framtida forskningsprojekt med större omfattning. Slutsatsen är att det inte går att använda de generella riktlinjerna för att uppskatta atleters risk för överbelastningsskador. Det finns dock underlag i den tidigare forskningen för att anta att individuella riktlinjer har en relevans vid skadepreventivt arbete inom ishockey som en atlets nuläge kan jämföras med för att belysa avvikelser. Mer forskning krävs för att fastställa vilka fysiologiska faktorer som är relevanta för ishockey och hur idrotten förhåller sig till den tidigare forskningen inom området. / There has been speculations in the scientific community that the frequency of overuse injuries in ice hockey can be attributed in part to asymmetrical power development. Research has shown a correlation between more than ten percent asymmetrical power development and increased injury frequency in several other sports. This phenomenon will be examined through a case study with the elite ice hockey team ‘Malmö Redhawks’. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a significant correlation between the occurrence of asymmetrical differences and the frequency of overuse injuries in ice hockey, and propose strategies for injury prevention. A quantitative method was used to summarize the empirical data from the previous season, which was then analysed through an ‘ANOVA’ test of variance. The results of the study shows that there is no significant correlation between power development (F=2,554, sig.=0,11), asymmetry (F=0,003, sig.=0,96) and injury frequency at the group level. There is no clear tendencies when examining the individual games either. The conclusion is that general guidelines are rough instruments for assessing an athletes risk of overuse injury in ice hockey. There is some basis in the scientific community for assuming that individual guidelines could be effective as injury prevention, but more research is needed to determine its correlations and which physiological variables that are relevant.

Introduction : Les joueurs de hockey sur glace effectuent des mouvements asymétriques en utilisant la rotation du torse et des hanches lors des passes et des tirs. Les asymétries entre les segments corporels peuvent avoir un impact sur la capacité de sprints répétés, la puissance verticale lors de sauts à contre-bas et les performances sportives générales. La force isométrique de la hanche et le saut à contre-bas sont couramment évalués chez les joueurs de hockey sur glace en raison de leurs relations avec les performances en patinage et l'incidence des blessures à l'aine, respectivement. Objectif : Cette étude vise explorer si les asymétries obtenues lors des évaluations des forces isométriques de la hanche et des sauts à contre-bas sont associées à celles observées lors du patinage. Méthodes : Trente-sept joueurs professionnels de l'hockey sur glace ont effectué des évaluations hebdomadaires de force et de saut de la hanche et ont porté des centrales inertielles pendant les séances sur glace tout au long des saisons pré et compétitives. Les accélérations sont mesurées pour les deux jambes et ont été utilisées pour calculer les asymétries inter-membres, en pourcentage. Résultats : Parmi tous les paramètres mesurés, seule l'asymétrie dans le pic de la force de l’attérissage du saut à contre-bas a dépassé 10% pour toutes les positions (22,1%) et par position (21,3% - 22,6%). Les joueurs de centre et à la défense ont mené à plusieurs relations modérées à grandes entre différentes asymétries lors des évaluations hors-glace (r: -0,67 - 0,38, p <0,01). Toutes les positions ont montré des relations modérées à grandes entre la résistance à la hanche et la charge de patinage sur la glace et la force moyenne par foulée (r: -0,32 - 0,56, p <0,05). Les joueurs de centre ont montré des relations modérées entre le saut à contre-bas et des asymétries sur la glace (r: -0,31 - 0,43, p <0,01). Conclusion Cette étude a révélé qu'il existe des relations significatives entre les asymétries sur- et hors glace dans le hockey professionnel masculin. Les résultats de cette étude fournissent également aux intervenants auprès de cette population des valeurs de référence pour les asymétries sur glace et hors glace. / Introduction Ice-hockey players develop asymmetrical movement patterns by favoring rotation through the torso and hips while passing and shooting. Interlimb asymmetries have been shown to affect repeated sprint ability, vertical and horizontal countermovement jump power, and general athletic performance. Isometric hip strength and the countermovement jump are commonly assessed in ice-hockey players because of their relationships with skating performance and incidence of groin injuries, respectively. Purpose: This study explored whether asymmetries returned during isometric hip strength and countermovement jump assessments relate to those from stride-by-stride analyses. Methods: Thirty-seven professional ice-hockey players performed weekly hip strength and jump assessments and wore inertial momentum units during on-ice sessions throughout the pre- and competitive seasons. Data were either available for both limbs and were utilized to calculate inter-limb asymmetries, or as an asymmetry percentage. Results: Among all parameters measured, only the CMJ peak landing force asymmetry exceeded 10% for all positions (22.1%) and by position (21.3% - 22.6%). Centers and Defense positions returned several moderate to large relationships between fitness assessment asymmetries (r: -0.67 – 0.38, p < 0.01). All positions returned moderate to large relationships between hip strength and on-ice skating load and average force per stride (r: -0.32 – 0.56, p < 0.05). Centers returned moderate countermovement jump and on-ice asymmetries (r: -0.31 – 0.43, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study revealed that significant relationships exist between on- and off-ice asymmetries in men’s professional ice-hockey. The results from this study also provide practitioners with reference values for on- and off-ice asymmetries.

