Vårt syfte med undersökningen har varit att analysera censurdebatten kring Tintin i Kongo från 2012. Med utgångspunkt från argumentet att barn måste skyddas från kontroversiell litteratur har vi framför allt varit intresserade av att förstå hur nyanser av debatten skapats genom den argumentation och det språkbruk som debattörerna har använt sig av.   Teoretiska utgångspunkter: Dagordningsteori. Gestaltningsteori. Frågeställningar: På vilka sätt är debatten kring Tintin, censur och barns förmåga att hantera kontroversiell litteratur intressant för vår förståelse av hur vi använder språk för att kommunicera? Vilka uttalar sig i debatten kring censuren av Tintin? Vilka argument används? Vilka är några vanligt förekommande teman i böcker för barn mellan 6-9 år 2017?   Metod: Vårt tillvägagångssätt för att kunna besvara frågorna har varit att använda oss av textanalys. Material: Vi har till vår undersökning valt att analysera artiklar. Urvalet har skett från de två dagstidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet och kvällstidningarna Aftonbladet och Expressen. Resultat: Det gör skillnad vilka ord vi använder och hur. Ord är makt och avslöjar normer i samhället. / Purpose: Our purpose with this study has been to analyze the debate regarding the attempt to ban Tintin in the Congos in 2012. With the starting-point being the argument made that children have to be protected from literature that is considered to be controversial, we’ve been interested in seeing how the nuances of the debate have been shaped by the use of arguments and language by those participating in the debate. Theoretical points of departure: Agenda setting theory, Framing theory Objectives and focus: The study has the following questions In what way is the debate surrounding Tintin in the Congos, censorship and children’s ability to handle literature considered controversial of interest in understanding how we use language to communicate? Who are the ones taking part in the debate regarding the ban of Tintin in the Congos? What are their arguments? What are some common themes presented in books aimed towards children between the ages of 6-9 2017?   Method: To answer our questions, we have analyzed our material through text analysis. Material: We have for our questions analyzed articles. They have been selected both from the newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet as well as from the evening newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen. Result: Your words matter. It matters how and when we use them. Words are an expression of power and reveals the norms of society.

In year 2000 the Swedish Public Service television started a new series of programmes named Mediemagasinet. The purpose was to expose the work of journalism through the eyes of a journalist. The programme showed different types of tasks and problems that have to do with journalistic reporting. The form of Mediemagasinet wasn’t anything new but the content was presented as the very first of its kind. The interesting part of the program was that it was journalists themselves doing the media critisism. Is that actually possible? And what does it look like? By using discourse analysis this study try to answer these questions by analyses of the presentations of the television programmes. What is at stake and how does the website of the program interact with the program itself? As a complement to the study there is an interview with the editor and the manager of the project that show their point of view, which are also a part of the media critical discourse that this essay examins. / Hösten 2000 startade Sveriges Television sitt program Mediemagasinet. Syfet var att journalister skulle granska sin egen kår, sina egna kollegor. Programmet tog upp olika ämnen och problem som kan uppstå i och med journalistisk rapportering. Formen var välkänd för tv-tittarna, medan innehållet presenterades som det första i sitt slag. Men vad händer när medlemmar av en yrkeskår granskar varandra? Är det överhuvudtaget möjligt? Genom ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt försöker denna uppsats svara på dessa frågor. Studien vilar på analyser av hur programmet presenteras av programledaren och vilka anspråk som görs i programmet. Även den hemsida som etablerades i samband med programmet integreras i analysen. Som komplement till studien gjordes även en deltagande observation vid ett inspelningstillfälle av Mediemagasinet. Då genomfördes även en intervju med redaktören och projektledaren för programmet. Deras åsikter och funderingar kring produktionen är även de en del av den mediekritiska diskurs som Mediemagasinet ingår i. Och det är denna diskurs och hur den skapas som undersöks i denna uppsats.

