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Mon choix s'est porté sur l’activité de ces écrivains qui, de par leur contribution majeure sur le plan littéraire, mais aussi civique, se sont impliqués dans la vie politique et sociale en Moldavie a la fin du siècle dernier. Ce questionnement qui nous interpelle et qui fera la matière de la préoccupation centrale de notre sujet : être écrivain en Moldavie, implique-t-il un engagement quelconque ? Quant a l'engagement, relève-t-il d'une culture, d'une psychologie, d'une mentalité d'un peuple ? / My choice fell upon the movement of these writers who, from their major contribution, on the literary map as well as civic, got involved in Moldova's political and social life at the end of the last century. This questioning which interpellates us shall constitute the core matter of the main concern of our subject: being a writer in Moldova really does imply some involvement? As regards involvement: does it stem from a nation's culture, psychology or state of mind?

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é pensar as falas gravadas de Stela do Patrocínio -interna em instituições psiquiátricas públicas por mais de trinta anos - como uma experiência poética que expressa uma estética da vida, uma nova imagem de pensamento: a do pensamento-artista, pensamento como processo de subjetivação, que inventa um modo de existência. As falas de Stela, circunscritas a uma vida permanentemente em face dos estados extremos do possível, numa experiência limite, se encontram no limiar mais intenso de contacto com o fora e adquirem sentido nesse trânsito que vai da desrazão à loucura, na dobra, campo das modalidades intensivas. Pensar as falas de Stela nesse modo aproxima-as do fazer literário que abre às linguagens marginalizadas - e que pressupõem uma relação com o fora - uma legitimação estética que lhes permite referirem-se a si mesmas sem constituir uma interioridade, onde a linguagem se desenvolve a partir dela mesma, escapando à dinastia da representação. / [fr] Ce Mémoire de Master (dissertation) objective penser les paroles enregistrées de Stela do Patrocínio – patiente interne dans des instititutions psychiatriques publiques pendant plus de trente ans – comme une expérience poétique qui exprime une esthétique de la vie, une nouvelle image de pensée: celle de la pensée-artiste, pensée en tant que processus de subjectivation, qui invente un mode d’existence. Les paroles de Stela, circonscrites à une vie toujours placée visà- vis aux extrêmes du possible, dans une expérience limite, se trouvent au seuil le plus intense de contact avec le dehors et acquièrent du sens dans ce passage qui va de la déraison à la folie, dans le plie, champ des modalités intensives. Penser les paroles de Stela de cette façon les approche d’une pratique littéraire qui ouvre aux langages marginalisés – et qui préssuposent un rapport avec le dehors – une légitimation esthétique qui leur permet une auto-référence sans constituer une intériorité, pratique littéraire où le langage se développe à partir de soi-même, en échappant à la dynastie de la représentation.

Ce travail analyse les relations de l'ethnographie avec un corpus divers de la littérature mexicaine publiée au cours des années 1950, 1960 et 1970. Ces relations sont examinées par ce que nous appelons «empreinte ethnographique», une frontière sémiotique (dans la terminologie de Yuri Lotman) où les intérêts et les méthodes de l'ethnographie sont traduits en termes littéraires. Grâce à ce concept, nous analysons: Juan Pérez Jolote: biografía de un tzotzil (1948), de Ricardo Pozas; El diosero (1952), de Francisco Rojas González; Benzulul (1959), de Eraclio Zepeda; Balún Canán (1957) et Los convidados de agosto (1964), de Rosario Castellanos; La tumba (1964), de José Agustín; Gazapo (1965), de Gustavo Sainz; Los hongos alucinantes (1964), de Fernando Benítez; Los albañiles (1963), de Vicente Leñero; Hasta no verte Jesús mío (1969) et La noche de Tlatelolco (1971), d’ Elena Poniatowska; Chin chin el teporocho (1971), d’Armando Ramírez; et Vida de María Sabina. La sabia de los hongos (1977), d’Álvaro Estrada. L'interconnexion est présentée par le travail littéraire axé sur la reconstruction des sujets inscrits et configurés par leur culture: si d'abord dans la littérature mexicaine l'accent était mis sur l'indigène, ultérieurement cette littérature essai d'expliquer la culture de l'habitant urbain. De cette façon, l’empreinte ethnographique dévoile comment un corpus apparemment divers est interconnecté. De même, nous proposons que cette empreinte ethnographique soit construite par ce qu'on appelle le «réalisme culturel»: un style