Elitidrottare har identifierats som en riskgrupp för psykisk ohälsa utifrån exponering av såväl generella som sportspecifika påverkansfaktorer. Bland elitidrottare är förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa dessutom större bland kvinnor än män. Första syftet med studien är att kartlägga förekomsten av symtom på psykisk ohälsa (ångest, depression och sömnsvårigheter) och psykisk hälsa bland spelare i Svenska Damhockeyligan (SDHL). Andra syftet är att undersöka samband mellan symtom på psykisk ohälsa/hälsa och demografiska variabler (skador, anställningsstatus), socialt stöd och psykologisk flexibilitet. 182 av 199 SDHL-spelare (medelålder 22,3±SD 4,8, 16–35 år) från alla nio lag deltog i denna tvärsnittsstudie. Självskattningsformulär användes som datainsamlingsmetod och data analyserades vidare genom statistiska analyser. Resultatet visade att över 4 av 10 spelare rapporterade måttliga eller högre nivåer av symtom på ångest, depression och/eller sömnsvårigheter, där ungefär hälften rapporterade komorbiditeter. Detta indikerar ett glapp för prevention. Sammantaget rapporterade 6 av 10 ett sub-idealt tillstånd (d.v.s. ingen psykisk ohälsa och psykiskt välbefinnande), vilket indikerar ett glapp för promotion. Statistiskt signifikanta positiva samband fanns för psykologisk flexibilitet och socialt stöd. Förslagsvis kan dessa faktorer bli fördelaktiga att adressera vid preventivt och promotivt hälsoarbete med målgruppen. Framtida forskning kan adressera dessa faktorer vid interventionsstudier liksom följa populationens psykiska hälsotillstånd och dess påverkansfaktorer över tid. / Objectives: First, to map the prevalence of symptoms of mental illness (i.e., anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties) and mental health among players in the Swedish Women’s Hockey League (SDHL). Second, to investigate relationships between mental illness/health and demographic variables (i.e., injuries, employment status), social support and psychological flexibility. Methods: SDHL players (n=182; mean age 22.3±SD 4.8, range 16-35) from nine teams participated in this cross-sectional study. 79% (n=145) combined sports with education or work (i.e., “dual careers”). 20% (n=54) reported injuries. Self-assessment questionnaires were used to measure perceived levels of symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep difficulties, psychological flexibility, and social support. Mental health/illness variables were presented as descriptive statistics and associations were investigated through multivariate binary logistical regression analyses. Results: Moderate or severe levels of symptoms were reported among 29% for sleep difficulties and 26% for anxiety and/or depression. 19% reported comorbidities. 58% reported flourishing mental health. Lower psychological flexibility was associated with lower odds of flourishing mental health and higher odds of symptoms of mental illness. Social support was associated with higher odds of flourishing mental health and lower odds of sleep difficulties. Conclusion: 6 of 10 players reported not reaching the ideal state of mental health (i.e., no mental illness and flourishing mental health). Statistically significant associations were found with psychological flexibility and social support, suggesting these factors will be beneficial to consider when working to promote mental health and prevent mental illness in this population.

