“The body can write on the skin from the inside—the soul, the mind, and the passions rise to the surface in boils, blushes, and rashes, and the invisible inside speaks by writing from the other side of the page”. -James Elkins Skin not only covers but reveals what is behind it. I utilize its language as indicator of flaws and pathologies. I depict and manipulate this, not just as it already exists with the human body, but as projections of my psychological states onto inanimate objects. Proposing that sight is a kind of touch, we touch with our minds, through memory, experience, and emotions. Empathetic looking involves projecting ourselves onto the objects as each simultaneously projects itself onto us.

Merleau-Ponty représente une figure originale de la réception de l'inconscient psychanalytique en France et c'est d'abord autour de la question du complexe, mais surtout de celle du refoulement, qu'il entend engager un dialogue avec Freud. Si la discussion avec ce dernier est d'abord compromise par des prismes de lectures philosophiques et psychologiques qui en déforment le sens original, le philosophe a pu se donner de 1942 à 1945 une connaissance plus directe de l'oeuvre du psychanalyste, chez lequel il trouve l'intuition précieuse du refoulement, qu'il entend reprendre à son compte au sein de la théorie de la perception. La question est alors de savoir en quoi le réaménagement de l'inconscient au travers de l'enjeu central du refoulement permet encore de reconnaître le refoulement freudien dans la figure merleau-pontyenne du refus. En prenant Merleau-Ponty à la lettre, on se demande ainsi dans quelle mesure et dans quelles limites le philosophe peut continuer à parler du refoulement « dont parle la psychanalyse » à partir du moment où il procède au réaménagement existentiel du problème freudien en dehors de tout naturalisme. S'il est possible en effet de procéder à une critique des cadres théoriques inadéquats dans lesquels Freud a d'abord pensé le refoulement, et s'il est possible dans une certaine mesure de « parler un autre langage » que celui, matérialiste et énergétiste de la psychanalyse, peut-être l'ontologie merleau-pontyenne générale, dans ses conceptions relatives au sujet, à son corps, à son temps, à sa perception et à son monde déforme-t-elle alors nécessairement le refoulement freudien et tout ce qu'il permet de penser, théoriquement et pratiquement. / Merleau-Ponty stands an original position in the french reception of the Freudian problem of the unconscious, and this is around the concept of complex, or rather upon the problem of repression that he intends to open a dialogue with Freud. If the meeting with the latter ia at first compromised by the fact that external and previous psychological and philosophical readings of Freud have disformed the very genuine meaning of Freud to Merleau-Ponty's eyes and views, the philosopher was able, from 1942 to 1945, to change those views by getting a direct reading and personal understanding of the psychoanalyst's works, in which he finds the precious intuition of repression that he wants and needs to himself for his own theory of perception. Question is therefore to see how the refoundation of the unconscious by the means of the new understanding of the repression allows to maintain the Freudian repression and to be able to still recognize it, when it actually becomes the merleau-pontyan idea of refusal. Followinf Merleau-Ponty, we'll see if he can still claims he talks about the very repression psychoanalysis founded, as soon as he redefines the repression from an existentialist method and view and intends to extract the repression from its naturalists schemes and grounds. If it is quite possible to criticize the old scientific grounds amongst which Freud gave birth to the repression in the first place, and if it is possible to speak another conceptual language than Freud, a materialistic and energetical one, maybe the merleau-pontyan ontology regarding the subject, his embodiement, his timely structure, his perception and his world tend to deform the freudian repression.

This dissertation called "The manifestation of chicane among children of the second grade of an elementary school" concetrates on chicane, its manifestation and an appearance of chicane and also reflects its newest form - a cyberchicane. The aspiration of my dissertation is to look at this pathological phenomenon more from the victim's point of view, I come to think of roots of aggressiveness and chicane as well as I pay attention to aggressors and victims of chicane. The aim of my dissertation is to find out ways the victim faces up to attacks of an aggressor and also to find out the effective ways and possibilities to help handling the chicane aftermath. Using a method of a dialog with specialists - pedagogical consultants working in elementary schools and pedagogical and counseling psychology experts - I seek answer to my empirical question. I use casuistry as a companion method. The final part of my dissertation includes a grand summary of acquired knowledge that could be used practically in a subsequent work with victims of chicane. KEYWORDS chicane, cyberchicane, victim, aggressor, intervention,repression, prevention

