The purpose of this study was to increase awareness of the media’s portrayal of American female and male politicians. When Kamala Harris became the first female vice-president in the United States a discussion about how men and women should be portrayed in the media began. This discussion sparked an idea for us as writers to investigate gender roles in American politics. The United States is a large, influential country that receives a lot of media attention. This leads to global interest and it is therefore relevant to investigate the media's portrayal of these politicians. To reach a conclusion on the issue, articles from Vogue and The Washington Post were reviewed. The portrayal of men and women in text and image were analyzed within these articles. The articles were analyzed with gender theories from Gunilla Jarlbro and Yvonne Hirdman. Erving Goffman’s theory about gender portrayal was also applied. With methods in semiotics and Fairclough's critical discourse analysis power structures in text and images were made visible. The analysis identified three main discourses: age, clothing and persona. An ethnicity discourse could also be identified in Harris articles. The main conclusion this study has shown is that women and men were portrayed differently. Studies show that the media tends to focus on women’s appearance rather than their political standpoints. This is still the case. However, this study has shown when mentioning clothing it has a purpose and is being used as a tool to strengthen women’s legitimacy.

Journalistiken har de senaste åren utmanats av digitaliseringen samt samhällsförändringar och industrin går mot en negativ trend. Detta är en fallstudie som undersöker vilka villkor och förutsättningar digitaliseringen ställer på rollen som journalist för att försöka ge ökad förståelse om hur tekniken formar framtidens journalister. Undersökningen utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer av journalister och redaktörer inom branschen. Teori hämtades främst från relevant litteratur inom informatik och medieteknik, vilket blev fallstudiens ryggrad. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att digitaliseringen främst ställer krav på multikompetens och flexibilitet för rollen som journalist. Digitaliseringen snarare utmanar organisationens företagskultur och journalistens personliga värderingar och ideal än omformatering av rollen. Studien pekar på att socioteknisk determinism är det som avgör framtiden för rollen som journalist och journalistiken som helhet. Således ges förslag till vidare forskning om hur samhället kan använda sig av digitaliseringen för att enklare hantera vad studien kallar “Generationscykeln”. / Journalism has in recent years been challenged by digitalisation and societal changes and the industry is moving towards a negative trend. This is a case study that examines the terms and conditions digitalisation applies to the role of journalists in order to try to gain a better understanding of how technology shapes the journalists of the future. The survey was conducted through qualitative interviews of journalists and editors in the industry. The theory was mainly derived from relevant literature in informatics and media technology, which became the backbone of the case study. The results of this study shows that digitalisation primarily sets demands on multicompetence and flexibility on the role of a journalist. Digitization challenges the organization's corporate culture and the journalist's personal values ​​and ideals rather than reformatting the role. The study points out that sociotechnical determinism is what determines the future of the role of journalist and journalism as a whole. Thus, suggestions are made for further research on how society can use digitalization to more easily manage what the study calls the "Generation Cycle”.

Since the birth of hip hop it has been a voice and channel of communication for the minorities who feel they lack a platform to express themselves. During the last couple of decades, the genre of music has grown significant and by this process also penetrated the mainstream media and culture. Even after merging to mainstream media, it has been kept and preserved as a voice for the minorities and people in the society that lacks representation in media. Previous research tends to be based around the concept of how hip hop-artists who originate from minorities get portrayed in the mainstream media in other countries. Alternatively, how mainstream media tends to work around these situations to preserve neutrality and be as included as possible in their writing.  Through the theoretical framework of othering, framing and identity theory that supports this study it highlights how the main Swedish newspapers tend to construct the identity of the hip hop-artist Yasin. The artist who in 2021 released an album, won two of Sweden’s most respectable awards for his music and also got sentenced to ten months in prison for his involvement in the kidnapping of the hip hop-artist Einár. The study uses Van Dijks approach of the method critical discourse analysis and analyzes 17 texts from the two leading newspapers in Sweden, Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet during 2021.The study is based on highlighting how Yasins identity as well as his art is constructed as a main actor. And if his art is victimized in the shadow of his criminal associations.

This study is about how videogamecompanies and Swedish newspapers represent masculinity and femininity in the covers of the games Assassins Creed 3, Grand Theft Auto 5, Bayonetta and Tomb Raider along with the reviews being done in conjunction with the game. The reviews has been published in the following newspapers: Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Göteborgsposten. The image that is formed in our society about how a man and a woman should be and behave will be the basics of this study. The covers of the games often represent what the game itself is about and what it contains and the reviews also conveys what the consumer who buys the game gets. The video game industry has grown in recent years to become one of the largest entertainmentindustries, but despite this, there has not been many studies on how this media represents masculinity and femininity. This is why this topic is both relevant and interesting to study. The method that will be used for this essay is a content analysis with semiotics studies as a basis, along with the terms denotation, connotation and stereotypes as tools for the above mentioned method. A couple of gender-related theories have also been used since the essay’s basic idea is to study how the video game industry and the swedish press presents the traditional gender roles and gender issues. The theories that have been chosen are: gender, power, interpreting bodies, gender perspectives in media and mass culture, massmedia and journalism and finally the theory of the media market. The purpose of this study can be summarized into how the gaming industry and the related reviews in the Swedish press present masculinity and femininity. The result of the analysis shows that the video game industry presents masculinity and femininity according to the traditional and stereotypical ideals that exist in today's society. The analysis of the reviews in Swedish press shows that in most cases feminist struggle is not discussed and gender issues are in general not addressed.