Abstract to the master's thesis on the topic: Present status and the development prospects of junior ice hockey in Yekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk region. (Specifically looking at an Ice-Hockey School «Spartakovets»). This research paper is 94 pages long and includes 13 tables, 8 graphs. Sources used: 60 The main focus of this dissertation is finding some ways to improve the existing system of managing the junior ice hockey so as to make the development of this sport more effective in Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk oblast. During this research the analysis of current state of junior ice hockey was carried out and some factors holding back the development of this sport were identified. Also some practical solutions of the problems dairy appearing in sports schools were found and aimed to develop ice hockey in Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk oblast. Therefore, based on the results of this research a plan of strategic expansion of junior ice hockey in Yekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk oblast was introduced and a concept of a new training facility for ice-hockey was established. / Аннотация к магистерской диссертации на тему: Состояние и перспективы развития детского хоккея с шайбой в городе Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области (на примере спортивной школы олимпийского резерва по хоккею «Спартаковец»). Работа включает: 94 страницы, 13 таблиц, 8 рисунков, использованных источников – 60. Диссертация посвящена выявлению путей совершенствования системы управления детским хоккеем Екатеринбурга и Свердловской области с целью повышения эффективности развития этого вида спорта. В ходе исследования проведен анализ состояния, выявлены факторы, сдерживающие развитие детско-юношеского хоккея в Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области и определены практические пути решения тех проблем, которые возникают повсеместно в спортивных детских учреждениях, ориентированных на развитие хоккея. На основе полученных результатов исследования предложен план стратегического развития детско-юношеского хоккея в Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области и разработана концепция создания центра олимпийской подготовки по хоккею.

Une stratégie utilisée auprès des entraîneurs pour rendre le hockey sur glace plus sécuritaire est l'éducation sur les commotions cérébrales liées au sport (CCS). Cependant, l'apport de connaissances aux entraîneurs n'est pas associé à une modification des comportements liés aux CCS. L'objectif de cette étude était d'utiliser la Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) pour élaborer des vignettes axées sur les aspects clés de cette théorie et basées sur les expériences d’entraîneurs de hockey sur glace avec la CCS. Douze entraîneurs de hockey sur glace (n = 2 femmes, n = 10 hommes) d'équipes AA et AAA du Canada ont parlé de leurs expériences avec les CCS de leurs athlètes dans le cadre d'entrevues semi-structurées (M = 69,25 minutes). Les données ont été analysées en deux phases. Tout d'abord, nous avons effectué une analyse de contenu dirigée en utilisant trois thèmes dérivés du BCW (c.-à-d. capacité, opportunité et motivation). Ensuite, nous avons suivi les suggestions pour « creative non-fiction », menant à la création de deux vignettes. La première vignette dépeint un entraîneur expérimenté dans une situation de commotion complexe, où iel prend la décision de retirer un joueur vedette soupçonné de CCS, contre l’avis des parents d’autres joueurs. À l'inverse, la deuxième vignette met en scène un bénévole qui débute comme entraîneur de hockey sur glace. En se remémorant sa première saison, iel frémit de la façon dont il a géré la CCS d’une athlète et décrit comment iel aurait aimé gérer cette situation. Prises ensemble, ces deux vignettes constituent une nouvelle stratégie de diffusion pour l’enseignement des CCs. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'il est nécessaire de traduire l'information sur les CCS de manière efficace pour faciliter la formation d’entraîneurs de hockey sur glace sur les CCS. / Sport-related concussion (SRC) education is one strategy that has been used to make ice hockey safer, and coaches have been seen as key members of the sport environment who influence athlete safety. Unfortunately, providing coaches with knowledge has not been associated with changing SRC management behaviors. The objective of this study was to use the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to develop theory-driven vignettes based on ice hockey coaches experiences with SRC. Twelve youth ice hockey coaches (n = 2 females, n = 10 males) of AA and AAA teams across Canada talked about their experiences dealing with their athletes SRCs through semi-structured interviews (M = 69.25 minutes). The data were analyzed as part of a two phase process. First, we conducted a directed content analysis using three themes directly derived from the BCW (i.e., capability, opportunity and motivation). Second, we followed recommendations for creative non-fiction writing, leading to the creation of two vignettes. Coach Jodie’s vignette depicts an experienced coach in a complex SRC situation, whereby they made the decision to sit out a star athlete suspected of concussion against the wishes of other players’ parents. Coach Ollie’s vignette depicts a volunteer who is new to coaching ice hockey. In reflecting back on their first season as a coach, Ollie shudders at the way they managed one athlete’s concussion and describes how they wish they would have handled that situation. Taken together, these two vignettes are a new dissemination strategy for SRC education. Results of the present study suggest a need to translate information on SRCs in a more efficient manner through the use of more captivating methods, such as theory based vignettes, to facilitate the education of ice hockey coaches on SRCs.