d’écriture qui tente de rendre compte de cultures spécifiques selon le point de vue de ses acteurs. / This study analyzes ethnography’s relationship with a diverse corpus of Mexican literature published during the decades of 1950, 1960 and 1970. These relationships are analyzed through what we call “ethnographic imprint”, a semiotic frontier (in Yuri Lotman’s terminology) where ethnography’s interests and methods are translated into literary terms. Through this concept, we analyze Juan Pérez Jolote: biografía de un tzotzil (1948), by Ricardo Pozas; El diosero (1952), by Francisco Rojas González; Benzulul (1959), by Eraclio Zepeda; Balún Canán (1957) and Los convidados de agosto (1964), by Rosario Castellanos; La tumba (1964), by José Agustín; Gazapo (1965), by Gustavo Sainz; Los hongos alucinantes (1964), by Fernando Benítez; Los albañiles (1963), by Vicente Leñero; Hasta no verte Jesús mío (1969) and La noche de Tlatelolco (1971), by Elena Poniatowska; Chin chin el teporocho (1971), by Armando Ramírez; and Vida de María Sabina. La sabia de los hongos (1977), by Álvaro Estrada. The interconnection appears through literary work focused on rebuilding subjects framed and shaped by their culture: if the original focus was the native, in the later period the subject explained according to its culture was the urban dweller. Thus, the ethnographic imprint reveals how an apparently diverse corpus is interconnected. Similarly, we propose that this ethnographic imprint is constructed through what we call “cultural realism”: a writing style that tries to account specific cultures (with correspondence in the extratextual world) from the actors’ point of view.

Este trabalho tem como desafio falar da Literatura como experimentação de vida, sob a ótica filosofia. A prática de uma abordagem filosófica tendo como horizonte o universo da escrita tende a enriquecer as duas práticas. E sobretudo, a vida, quando não é separada do pensamento. O desafio é mostrar que a vida está presente em todas as manifestações do que é vivo. Sem distinção quanto a sujeito, objeto ou representação. Experimentar é dar as mãos a vida e seus infinitos modos de ser. Não obstante, o trabalho busca mostrar que a arte é essencialmente experimentalista. E que múltiplos caminhos podem levar a ela. Para a enorme tafera temos a companhia de Gilles Deleuze, grande filósofo francês, e seu, não menos importante parceiro, Félix Guattari. Em específico, trata-se de um trabalho que investiga os trajetos da Linguagem como instrumento de expressão em todos os caminhos e conexões possíveis. Deleuze encontrou na Literatura um destino para a criação, uma inspiração para a vida. Ele vislumbrou o escrever como experiência de Devir, como prática essencial, abertura da estrada para o desejo e para a fala coletiva. Para Deleuze, a linguagem é algo vivo, que sofre desvios, que enriquece na medida que se conecta com o seu fora. A linguagem é algo que cresce e se retrai de acordo com os agenciamentos que a envolvem. Falaremos do sopro que emerge das as entrelinhas do texto, o ilimitado da rachadura, a força dos signos. Em suma, falemos da força da escrita e da escritura de novos destinos. / This work is challenged to speak of literature as experiencing life from the perspective philosophy. The practice of taking a philosophical approach horizon as the universe of writing tends to enrich the two practices. And above all, life when it is not apart from thought. The challenge is to show that life is present in all manifestations of what is alive. Without distinction as to subject, object or representation. Experience is to join hands with life and its infinite ways of being. Nevertheless, the paper seeks to show that art is essentially an experimentalist. And that multiple paths can lead to it. For the huge tafera have the company of Gilles Deleuze, great French philosopher, and his no less important partner, Felix Guattari. In particular, it is a work that investigates the paths of language as an instrument of expression In all ways and possible connections. Deleuze found in the literature to create a destination, an inspiration for life. He saw the writing experience as Becoming, as an essential practice, opening the road to the desire and the collective speech. For Deleuze, the language is a living thing that suffers deviations, which enriches the extent that connects to your outside.Language is something that grows and shrinks according to the agencies that surround it. We will speak of the breath that emerges from between the lines of text, unlimited crack, the strength of signs. In short, we speak of the strength of the writing and the writing of new destinations.