The Hap2/3/4/5 complex is a heme-activated, CCAATT binding, global transcriptional activator of genes involved in respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis in the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hap4 is the regulatory subunit of the complex and its levelsdetermine the activity of the complex. Hap4 is known to play a signaling role in response toenvironmental conditions; however, little is known about the regulation of Hap4 levels or how it responses to a cell’s functional state. The activity of the Hap2-5 complex is known to be reduced in respiratory-deficient cells. In Liu Lab, it has previously been found that a link between Hap4 stability, mediated through 26S proteasome-dependent degradation, and dependence on mitochondrial functional state plays a regulatory role on downstream targets of the Hap complex. However, the mechanism behind this regulation is still largely unknown. In normally functioning yeast cells, Hap4 is a highly unstable protein with a half-life of ~10 min. We have observed that loss of mitochondrial DNA in respiratory deficient rho 0 cells has a role in the further destabilization of Hap4 to a half-life of ~4 min through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Through the screening of a collection of mutants defective in E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, we show that Hap4 is greatly stabilized in ubc1Δubc4Δ double mutant cells. We also show that Hap4 stabilization in the ubc1Δubc4Δ mutant leads to increased activity of the Hap2-5 complex, indicating that mitochondrial biogenesis in yeast is regulated by the functional state of mitochondria through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation of Hap4. Furthermore, studies on Hap4 mutants involving two highly conserved cysteine residues led to a proposed mechanism behind the regulation of Ubc4 activity towards Hap4 in response to changes in the cellular redox state.

No description available.

Esta dissertação examina a recepção de Nietzsche na teoria crítica de Horkheimer explicitando o modo como a sua filosofia é apropriada nos quadros teóricos das décadas de 1930 e 1940 para a investigação dos bloqueios à emancipação de ordem subjetiva, com foco sobre a noção de interiorização [Verinnerlichung]. Nos anos 1930, para compreender a fixação dos indivíduos pela autoridade e a manipulação das massas, são analisados os efeitos das renúncias e da interiorização dos instintos no contexto de uma antropologia da sociedade burguesa. Na década de 1940, está em jogo o vínculo da razão esclarecida com a dominação, relacionado à dominação de si e dos outros que permearam a formação da subjetividade desde a sua pré-história e compreendido com referência à ideia de interiorização do sacrifício. Pretende-se determinar o papel da filosofia de Nietzsche no pensamento de Horkheimer argumentando-se, em primeiro lugar, que esta aproximação remonta aos anos 1930 e não à influência de Adorno na elaboração da Dialética do esclarecimento e, em segundo lugar, que as contradições internas desta filosofia e as suas contradições com a teoria crítica são profícuas para a filosofia de Horkheimer. / This dissertation thematizes the reception of Nietzsche\'s philosophy in Horkheimer\'s critical theory from the 1930s and 1940s, investigating how it is appropriated for an analysis of the obstacles to social emancipation situated in subjectivity, with reference to the concept of internalization [Verinnerlichung]. In the 1930s, the fixation of the individuals on authority and the manipulation of the masses are investigated through an analysis of the effects of the renunciation and the internalization of instincts, in the context of an anthropology of the bourgeois society. In the 1940s, Horkheimer and Adorno explicit the entailment of enlightened reason on domination, arising from the domination of oneself and of others that permeated the subjective formation since its pre-history, described with the resource to the idea of internalization of sacrifice. This dissertation intends to disclose the role of Nietzsche\'s philosophy in Horkheimer\'s thought, arguing, in the first place, that it goes back to the 1930s and it is not a consequence of Adorno\'s influence in the process of elaboration of the Dialects of Enlightenment, and, secondly, that the contradictions internal to this philosophy and its contradictions with critical theory are productive for Horkheimers philosophy.