Ishockeyn har traditionellt sett varit en sport där kulturen kretsat kring manliga normer och värderingar vilket i många fall har lett till bland annat en nedvärderande kvinnosyn och homofobi. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hockeytränares upplevelser och erfarenheter av machokulturens påverkan på ishockey som fostrande miljö med fokus på hur de anser att de bör arbeta för att inte reproducera machokulturen. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer med professionella ungdoms- och juniortränare från Sveriges högsta samt näst högsta liga (SHL och Hockeyallsvenskan). Resultaten visar att tränarna upplever att det skett en förändring och att machokulturen inte är lika påtaglig som tidigare, att hockeyns rykte om att vara macho är förlegad och att kulturen inte är värre än i andra idrotter. I arbetet mot denna kultur anser tränarna att det viktigaste de kan göra i sin roll är att ha en nära relation till sina spelare för att skapa en trygg miljö där individer vågar visa sig sårbara. Vidare anser tränarna att det är viktigt att de själva är förebilder i detta och att det finns en tydlig kommunikation gällande regler och värderingar och vilka konsekvenser det får om dessa bryts. / Ice hockey has traditionally been a sport where the culture revolves around male norms and values, which in many cases has led to, among other things, derogatory views of women and homophobia. The purpose of the study was to investigate hockey coaches' experiences and perception of the macho culture's impact on ice hockey as a nurturing environment with a focus on how they believe they should work in order not to reproduce the macho culture. The data collection was carried out with the help of six semi-structured interviews with professional youth and junior coaches from the top two leagues in Sweden (SHL and Hockeyallsvenskan). The results show that the coaches feel that there has been a change and that the macho culture is not as evident as before, that hockey's reputation of being macho is outdated and that the culture is no worse than in other sports. In working against the macho culture, the coaches believe that the most important thing they can do is to have a close relationship with their players to create a secure environment where individuals dare to show vulnerability and that the coaches themselves are role models in this regard. The coaches also believe that it is important to have clear communication regarding rules and values and the consequences if these are broken.

Syfte Syftet med studien är att få en inblick i ledarnas syn på vilka faktorer som påverkar att ungdomar slutar med hockeyn i tidig ålder. Frågeställningarna har varit: - Hur ser ledare på att ungdomar slutar med ishockey i unga år? - Vad tror ledare är orsaken till att unga lämnar ishockeyn? - Hur arbetar ledare för att behålla ungdomarna? Metod Fem ledare med lång erfarenhet inom ungdomsishockeyn har intervjuats med öppna frågor. Ledarna finns inom stora ishockeyföreningar i olika delar av landet. Analysen har baserats på flera teoretiska ramverk som KASAM om människans behov att känna sammanhang för att fungera bra som person, Self-determination Theory (SDT) som försöker förklara vad som krävs för att människor skall prestera bra samt teorin hur ungdomar sätter mål (Achievement Goal Theory, AGT) som skiljer på uppgiftsorienterade mål som bedöms efter egen framgång och egoorienterade mål som bedöms efter andras framgångar. Analysen har strukturerats efter vad som är centralt för att en människa skall må bra -   kompetens, relationer och autonomi. Resultat Studien visade att ledarna vill att spelarna skall stanna kvar och för samtal med den spelare som har tankar på att sluta för att finna ut skälet till avhoppet och om något i lagets verksamhet bör ändras. Ledaren anser också att olika skäl finns för att spelare lämnar laget som till exempel att de har kommit in i ett nytt skede i livet med nya kamrater och nya intressen eller att de inte känner att de har tillräcklig kompetens. Många nämner att den årliga uttagningen till TV-pucken påverkar genom att de som inte blir uttagna känner sig mindre kompetenta. Ledarna har Ishockeyförbundets riktlinjer i Hemmaplansmodellen som vägledning och arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla och utveckla spelarna. Teman i ledarnas arbete är behovet av kompetens, goda relationer och autonomi hos spelarna. Slutsats Ledarna vill behålla spelarna och det är olika orsaker till att vissa spelare slutar som brist på kompetens och andra intressen. Ledarna arbetar med ett transformativt ledarskap för att behålla spelarna. Om en spelare börja fundera på att lämna laget anstränger sig ledarna för att de skall stanna kvar. Om spelaren ändå beslutar att sluta har de respekt för det. Ledarna strävar efter en lugn och trygg miljö samt främjar i sitt arbete kompetens hos spelarna, goda relationer - i laget och mellanmänskligt- samt spelarnas autonomi. / The aim of this study was to find out how leaders in youth ice hockey in Sweden feel about dropouts, what the reason for dropouts are and how the leaders act to make the players stay in the team. Five experienced leaders in youth ice hockey in different clubs in Sweden were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The answers were analyzed based on three theoretical frameworks; KASAM, Self-determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory. The study shows that the leaders want to keep the players in the team and have talks with those who have thoughts about leaving the team to find out reasons for this, including possible wishes for changes in the teamwork. The leaders have found that the players have different reasons for their decision to leave the team such as a new stage in life with new mates and new interests or lack of feeling competent enough. Many leaders mention that the yearly selection of players to a big competition in Sweden for 15-year-old players make those, who are not selected, feel less competent. The leaders work according to guidelines from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association with a transformative leadership style to foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. The conclusion is that the leaders want to keep the players and that there are various reasons for dropouts including other interests and lack of competence. If a player shows interest to dropout the leaders try to keep them but if the player persists in leaving this is respected by the leaders. The leaders strive towards a safe and secure environment in the team and foster competence, relatedness and autonomy. / <p>Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p>