This thesis examines how the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen portrays heroes in the aftermath of the sinking of the M/S Estonia in September of 1994. Our research questions are 1) How is heroism portrayed in the news reports about the Estonia disaster in the newspapers Expressen and Aftonbladet? 2) Are there similarities and distinctions between female and male heroes?   We have approached our material from a qualitative perspective analyzing 12 articles using critical discourse analysis.   Upon completion of our research we found that both men and women can be heroes, but regardless of gender heroes are all portrayed with traditionally male attributes, such as being aggressive, rational and courageous. To find and understand the hero in news context, the victim plays a periphery but important role. Our result also shows that the victim is needed in order for the hero to perform his or her actions. The victim can be both male or female, but are all described with female attributes as being weak, dependent and fragile.   The results of our study may be of use to understand how the journalistic practice actively uses stories about heroes to 1. personify a disaster, 2. summarize a fragmented chain of events and 3. project a distinction between the contemporary aspect of male and female.

We studied close to 100 articles about the Swedish cup in cross country skiing, published by the three media outlets that cover the entire series; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se and www.skidzonen.com. The articles were published between 2015 and 2018 and by using a quantitative analysis we discovered that in these articles, the men and the women received almost exactly the same amount of attention, as far as counting words goes. In the articles which focused on both the female and the male athletes, the editors usually chose a picture from the women’s competition as the top image. We also saw a pattern where the women were far more often mentioned by their first names only, whereas the men were usually mentioned by their full names or their last names only. Another interesting theme that we found through a qualitative text analysis regarded how the athletes were portrayed in the articles, where the women seemed to be looked upon as less mature than the men. For example, they were often called “girls” instead of “women”, but the men the same age were never referred to as “boys”. These are seen by us as signs of trivialization and infantlization of the female athletes. However, we did not find any signs of the women being described as weak, or with a focus on their appearances and private lives. These were common patterns in the previous research on the subject. / Vi undersökte knappt 100 artiklar om den svenska cupen i längdskidåkning, publicerade av de tre medierna som bevakar hela serien; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se och www.skidzonen.com. Artiklarna publicerades mellan 2015 och 2018 och med hjälp av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys fann vi att damerna och herrarna fick nästan exakt lika mycket utrymme i dessa artiklar, räknat i antal ord. I de artiklar där båda könen stod i fokus var det  betydligt oftare som en bild från damklassen valdes som toppbild. Vi såg ett mönster där damerna oftare blev omnämnda med enbart sina förnamn, jämfört med herrarna som oftast omtalades med sina hela namn eller enbart efternamn. Ett annat intressant tema som vi fann genom en kvalitativ textanalys gällde hur utövarna porträtterades i artiklarna, där damerna tycktes bli sedda som mindre mogna och vuxna än herrarna. Till exempel kallades de ofta “tjejer” istället för “kvinnor” eller “damer”, samtidigt som de jämnåriga herrarna aldrig blev kallade “killar”. Dessa ser vi som tecken på en trivialisering och en infantilisering av de kvinnliga utövarna. Däremot hittade vi inga tecken på att kvinnorna beskrevs som svaga eller med ett större fokus på deras utseenden och deras privatliv, fenomen som har varit tydligt framträdande i tidigare forskning på ämnet.

The purpose of this study is to examine the media coverage of a police shooting in Bagarmossen, Stockholm. According to the news the police claimed it was an act of self-defense as a man fired a gun at them which is why the man was shot to death, but a month later stated that the man had not even been armed. The following study seeks to analyze the differences and similarities between articles published before and after the modified information. It also examines social actors present and how the media portrays them. We applied discourse analysis on sixteen news articles to answer our research questions. The prominent differences we found were in the portrayals of the incident and the most protrusive social actors in­volved. Before the police changed their state­ment, the man shot dead was portrayed as a criminal with deviant behavior. After the changed statement, the media portrayed him as a family man with strong ties to his hometown. The police were another social actor in our study, portrayed before the changed statements as efficient with a strong work ethic. After, the police were por­trayed as dishonest and lacking severely in their communica­tion as a legitimate authori­ty. One of the similarities found before and after the changed statement was the pres­ence of the local community as a social actor and its significance for the news media's portrayal of the incident.