Entre littérature comparée et études de genre, cette thèse vise à théoriser ce que j’appelle le roman postnormâle. A partir d’un corpus constitué d’un ensemble de romans européens contemporains [The Golden Notebook de Doris Lessing (1962), Les Hommes ne peuvent être violés (1975) de Märta Tikkanen, la trilogie Millénium ou Les Hommes qui haïssent les femmes (2005-2007) de Stieg Larsson et Apocalypse bébé (2010) de Virginie Despentes], d’une part, et d’un corpus de textes théoriques, littéraires et féministes, d’autre part, j’analyse la façon dont le roman postnormâle reprend le discours social concernant la différence des sexes pour s’adresser à un large public, tout en déplaçant subtilement les conventions réalistes afin d'inscrire dans l’écriture l’expérience du conflit sexuel du point de vue des femmes, voire des lesbiennes.Je procède en quatre étapes : j’étudie 1) l’ancrage des romans dans un « réel réaliste » et la fonction du détail dans l’esthétique postnormâle ; 2) le sociogramme du ‘féminisme’ dans les romans et leur réception ; 3) le récit de ce que j’appelle le contre-viol ; 4) l’inscription du désir-femme et la figuration, voire la constitution, d’un entr’elles. Ma proposition de théorisation du roman postnormâle s’inscrit dans une perspective postmoderne : elle implique de suspendre, sans toutefois l’ignorer, la double question de la littérarité et de l’évaluation des œuvres, au profit d’une étude de l’objet littéraire en contexte. Enfin, du point de vue de la théorie féministe, ce travail ambitionne de repenser les liens entre les notions de féminin et de queer, à l’aune des théories féministes et lesbiennes contemporaines. / Situated at the intersection between comparative literature and gender studies, this dissertation theorizes what I term the postnormâle novel. It deploys readings of four contemporary European novels along with a corpus of literary and feminist theory. The novels include Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook (1962), Märta Tikkanen’s Manrape (1975), Stieg Larsson’s Millenium trilogy or The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005-2007) and Virginie Despentes’s Apocalypse baby (2010). My analysis of these texts examines the way in which the postnormâle novel reclaims social discourses of sexual difference for a mass audience while subtly displacing realist conventions in order to inscribe women’s—or lesbians’—experience of sexual conflict into the text. A four step process is used to study the work. First, I anchor the novels to a “realist real”, and study the function of detail within the postnormâle aesthetic. Then I chart the sociogram ’feminism’ in the novels and their reception. Thirdly, I read the narrative of what I call “counter-rape”, and lastly the inscription of woman-desire and the figuration—the constitution even—of entr’elles, a feminist space. The perspective of my study is postmodern, which implies a suspension—but not a disbelief—of the twofold question of literary status and literary evaluation, in order to focus on texts in their contexts. In this process, I aim to rethink the link between the notions of the feminine and the queer in light of contemporary feminist and lesbian perspectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-EdneteGomesMonteiro.pdf: 902949 bytes, checksum: eb6e60dd9115dc10727696ea57ccbd8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Analysis of UFMA's curricular training of Portuguese Language and Portuguese and Brazilian Litterature developed at the University School of Application (COLUN). We seek to understand how this curriculum component can contribute to the formation of professional educators. The research was constructed from discussions within the Research Group School Curriculum, Training and Docent Work of UFMA's Masters in Education Program with the main goal of analyzing the curricular training of Portuguese Language and Portuguese and Brazilian Litterature developed at the University School of Application (COLUN) as an expression of the articulation of curricular knowledge and the Sciences of Education in the construction of docent professionalization. As a qualitative research, case study and single case study were the paths chosen to seek answers to our concerns, because we emphasize the training of graduation courses and among them