Denna uppsats syftar till att mäta hur ofta ämnen och muntliga källor förekommer. Två nyhetsförmedlare har undersökts. Den ena drivs via public service, Rapport, och den andra är ett kommersiellt företag, Tv4 Nyheterna. De två aktörernas resultat jämfördes för att kunna urskilja likheter och skillnader i hur de valde att utforma sina sändningar. Grundtanken som ledde till denna studie var att se om nyhetsförmedlarnas olika organisationer, historia och finansieringssystem leder till att vissa ämnen och muntliga källor tas upp mer eller mindre än i rivalens sändningar. Målet var att mäta, alltså att omvandla sändningarna till siffror som kan tolkas. Därför ansåg jag att en positivistisk infallsvinkel var lämplig. Därför valde jag kvantitavit innehållsanalys som metod. Själva kodningen genomfördes via ett kodschema som definierar de olika alternativen. Resultatet ger en bild av att likheterna mellan de två nyhetsförmedlarna är större än skillnaderna, men såklart existerar det skillnader. En av de kanske största skillnaderna mellan de två finns när man tittar på ämnesfördelningen under utrikesnyheter. Rapport, driven av public service, tar upp inrikesnyheter oftare än vad Tv4 Nyheterna gör. DettaPage 4 of 46är bara en av många skillnader. För att sammafatta, skulle jag vilja påstå att de olika finansieringssystemen leder vissa skillnader men det hela präglas ändå av enighet. / This study aims to measure how often news items and oral sources occur. Two news programs have been examined. One is operated via public service, Rapport, and the other is a commercial company, Tv4 Nyheterna. The results of the two were compared in order to be able to distinguish similarities and differences in how they choose to shape their programs. The idea that led to this study was to see if the news programs different organizations, history and funding systems lead to certain topics and oral sources being addressed more or less than in the rival's broadcasts. The aim was to measure, that is, to convert the broadcast into numbers that can be interpreted. Therefore, I considered a positivistic approach appropriate. Therefore, I chose quantitative content analysis as a method. The coding itself was performed via a code scheme that defines the various options. The result gives the impression that the similarities between the two news programs are greater than the differences, but of course there are differences. One of the perhaps biggest differences between the two is when you look at the distribution of topics under foreign news. Rapport, driven by public service, gives domestic news more space than what Tv4 Nyheterna does. This is just one of many differences. To sum up, I would like to say that the different financing systems lead to some differences, but the whole thing is still characterized by unity.

This paper concerns a local political debate about the financing of culture in the mid-sized city Norrköping in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to find what type of content the local newspaper and a Facebook group produce, how the debate is portrayed and how the different media types can contribute to democracy. The material contains 15 articles from the newspaper and 25 posts from the Facebook group. A qualitative content analysis has been applied as the method. Furthermore a framing analysis has been used to find answers about how the debate is portrayed in the media. Results show, among other things, that the newspaper first and foremost portrays the debate as a conflict and that the Facebook group is much more focused on human interest. Furthermore the study shows that both mediatypes should be able to generate democratic functions for the local population. The newspaper more so for its correct informational content and Facebook for its ability to bring people together and create civil political engagement.

This case study presents research on social media operations in the news media in lceland and Sweden. Social media channels have become a big part of everyday life in western countries and have simultaneously become a big part of how individuals consume news. This case study looks into how social media channels are utilised in everyday work at legacy media companies and how media professionals perceive the effects of these channels on the news industry in Iceland and Sweden. The case study consists of interviews with six media professionals from six legacy media companies in Iceland and Sweden. Results show that legacy news media companies are cautious towards being reliant on social media channels in their operations but are dependent on using social media channels to some extent as public discourse is increasingly taking place on these channels. / I denna fallstudie presenteras forskning om sociala medier i nyhetsmedier på Island och i Sverige. Sociala mediekanaler har blivit en stor del av vardagen i västländerna och har samtidigt blivit en stor del av hur individer konsumerar nyheter. Denna fallstudie undersöker hur sociala mediekanaler används i det dagliga arbetet på medieföretag och hur mediefolk uppfattar effekterna av dessa kanaler på nyhetsbranschen på Island och i Sverige. Fallstudien består av intervjuer med sex medieexperter från sex medieföretag på Island och i Sverige. Resultaten visar att nyhetsmedieföretag är försiktiga med att vara beroende av sociala mediekanaler i sin verksamhet, men att de är beroende av att använda sociala mediekanaler i viss utsträckning eftersom den offentliga diskursen i allt högre grad äger rum på dessa kanaler.