The aim of this study was to examine how two different newspapers covered the disappearance and murder of Wilma Andersson. The research questions were: How are the victim and perpetrator portrayed? What differences and similarities can we see in national news media versus local news media, and how did the image of the victim and perpetrator change over the course of the coverage?   The method used was critical discourse analyses of 14 articles in the local newspaper Bohusläningen and the national tabloid Aftonbladet. By analysing the assigned characteristics from each source, it was determined that the victim, Wilma Andersson, was portrayed to the reader as a young and innocent girl. She was described as caring, responsible and ambitious. She was depicted as a girl with a bright future and love of life. The local newspaper labeled her as a part of the community, while the national tabloid focused on describing her character through family members. The perpetrator, Tishko Ahmed, was portrayed as a cold and sinister man who was indifferent to Wilma Andersson’s disappearance and death. However, early on in the national tabloid’s coverage he was also described as an everyday man. The local newspaper was more prone to cover the story in a neutral manner, while the national tabloid dramatized the event to a greater extent. Our study shows that the geographical distance between the newspaper and the place of the crime scene is the main factor in the differences between the portrayals of the people involved. The closer the newspaper is to the crime scene, the closer they are to people who knew the victim and perpetrator. This results in the newspaper being more cautious in how they cover the story.

I denna studie undersöks hur tre rikstäckande svenska dagstidningar med varierande ideologisk grund gestaltat ett urval av politiska händelser på Kuba under Fidel Castros kommunistiska styre 1962–1994. De politiska händelserna på Kuba som granskats är Kubakrisen 1962, Olof Palmes Statsbesök 1975 samt Specialperioden 1990–1994. Frågeställningarnas fokus har dels legat på hur gestaltningarna av Kubas politik bibehållits eller förändrats under den undersökta perioden, och dels hur tidningarna förhållit sig till sin politiska grundideologi över tid. Avslut- ningsvis har detta resultat ställts mot Francis Fukuyamas tes om ”Historiens slut”. Gransk- ningen av materialet har skett med ett gestaltningsteoretiskt ramverk där en kvalitativ aspekt granskat gestaltningens perspektiv och urval, samt en kvantitativ aspekt som fokuserat på jour- nalistikens värdeomdömen mot Kubas politik. Resultat visar att det fanns betydande skillnader mellan tidningarnas gestaltningar och värdeomdömen under 1960- och 1970-talet. Under Spe- cialperioden på 1990-talet förenades dock samtliga tidningar i en samstämmig kritik mot Fidel Castros kommunistiska styre på Kuba. Detta tycks dels vara ett resultat av tidningarna i allt högre grad blivit nyhetsstyrda snarare än idéstyrda. Ideologiska nyanser skiljer tidningarnas gestaltningar åt, dessa perspektiv överskuggas dock på 1990-talet av att tidningarna samlas i en typ av liberaldemokratisk mittfåra som enhälligt fördömer kommunismen på Kuba. / This study examines how three nationwide newspapers in Sweden framed a sample of political events on Cuba during Fidel Castro's communist rule during the period 1962–1994. The news- papers are all linked to different political ideologies. The political events examined were the Cuban missile crisis 1962, Olof Palme's state visit 1975 and the Special Period 1990–1994. The purpose of the study was on one hand to examine if the framing of Cuba’s politics was main- tained or changed during this period, and on the other hand how the newspapers adhered to their political ideology over time. In conclusion these results are discussed in relation to Francis Fukuyamas thesis “The End of History?”. The study uses a frame analysis as a theoretical framework which has a qualitative aspect that examines the salient perspectives and selections, and a quantitative aspect which focus on value judgments towards Cuba's political leadership. The study shows that there were significant differences between the newspaper framing and value judgements during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1990s there were a substantial shift, as the newspapers now united in a unanimous condemnation of the communist rule on Cuba. This seems to be a result of the newspapers becoming more news-driven rather than idea-driven. Although some ideological nuances persisted during the 1990s, overall the ideologies expressed by the newspapers seem to converge in the support of political and economic liberalism. Based on the results of this study, the major ideological battle of the 20th century was replaced by minor ideological disputes in the 1990s.