UFMA's Portuguese Language and Portuguese and Brazilian Litterature. In order to achieve success in our research, we did a depth reading of various authors who could endorse our research as well as documents relating to the study object. In addition to the bibliographical and documental research, semi-structured interviews with the subjects involved in the research were conducted. The data were analyzed in view of the authors who the study. The results indicated that the apprentices have difficulties to understand how curricular knowledge should be linked with the Science of Education, even though they realize the value of such knowledge. In the answers given by the subjects in the interviews, we came to find the understanding that they have on the role of the curricular training at their professionalization and how the knowledge they acquire articulate with the curricular training to the enable them to carry out teaching. We feel the need to seek concrete solutions to try to improve the relationship between the knowledge acquired in along the graduation and the curricular training, in order develop a more efficient performance at educational activities in accordance with school context. / Neste trabalho, analisamos o estágio curricular do curso de Letras da UFMA desenvolvido no Colégio Universitário, escola de aplicação da referida IES. Buscamos perceber de que forma esse componente curricular pode contribuir para a formação do profissional da educação. A pesquisa construiu-se a partir das discussões ensejadas no grupo de pesquisa Escola, Currículo, Formação e Trabalho Docente do Mestrado em Educação do Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação da UFMA, tendo como objetivo geral analisar o Estágio Curricular do curso de Letras da UFMA desenvolvido no Colégio Universitário como expressão da articulação de saberes curriculares e das ciências da educação, na construção da profissionalização docente. Por ser uma investigação qualitativa, o estudo de caso e o de caso único foram os caminhos percorridos para buscar respostas a nossa inquietação, pois ressaltamos o estágio dos cursos de licenciatura e dentre eles o de Letras da IES citada anteriormente. Para que obtivéssemos êxito na pesquisa, fizemos a leitura aprofundada de diversos autores que pudessem respaldar a nossa investigação no que tange o enfoque desejado que é o estágio curricular e a formação profissional, tais como: Altet, Perrenoud, Paquay e Charlier (2001); Araújo (2012); Brito (2006); Candau (1987); Everton (2013); Franco (2012); Freire (2002); Freitas (2012); Godson (2008); Gomes (2011); Guedes (2006); Leite (2008); Libâneo (2013); Lima (2001); Perrenoud (2000, 2002); Pimenta (2012), Ramalho (2003 Severino (2007); Tardif (2013); Veiga & Rezende (2000) e outros. Realizamos a leitura e análise de documentos referentes ao objeto de estudo, tais como: LDB nº 4.024/ 61, Lei da Reforma Universitária 5.540/ 68, LDB nº 5692/ 71, as leis que instituem o I e o II PND, a LDB nº 9394/ 96 e suas reformulações posteriores, as Resoluções que criaram as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de Letras e o Projeto Político Pedagógico do curso de Letras da UFMA (2009). Além da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os sujeitos envolvidos na investigação: alunos do curso de Letras, o supervisor docente (professor do curso) e os supervisores técnicos (professores do Colun). Os dados coletados foram analisados tendo como referência os autores que deram suporte ao estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que os alunos de Letras apresentam dificuldades em perceber como os saberes curriculares devem se articular com os das ciências da educação, ainda que percebam o valor atribuído a esses saberes.Encontramos nas respostas dadas pelos sujeitos entrevistados a compreensão que possuem do papel do estágio de Letras na profissionalização do professor e como os saberes que adquirem se articulam entre si e com o estágio a fim de os capacitá-los para o exercício da docência. Sentimos a necessidade de buscar saídas concretas para tentar solucionar a questão da articulação dos saberes adquiridos nos períodos anteriores com o estágio de Letras na perspectiva de uma formação profissional mais eficiente para o desempenho das atividades educativas em conformidade com o contexto escolar.