This thesis addresses the objective of formulating a moral-philosophically credible media ethics by encompassing two main dimensions: the examination of existing media-ethical models and the integration of sustainable arguments through utilizing eco-religious epistemology to overcome identified challenges. By incorporating eco-critical perspectives within the Media ecology tradition, which studies media as environments, the thesis proposes a creative intersection between established media theories and a theological tradition that tackles profound questions about humanity's place in the world. The initial section of the thesis analyzes moral-philosophical concepts within the media ethics frameworks proposed by three ethicists; Susanne Wigorts Yngvesson; Clifford G. Christians and Sandra L. Borden. While all three endorse universal values, they offer distinct frameworks for both understanding the ontology of universals and how these are contextualized in the journalistic community. Christians' moral epistemological theories,particularly regarding the ethics of being and Proto-norms have generated significant controversy and scholarly debate on the necessity and intellectual credibility of defending universal values in media ethics. Critical perspectives from this discourse are presented and evaluated as a complement to the analysis of Christians' media-ethical model. In exploring sustainable moral-philosophical arguments, the thesis suggests that moral claims can exhibit both universal and contextual characteristics. It suggests that a media-ethical model should integrate universal values with a communitarian perspective on journalists'moral responsibility. However, understanding the interplay between the contextual and universal dimensions of ethical values requires engaging in critical moral-philosophical theory. In addition, critical perspectives on technology and ideas of space and time need to be addressed in new ways. Thus, eco-religious epistemology, as advocated by ethicist and theologian Whitney Bauman, is proposed as a creative means to understand moral-philosophical questions regarding space/time, contextualism/universalism, and technology within media ethics.

Vi har i denna studie analyserat hur Uppdrag granskning och Kalla fakta strukturerar och förmedlar granskande journalistik. Syftet är att med hjälp av en genreanalys öka förståelsen för hur programmen förhåller sig till sitt demokratiska uppdrag som ingår i genrens ideal, och därmed hur de uppfyller den demokratiska roll de fått samt tillskrivit sig själva. Genom att tillämpa ideologikritiskt perspektiv, myt och symbolisk makt har vi utforskat symbolers betydelse, maktens strukturer, ideologins inflytande och kanalernas intressen. Uppdrag granskning utmärker sig genom noggranna undersökningar, men brister ibland i ifrågasättande. De varierar sin stil och kombinerar medkänsla med professionalism, men visar tendenser att förenkla ämnen. Kalla fakta påvisar noggrannhet, men vissa granskningar saknar djupgående verifiering. De använder dramatiska element och formar narrativ utifrån ideologiska perspektiv. Resultaten utmanar båda programmens roll som objektiva granskare, där tendenser till förenkling, skapande av gemensamma fiender och undvikande av strukturell analys är bekymmersamma för deras demokratiska uppdrag. Uppdrag granskning och Kalla fakta kan inte säga sig helt uppfylla genrekraven för granskande journalistik, och nära skjuter ingen hare. / In this study, we have analyzed how Uppdrag granskning and Kalla fakta structure and convey investigative journalism. The purpose is to, through genre analysis, enhance understanding of how these programs relate to their democratic mission inherent in the genre's ideals, and thus, how they fulfill the democratic role they have been assigned and attributed to themselves. By applying an ideology-critical perspective, myth, and symbolic power, we have explored the significance of symbols, power structures, ideological influence, and channel interests. Uppdrag granskning distinguishes itself through meticulous investigations but occasionally lacks in questioning. They vary their style, combining compassion with professionalism, yet show tendencies to simplify subjects. Kalla fakta demonstrates precision, but some investigations lack in-depth verification. They employ dramatic elements and shape narratives based on ideological perspectives. The results challenge the role of both programs as objective scrutinizers, where trends of simplification, creation of common enemies, and avoidance of structural analysis are concerning for their democratic mission. Neither Uppdrag granskning nor Kalla fakta can claim to fully meet the genre requirements for investigative journalism. Close, but no cigar.

Violence against women journalists is increasing all over the world, especially online, and previous research shows that journalists develop different strategies to avoid harassment. Costa Rica is the country in Latin America that has the highest level of press freedom but that does not mean that harassment is non-existing. However, there is little research to be found on how the work of women journalists in Costa Rica is affected by harassment and which strategies they use to avoid it. Through nine semi- structured qualitative interviews with women journalists in Costa Rica, this Minor Field Study examines how the work of women journalists in Costa Rica is affected by harassment, threats, digital attacks, and physical violence. The interviews reveal that harassment against female journalists in Costa Rica occur today, and during the journalists’ careers they have experienced online violence, physical violence, sexual harassment and pressure. The harassment comes from bosses, colleagues, sources, trolls, the audience, and the government. The journalists develop strategies like self- censorship, changing occupations and avoiding being alone with bosses and sources. Some also block people and comments on social media, confront the harasser or try to ignore the harassment. Harassment does also affect the journalists’ feelings in a negative way and many women state that the harassment affects their journalistic work. The reasons for why they think they are exposed are because they are women, the macho culture in Costa Rica, and because of the president. The topics and the news media outlet also have an impact. Most of the participants feel like harassment is worse today than what it has been, even though there are more laws today. The results are discussed in relation to the theories Gender in the newsroom, The chilling effect, Affective Events Theory and Intersectionality. To summarize, harassment against women journalists in Costa Rica do affect their daily journalistic work.