Följande studie undersöker hur Expressen och Aftonbladet har gestaltat bröderna Robin Dahlén och Christian Karlsson mellan årtalen 1998–2022. Bröderna anklagades för mordet på fyraårige Kevin 1998 och har haft stämpeln barnamördare fram till 2018 när de friades från anklagelserna. Syftet är att undersöka hur bröderna har gestaltats som anklagade barnamördare som barn jämfört med oskyldiga som vuxna vid nyhetsrapportering. Samt om media har brustit i sitt ansvar och kränkt den personliga integriteten i rapporteringen. Det undersöks också hur Robin Dahlén har upplevt och påverkats av rapporteringen som barn samt vuxen. Undersökningen har utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ språklig textanalys av artiklar från Expressen och Aftonbladet under årtalen 1998, 2017, 2018 och 2022. För att få en djupare förståelse för analysen utfördes också en kvalitativ intervju med Robin Dahlén. Undersökningen grundar sig i tidigare forskning som berör offentlig granskning av barn, ungdomsbrottslighet och felaktigt dömda. Samt teoretiska ramverken medielogiken och mediernas ansvarighet. Resultatet av undersökningen bekräftar att både Expressen och Aftonbladet gestaltat bröderna på ett negativt sätt när bröderna anklagades för mordet. Tidningarna har skrivit om brödernas personliga integritet genom att nämna dem vid ålder, kön, nationalitet och hemort. På senare år när bröderna har avskrivits från fallet och visats vara felaktigt dömda har media en mer beskrivande bild av hur samhället svikit bröderna genom att kritisera bland annat poliser och politiker som har påverkat bröderna till det negativa. Resultatet av intervjun bekräftar att Robin Dahlén anser att nyhetsrapporteringen inte alltid bemötts positivt av allmänheten. Men han har upplevt medias rapportering av honom som mer hjälpsam än ohjälpsam.

The purpose of this study was to examine if the criticism aimed at the Swedish media was justified or not. The Swedish media’s coverage of the EU is a heavily debated subject between scientists and politicians alike. The coverage has come under fire for being irregular and for only focusing on the national part of the European union. The study has it stand point in the following research questions: “How frequent is the coverage of the EU”, “what differs in the reporting from an election year and a regular year”, “How much space is the EU given in the newspapers”, “Who is behind the information” and “What subjects is the coverage about and who gets to talk”. The study aimed itself at Swedish local newspapers from three different regions of Sweden.    The study used a quantitative content analysis to identify the difference in the reporting during week 22 through the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. By doing this the study found that there was a major difference in the reporting from the election year, 2014, and the other two years where there were no elections. It also found that politics and economics where popular subjects to cover and that Swedish EU-politicians were the most popular persons in the articles. The study also aimed to see if the criticism the media got for only covering the national part of news in from the EU. This the study found was mostly true when it came to local newspapers and also that the EU news mostly took up a large piece of space in the papers because of all the information that had to be in the articles to explain the complexity of the European union. The conclusion of this study is that the Swedish local news media’s coverage of the EU is underwhelming but also hard to improve because the EU also has problems in its information flow and that the Swedish local media tends to use the national angle to sell the news.

The aim of this study was to illustrate how a female murder victim is portrayed in local and evening press journalism. This was investigated through a critical discourse analysis that compares Kristianstadsbladet's and Aftonbladet's news reporting in connection with the murder of Emilia Lundberg in November 2019. With a total of 23 articles from Kristianstadsbladet and Aftonbladet we analysed the articles by first studying the texts and their properties. This was done by analysing the discourses that appear in the selection of articles and the word choices that describe Emilia Lundberg as a person and victim. Then we analysed the journalistic conventions, such as dramatisation and sensationalisation which appear in the reporting.  We came to the conclusion that Aftonbladet was more descriptive and focused on portraying Emilia as a person than Kristianstadsbladet was. Emilia was described in Aftonbladet as an innocent, young woman who was murdered by an evil and emotionless murderer, which were elements that could connect her to being classified as an ideal victim in the reporting. However, there were also several important elements in the reporting that spoke against her being an ideal victim, which we believed weighed heavier. This led us to draw the final conclusion that Emilia could not be considered to be an ideal victim in Aftonbladet and Kristianstadsbladet's reporting. We also drew the conclusion that the local and evening press does not deviate from dramatising and sensationalising events of the crime during the reporting process, but that it occurs to a greater extent in the evening press.