Chaque texte de Marguerite Duras nous amène à la rencontre d’une insaisissabilité qui réside dans toutes ses œuvres. Celles-ci, sans dériver d’un simple art romanesque ayant pour but l’élaboration de l’écriture, débouchent sur une différenciation narratologique, figurative ou imaginaire. Dans la première partie, nous analysons la différenciation romanesque temporelle. L’imprévisibilité nous dévoile un temps perturbé qui doit se modifier selon son propre mécanisme de différenciation : l’intemporalité narrative. Cette remise en question de la chronologie nous conduit au problème de la bordure textuelle en tant que lieu de collision entre deux éléments opposés, tels que l’oubli et la mémoire. Nous analysons dans la deuxième partiecette ambivalence spatiale qui joue un rôle primordial, en tant que source dela différenciation propre à la création durassienne. La différenciation opère également dans les rapports qu’entretiennent les personnages. Produit par le dérapage des mots, l’échec de communication en altère les figures. Dans la troisième partie, nous examinons la présence d’autrui, lequel, dans ses images successives, échappe constamment à l’identification ou à l’unification qui lui donnerait un soi substantiel. La recherche de l’altérité ne porte pas uniquement sur autrui, mais se retourne sur nous-mêmes, parce qu’elle se prolonge à travers l’expérience de l’autre à l’intérieur du soi. La différenciation interroge ainsi la subjectivité des lecteurs eux-mêmes. La lecture d’une œuvre de Duras n’est pas un processus soumis à une progression rationnelle, superficielle, mais un approfondissement menant à une exploration de l’intime. / In all of Marguerite Duras’ works, we encounter an impossibility of comprehension. Duras did not write for the sake of developing her art ; her works display a narrative,figurative and imaginative differentiation. In the first section of this essay, we analyse chronological differentiation in hernovels. The unpredictable chronology, due to the mechanism of differentiation, resultsin a narrative without a clear time line. In the second section, the problem of textual ambiguity, that is, the intersection ofopposites, such as memory and oblivion, is discussed. We analyse the role which thisambiguity plays as a source of differentiation in Duras’ work. In the third section, we examine the role of differentiation in the relationships between characters. The inadequacy of words leads to misunderstanding, and alienation. Because of miscommunication, characters are unable to determine the essential personality or identity of others. Our misunderstanding of others affects not only our relationships with them, but also our understanding of ourselves on a personal level. Differentiation plays an important role in the subjective experience of thereader. Reading Duras’ work is not a process of understanding a superficial, logical progression, but a deep exploration of oneself.

Le Liber Prefigurationum Christi et Ecclesie est un poème anonyme latin datable de la fin du XIème siècle. Il n’est présent en entier que dans un seul manuscrit parisien. Il s’agit d’une réécriture de la Bible comportant 2670 hexamètres dactyliques. L’auteur a paraphrasé un certain nombre d’épisodes de l’Ancien Testament et a ajouté des commentaires exégétiques et moraux. La thèse comprend, dans une première partie, une introduction au texte et à sa traduction. Elle étudie la structure du poème, les techniques de réécriture, l’utilisation des commentaires exégétiques et des poètes antérieurs à la rédaction. Elle compare le Liber avec d’autres réécritures bibliques tardo-antiques ou médiévales. Elle dresse enfin un portrait de l’anonyme en insistant sur sa culture, ses techniques de versification, ses structures de pensée et ses intentions. La deuxième partie de l’ouvrage comprend une nouvelle édition critique du texte ainsi que sa première traduction. Elle s’accompagne d’un apparat des gloses et des sources bibliques. La troisième partie du travail est constituée d’un commentaire « épisode par épisode » de l’ensemble du poème. Il évoque la place de chaque passage dans l’économie de l’œuvre (en particulier dans les cas d’antéposition ou de postposition par rapport à la matière biblique), la réécriture de l’hypotexte biblique, la présence et la fonction des commentaires, les sources patristiques ainsi que la justification de nos choix d’édition lorsqu’ils diffèrent du texte établi par G. Dinkova en 2007. / The Liber Prefigurationum Christi et Ecclesie is an anonymous poem, written in Latin, which can be dated from the end of the eleventh century. The unabridged version is to be found in only one Parisian manuscript. The verse composition is a bible rewriting containing 2670 hexameters. The author has versified many episodes of the Old Testament and has added exegetical and moral commentaries. The thesis contains, in its first part, an introduction to the Latin text and its translation, which studies the poem structure, the