La dysorthographie est considérée en psychiatrie comme un trouble spécifique des apprentissages. Les découvertes neuropsychologiques de la place des émotions dans les apprentissages confirment une idée soutenue par l’approche psychopathologique psychanalytique selon laquelle le développement cognitif ne peut être dissocié du développement affectif. Notre recherche a porté sur le silence des affects repéré chez certains enfants présentant ce trouble dans notre pratique clinique, émettant l’hypothèse d’une logique psychosomatique sous-tendant ce symptôme. L’analyse du CAT d’un groupe de vingt enfants et l’analyse de la thérapie d’une enfant de neuf ans ont permis de mettre en évidence une répression majeure des affects, une restriction de l’expression fantasmatique, une prévalence des agirs et des sensations en lien avec un attachement fort au perçu. La présence de ces éléments laisse envisager que dans ces cas, le symptôme dysorthographique peut témoigner de l’action de défenses de type opératoire et ne constitue pas un symptôme psychonévrotique exprimant un conflit symbolique. Au-delà de l’hétérogénéité du fonctionnement psychique de ces enfants, l’existence de telles constantes cliniques nous conduit à établir un parallèle entre le symptôme dysorthographique et un symptôme psychosomatique. Ceci ne le laisse cependant pas dépourvu de sens, que nous avons tenté de rechercher à travers l’analyse des mouvements transféro-contre-transférentiels de la thérapie de Jeanne. Nous avons ainsi été amené à proposer l’hypothèse d’un défaut de subversion libidinale à l’origine d’un maintien dans une écriture purement fonctionnelle et mécanique chez certains patients dysorthographiques. / The spelling disorder is considered in psychiatry as a specific learning disorder. The recent neuropsychological discoveries of the role of emotions in the learning process confirm the idea, supported by the psychopathologic psychoanalytical approach, according to which the cognitive development cannot be separated from the emotional one. Our research concerned the silence of affects which we had already found with children presenting this specific disorder in our clinical practice ; therefore making us utter the hypothesis of a psychosomatic logic underlying the symptom of spelling disorder. The analysis of a projective test, the CAT, for a group of twenty children and the analysis of Jeanne’s therapy, a child presenting this disorder, highlighted a main repression of affects, a limitation of the fantasmatic expression, prevalency of acts and feelings linked to a very strong importance put on perceptions. These aspects lead us to consider that in those cases, the spelling disorder syptom may be the result of operating defenses but is not necessarily a psychonevrotic symptom expressing a symbolic conflict. Beyond the variety of psychic process of these children, the presence of such steady clinical aspects, leads us to establish a link between the spelling disorder symptom and the psychosomatic symptom. We tried to find a reason for it through the analysis of the transfert movements in Jeanne’s therapy. This brought us to utter the hypothesis of a lack of libidinal subversion leading some patients with spelling disorders to remain in a purely functional and mechanical writing.

L’objet de cette étude est de mettre en avant le débat sur la délinquance des mineurs ainsi que le système judiciaire français et marocain mis en place afin de contrecarrer cette délinquance.La délinquance poursuivie par les forces de l’ordre et sanctionnée par la justice est caractérisée par le droit pénal. Lorsque le droit connait des changements, le champ de la délinquance expérimente des oscillations et par voie de conséquence, l’enregistrement des comportements délictueux aussi. Or, la croissance de la délinquance, et particulièrement celle des mineurs, s’analyse en fonction de son environnement juridique. Dans cette mouvance et bien que la délinquance des mineurs évolue dans les mêmes proportions et au même degré que celle des majeurs et bien qu’elle soit sanctionnée plus sévèrement, elle demande une attention particulière précisément, parce qu’il s’agit de mineurs.Dès lors, le rôle de la justice des mineurs ne doit pas se limiter uniquement à la répression. Cette dernière doit se donner les moyens de les comprendre pour être capable d’agir sur ce qui les a motivés et empêcher toute récidive. Sa mission doit avoir également un rôle « éducatif » et « préventif ».Sanction et éducation sont devenues ainsi deux dimensions indissociables dans le traitement de la délinquance des mineurs. Et c’est dans cette optique que le législateur français et marocain essaye de construire une politique de traitement de la délinquance tout en respectant la personnalité juridique fragile du mineur. / The purpose of this study is to highlight the debate on juvenile delinquency as well as the French and Moroccan judicial system set up to counteract this delinquency.Indeed, delinquency pursued by the police and sanctioned by justice is characterized by criminal law. When the law changes, the field of delinquency experiences oscillations and, consequently, the recording of criminal behavior as well. However, the growth of delinquency, and particularly that of minors, is analyzed according to its legal environment. In this movement and although juvenile delinquency evolves in the same proportions and to the same degree as that of adults and although it is sanctioned more severely, it requires special attention precisely because it is minors.Therefore, the role of juvenile justice should not be limited to repression alone. The latter must give itself the means to understand them to be able to act on what motivated them and to prevent any recurrence. Its mission must also have an "educational" and "preventive" role.Sanction and education have thus become two inseparable dimensions in the treatment of juvenile delinquency. And it is in this perspective that the French and Moroccan legislator tries to build a policy of treatment of juvenile delinquency while respecting the fragile legal personality of the minor.