This diploma thesis Historie Redakce sportu České televize v letech 1993-2015 describes the sports broadcasting in the Czech Republic (and Czechoslovakia) from 1989 to 2015. The author explains the most important milestones in the history of Sports Department of Czech Television. The description goes from the constitution of the department over the circumstances connected with the inception of the channel ČT sport, the changes in the organization, personal composition and editorial leadership up to the current form of the department. The thesis also contains the development of sports news, live broadcasts, television technology, Olympic Games, football and ice hockey broadcasts and the importance of the Internet utilization for sports department (abbr SD). The essential parts of this thesis are more than 30 interviews with editors of SD involving their own opinions, authentic experiences and stories. The thesis also reminds some of the long forgotten facts and answers many questions regarding sports broadcasting in the past, present and future including the outlook towards the year 2024. Furthermore, it describes activities of sports editors, commentators, moderators, directors, cameramen, producers and other employees of Czech TV. This thesis partly focuses on the development of the Czechoslovak...

This master thesis is a case study, in the experience industry, of prototypes in the early stage of the innovation process – the front end of innovation. The innovation is augmented reality (AR) that adds digital made graphics or information in the user's environment. To answer the research questions and to fulfill the purpose of this thesis, which is to gain an understanding of the role of a prototype in an innovation process, a prototype was created. The designing tools used for developing the prototype were brainstorming and storyboarding. The prototype presents a concept of using AR-glasses at an ice hockey venue. A workshop was carried out for evaluating the finished prototype, using the "thinking hats"-method. The conclusion of this study is that a prototype can be used as a starting point for further creativity by creating a common perspective of a technology at the front end of innovation. Further on, it was discovered that a prototype can be good to use earlier in their innovation process, to accelerate the process. In the process of designing the prototype, it was shown that the creation is iterative, rather than linear.

Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy life, e.g. to prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease and premature death, of which sports can be an important part. Unfortunately, sports activities increase the risk of both overuse and acute injuries. Severe acute injuries may also lead to a permanent medical impairment (PMI), which may influence the ability to be physically active throughout life. However, sports injuries may be prevented, but a profound understanding of the injuries and how to prevent them is needed. This doctoral thesis examine acute sports injuries reported by licensed athletes of all ages and level of sports nationwide in Sweden, by using national insurance data. Approximately 80% of all the Sports Federations (SF) had their mandatory accident insurance in the insurance company Folksam, and since there is no national sports injury surveillance system in Sweden, this is a unique database, able to be used in epidemiological studies on acute injuries occurring in organized sports in Sweden. The main aim of this thesis was to identify high-risk sports for acute injuries, the most common and the most severe injuries, especially in large sports with numerous licensed athletes, many injuries and injuries resulting in PMI. Based on the results, there will be recommendations regarding sports and body locations where injury prevention efforts should be focused to gain the greatest prevention effect at a national level in Sweden. Another aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a neuromuscular knee control training program (KCP) that has been implemented nationwide to reduce knee and cruciate ligament injuries, among football players in Sweden. After evaluating the validity and reliability of the information within the database based on international guidelines, acute injury data were examined and the results presented in four papers. These results showed that there is a need of injury prevention especially in motorcycle sports, team ball sports, and ice hockey. Particularly, knee injuries need to be prevented since they were both the most common injuries and leading to PMI. The severe head- and upper limb injuries also need attention. Sixty-nine percent of the PMI injured athletes, were younger than 25 years. The injury prevention training program, KCP can be considered partially implemented nationwide, since 21 out of 24 district SFs provided KCP educations. The incidence of knee and cruciate ligament injuries has decreased among football players in Sweden. A concerning aspect is that there is no national official policy regarding sports injury and injury prevention in Sweden, nor an official authority that has the explicit responsibility for these issues.