rewriting modes, the exploitation of the exegetical commentaries and of the poets who have written prior to the Liber composition. It also compares the Liber with other biblical rewritings either from late Antiquity or from the Middle Ages. Finally it draws the portrait of the anonymous poet by emphasizing his culture, his versification, his way of thinking and his aims. The second part of the work comprises a new critical edition of the text as well as its first translation. It also includes an apparatus of the glosses and of the biblical references. The third part is a commentary “episode by episode” of the whole poem which mentions the place of each passage in the work (particularly in case of anteposition or postposition), the rewriting of the biblical hypotext, the presence and function of the commentaries, the doctores used by the author, as well as the explanation of our edition choices, when they are different from the text written by G. Dinkova in 2007.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Det är känt att musik kan påverka personer och kan användas i syfte att främja läkning. Musik används bland annat för patienter med demens och för patienter som är vakna under operation. Regional anestesi i samband med operation medför flera fördelar för patienten som skall opereras. Det finns flera studier som visar musikens positiva effekt för patientens välbefinnande både innan och efter operation. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att sammanställa forskning avseende musikens inverkan på patienten vid regional anestesi under operation. Metod: Metoden var en systematisk litteraturöversikt. I resultatet inkluderades 13 stycken artiklar, både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Analysmetod som användes var integrerad dataanalys och resultatet redovisades i form av kategorier och underkategorier. Resultat: Patienters oro och ångest minskade när de fick lyssna på musik under regional anestesi. Patienter beskrev att de upplevde en känsla av välmående och var mer tillfredsställda efter operation om de fått lyssna på musik. Vitalparametrar som blodtryck och pulsfrekvens visade sig minska vid användning av musik. En del patienter upplevde att smärtan minskade. Det fanns dock inkluderande studier som inte påvisade någon signifikant skillnad på respektive kategori. Diskussion: Musik kan ha en positiv inverkan under operation med regional anestesi. Det används olika instrument för att mäta ångest, vilket kan påverka resultatet. Vid vissa studier fick patienterna välja musik själva. Musiken spelades upp i varierande former, till exempel i hörlurar eller i operationssalen. Dessa faktorer gör att de blir svårt att dra ett generaliserbart resultat. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att musik kan ha en positiv inverkan både fysiskt och psykiskt på patienterna som fick lyssna på musik under operation. Anestesisjuksköterskor bör erbjuda musik vid regional anestesi och patienterna kan med fördel få välja musik själva då det visat sig ha bra effekt. / Abstract Background: Music is well known to affect people and has been used to promote healing. Music is used, for example, for patients with dementia and for patients waking up during surgery. Regional anesthesia associated with surgery brings several benefits to the patient to be operated. There are several studies showing the positive impact of music on patient wellbeing before and after surgery. Aim: The purpose of the literature study was to compile research into the impact of music on the patient in regional anesthesia during surgery. Method: The method was a literature review. In the result 13 articles were included, both qualitative and quantitative. The analysis method used was integrated data analysis and the results were presented in the form of categories and undercategories. Result: Patients' anxiety decreased when they listened to music under regional anesthesia. Patients described that they experienced a sense of well-being and were more satisfied after surgery if they had listened to music. Vital parameters such as blood pressure and pulse rate were found to decrease when using music. Some patients felt that the pain decreased. However, there were included studies that did not show any significant difference in the respective categories. Discussion: Music may have a positive effect during surgery with regional anesthesia. Different instruments are used to measure anxiety, which can affect the outcome. In some studies, patients were given the choice of music themselves. The music was recorded in various forms, such as headphones or in the operating room. These factors make it difficult to draw a generalizable result. Conclusion: The result shows that music can have a positive impact both physically and mentally on patients who listened to music during surgery. Nurse anesthetists should offer music at regional anesthesia and patients can benefit from choosing music themselves as it proved to be of good effect.