Os trabalhadores gráficos sempre foram um segmento atuante na sociedade brasileira em geral, e na paulista em particular. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX houve um notável crescimento da imprensa escrita e conseqüentemente da indústria gráfica. Tal dinamismo se deu devido à transformação pela qual passava a sociedade paulistana, que, com o desenvolvimento da indústria e a evolução do trabalho buscava padrões mais europeizados e modernizantes de cultura. O trabalhador gráfico, por ser mais alfabetizado e até mesmo mais intelectualizado que os demais profissionais do operariado, sempre exerceu uma posição de vanguarda dos movimentos e lutas sociais. Seu sindicato a União dos Trabalhadores Gráficos congregava não apenas gráficos, mas trabalhadores de várias outras categorias, sendo sempre um modelo a ser seguido. Por estar em constante evidência os gráficos foram sistematicamente perseguidos e vigiados pela Polícia Política, que os identificava como perigosos agitadores. Enquanto responsáveis técnicos e, até mesmo mentores dos impressos, que foram rotulados de subversivos e, por suas posturas político-ideológicas, foram vigiados e reprimidos. Com base nas fontes originais anexadas aos prontuários policiais e no jornal O Trabalhador Gráfico, pretendemos reconstruir parte representativa do universo desses artesãos da subversão identificando seus produtores entre 1930-1945. / Graphic workers have always being an active group in the Brazilian society, as well as in the São Paulo State. The first decades of the 20th century were marked by a massive expansion of the press and the graphic industry, in consequence of changes in the São Paulo State society, and Europe was the model to new work relations and culture. Graphic workers, as able to read and write, and more intellectual to other working classes, assumed a position of vanguard in debates for social change. Their syndicate, União dos Trabalhadores Gráficos, defended not only graphics, but workers of other categories, and turned into a model. They were technically responsible and idealized many newspapers and pamphlets, were identified as dangerous and were systematically persecuted by the politic police. Based upon original fonts attached to police archives, and in O Trabalhador Gráfico newspaper, it is intended here to reconstruct important parts of the universe of this artisans of subversion, identifying their producers between 1930 and 1945.

Análise de Redes Metabólicas foi aplicada à cepa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D, e a alguns mutantes interrompidos em genes que codificam para proteínas regulatórias envolvidas no fenômeno de repressão por glicose. Todas as cepas foram cultivadas em aerobiose, em meio mínimo contendo [1-13C]glicose como substrato limitante. As células eram recolhidas em situação de crescimento balanceado e submetidas à hidrólise, seguida de derivação e posterior injeção da amostra resultante num cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa, para análise da marcação em alguns fragmentos de metabólitos intracelulares. Estes dados serviram como base para a identificação da atividade de algumas vias metabólicas no metabolismo central de S. cerevisiae. Além disto, utilizando-os juntamente com um modelo estequiométrico, foi possível obter uma estimativa para os fluxos no metabolismo central na cepa referência e nos mutantes estudados. Num primeiro momento, a metodologia foi validada para cultivos contínuos e descontínuos. Calculou-se um desvio padrão para a medida da marcação em cada fragmento de metabólito detectado pela metodologia empregada. Na cepa referência, observou-se que o ciclo de Krebs opera de forma cíclica em células que respiram e de forma não cíclica em células que apresentam metabolismo respiratório-fermentativo. Verificou-se que uma maior parte da glicose consumida é desviada para a via das pentoses fosfato no primeiro caso, em relação ao segundo. Foram encontradas evidências para a biossíntese de glicina através da enzima treonina aldolase e para a atividade da enzima málica. A ausência das proteínas Mig1 e Mig2 não altera os padrões de crescimento, produção de etanol e de marcação em metabólitos intracelulares de S. cerevisiae. Já a ausência de Hxk2, Reg1 ou Grr1 provoca alívio na repressão por glicose, observado pelo aumento das atividades respiratórias. / Metabolic Network Analysis was applied to the reference strain CEN.PK113-7D of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as to some mutants disrupted in genes which code for regulatory proteins involved in the glucose repression cascade. All strains were cultivated under aerobic conditions, using minimal medium with [1-13C]glucose as the limiting substrate. Cells were harvested under balanced growth conditions and submitted to hydrolysis, derivatization and injection of the sample into a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer for analysis of the labeling pattern in some fragments of intracellular metabolites. These data were used for identifying the activity of some pathways in the central metabolism of S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, using the data together with a stoichiometric model, it was possible to estimate the fluxes in the central metabolism of the reference strain and in the mutant strains. First, the methodology was validated for batch and continuous cultivations. Standard deviations were calculated for the measurement of the fractional labeling in each of the detected fragments. In the reference strain, it was observed that the Krebs cycle operates in a cyclic manner in respiratory cells, whereas it operates in a non cyclic manner under respiro-fermentative metabolism. It was also seen that a greater part of the glucose consumed by the cells enters the pentose phosphate pathway in the former than in the later case. Evidence for the activity of the threonine aldolase and the malic enzyme catalyzed reactions was also found. The absence of the Mig1 and Mig2 proteins does not alter the growth, ethanol formation and labeling pattern of intracellular metabolites in S. cerevisiae. In contrast, the absence of Hxk2, Reg1, or Grr1 provoques a relief in glucose repression, which was observed by an increased respiratory activity.