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Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med ökad kunskap om sju- till nioåriga elevers föreställningar om tidig läsinlärning. Studien utgår från en metodkombination där det empiriska materialet består av svar från en kvantitativ enkätundersökning varav tjugonio elever i årskurs ett och två svarat. Empirin består även av ljudupptagningar från kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta stycken av eleverna. Studien utgår från två teorier; fenomenografi och kognitiv konstruktivism. Resultatet presenterar vilka för- och nackdelar olika läsinlärningsmetoder har ur ett elevperspektiv. En resultatdiskussion har skett utifrån de valda teorierna och tidigare forskning har vägts mot det som framkommit i studien.  Resultatet visar i enlighet med tidigare forskning att elevers motivation till och framgång av läsning styr den vidare läsutvecklingen. Vad som också framhävs i studiens resultat är att kombinerade läsinlärningsmetoder främst föredras av eleverna och att de väljer utefter vilken nivå de befinner sig på i sin läsutveckling. Ytterligare något som belyses är vikten av metakognition när det handlar om läsinlärning. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with increased knowledge about what thoughts students aged seven to nine have about early reading learning. The study is based on a combination of methods where the emdata consist of answers from a quantitative survey of which of twenty-nine students in grades one and two answered. The data also contain audio recordings from qualitative interviews with eight students. The two theoretical starting points for the study are phenomenography and cognitive constructivism. The results present from a student perspective the advantages and disadvantages of different methods to learn to read. A discussion of results has taken place on the basis of the selected theories and has set previous research against what has emerged in the study. The results show, in accordance with previous research, that students' motivation for and success of reading controls the further development of reading. What is also emphasized in the results of the study is that the students mainly preferred combined reading learning methods, and that they choose according to what level they are at in their reading development. Another result that is highlighted is the importance of metacognition when it comes to learning to read.

Denna studie undersökte korrelationen mellan elevernas förståelse av matematikens syfte på samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet, deras inställning till ämnet och deras betyg i kursen Matematik 1b. Genom en blandad metod som inkluderade en enkätundersökning och intervjuer samlades både kvantitativ och kvalitativ data in från elever och lärare på samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet. Enkätundersökningen distribuerades till elever från tre olika skolor, och resulterade i 130 respondenter och en svarsfrekvens på 62%. Datan analyserades genom med hjälp av korrelationsanalys, specifikt Pearson's korrelationskoefficient för ett urval, för att undersöka samband. Resultaten visade på en måttlig korrelation mellan elevernas förståelse av matematikens syfte och deras inställning till ämnet. I enkätundersökningen var det även tydligt att majoriteten av eleverna hade ett lågt intresse för matematiken. Flera elever uttryckte i intervjuerna bristen på ett tydligt syfte med att studera matematik. Vidare observerades även en måttlig korrelation mellan elevernas inställning till ämnet och deras betyg i kursen. Enkätundersökningen indikerade även, förutom bristen på intresse för ämnet, att hälften av eleverna var underkända i kursen eller endast hade betyget E. Intervjuerna genomfördes med elever och lärare för att fördjupa förståelsen av elevernas uppfattningar om syftet med matematikämnet och deras inställning till ämnet. Dataanalysen inkluderade tematisk analys för att identifiera gemensamma teman och utmaningar. Resultatet av den kvalitativa analysen visade på bristen av ett tydligt syfte inom matematikundervisningen, vilket påverkade elevernas inställning negativt. Inom ramen för detta examensarbete utvecklades ett utbildningsmaterial för kursen Matematik 1b för samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet. Utbildningsmaterialet består av olika kapitel och projekt som syftar till att tydliggöra matematikens relevans och tillämpningar inom samhällsvetenskapliga områden. Design Thinking användes som metod för utvecklingsprocessen för utbildningsmaterialet. I metoden ingår det att förstå användarnas behov, generera idéer till potentiella lösningar, skapa prototyper och testa dessa. Det resulterande utbildningsmaterialet anpassades specifikt för samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet och kan vara en värdefull resurs för elever och lärare. Genom utbildningsmaterialet kommuniceras matematikens syfte på ett tydligt sätt vilket främjar en positiv inställning till ämnet och förbättrar elevernas prestationer och betyg i kursen. Sammanfattningsvis betonar denna studie vikten av att tydliggöra matematikens syfte för eleverna på samhällsvetenskapsprogrammet. Genom att kommunicera syftet på ett tydligt sätt, exempelvis med hjälp av det utvecklade utbildningsmaterialet, kan elevernas inställning förbättras, vilket i sin tur kan höja elevernas betygsnivå. / This study examined the correlation between students' understanding of the purpose of mathematics in the social science program, their attitudes towards the subject, and their grades in the Mathematics 1b course. A mixed-method approach was employed, involving a survey and interviews to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from students and teachers in the social science program.  The survey was distributed to students from three different schools, resulting in 130 respondents and a response rate of 62%. The data was analyzed using correlation analysis, specifically Pearson's correlation coefficient for a sample, to explore relationships. The results showed a moderate correlation between students' understanding of the purpose of mathematics and their attitude towards the subject. The survey also revealed that the majority of students had low interest in mathematics. Several students expressed in the interviews the lack of a clear purpose for studying mathematics. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was observed between students' attitude towards the subject and their grades in the course. The survey also indicated, in addition to the lack of interest, that half of the students were failing the course or had only achieved a grade of E. Interviews with students and teachers provided further insights into students' perceptions on the purpose of mathematics and their attitude towards the subject. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify common themes and challenges. The qualitative analysis revealed the absence of a clear purpose in mathematics education, which negativley influenced students' attitude towards the subject.  Within the scope of this thesis, an educational material was developed for the Mathematics 1b course in the social science program. The educational material consists of various chapters and projects aimed at highlighting the relevance and applications of mathematics in social science domains. Design Thinking was employed as the methodology for the development process of the educational material, involving understanding user needs, generating ideas for potential solutions, creating prototypes, and testing them. The resulting educational material was specifically tailored for the social science program and can be a valuable resource for students and teachers. By clearly communicating the purpose of mathematics, the educational material promotes a positive attitude towards the subject and improves students' performance and grades in the course. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of clarifying the purpose of mathematics for students in the social science program. By effectively communicating the purpose, such as through the developed educational material, students' attitudes can be enhanced, leading to improved academic results.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter upplever det att delta i en intensivundervisningsinsats i läsning. En sådan insats innebär att eleverna varje dag under 4-6 veckor jobbar 20 minuter med strukturerad undervisning som har syftet att utveckla deras läsförmåga. Den forskning som jag har funnit om intensivundervisning i läsning visar samstämmigt på att liknande insatser ger goda resultat. Däremot tar inte denna forskning upp hur eleverna upplever själva intensivundervisningen. Därför har jag valt att undersöka några elevers upplevelser av detta och fokuserat på upplevelsen av arbetssättet, upplevelsen av den egna läsutvecklingen samt hur det är att gå ifrån klassrummet för att delta i intensivundervisningen.   Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex elever i årskurs 4 som har deltagit i en intensivundervisningsinsats i läsning. Varje elev har intervjuats enskilt och deras berättelser har sedan analyserats utifrån en livsvärldsfenomenologisk ansats ur ett elevperspektiv.   Resultatet visar att dessa elever är positiva till att arbeta med intensivundervisning i läsning och upplever själva att de har utvecklat sin läsförmåga genom den. De beskriver sin egen utveckling i relation till det material de har arbetat med samt vad det har inneburit för dem både i skolan och hemma. Eleverna tar upp både positiva och negativa upplevelser av att gå ifrån klassrummet för att delta i intensivundervisningen. / The purpose of this study is to examine how students with reading and writing disabilities experienced participation in intensive instruction in reading. Such an achievement means that students every day for 4-6 weeks is working about 20 minutes with structured teaching with the aim of developing their reading skills. The research about intensive instruction in reading coherently show that similar achievements are producing good results. In contrast, this research does not include how students experience intensive instruction. Therefore, I have chosen to examine some students' experiences of this and focused on the experience of working, the experience of their own reading development and how it is to leave the classroom to participate in intensive instruction.   The study is based on qualitative interviews with six students in grade 4 who have participated in intensive instruction in reading. Each student was interviewed individually and their stories were then analysed based on a life-world phenomenological approach from a student perspective.   The result shows that these students are positive towards working with intensive instruction in reading and experience themselves having developed their reading skills through it. They describe their own development in relation to the material they have worked with and what it has meant to them both in school and at home. The students mention both positive and negative experiences of leaving the classroom to participate in intensive instruction.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between the teachers’ and the students’ understanding of music rubrics. The study will present the use of music rubrics in three different schools. In these schools, observations were performed as well as interviews with the teachers and their students. A study of the rubrics on each school was also executed to construct appropriate questions and an observation schedule. To analyse our material a phenomenographical method was used. The result shows that the teachers and students have similar understandings and interpretations of the content as well as the purpose of the music rubric.

Syftet med studien är att ur ett elevperspektiv undersöka vilka hinder samt möjligheter som kan identifieras i elevers användande av talböcker samt att få en uppfattning om hur elever uppfattar lärares attityd och kompetens inom detta område. Den metod som jag använt är enkäter som besvarats av elever i åk 4-9 som har ett Legimuskonto. Resultatet av enkätsvaren redovisas som tabeller och diagram samt genom redovisning av ett representativt urval av citat från respondenternas svar. Resultatet tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv (Vygotskij, 2001) samt utifrån en teori om stigmatisering (Goffman, 2014). Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att respondenterna i denna studie till största delen är positivt inställda till att använda talböcker. De menar att talböcker gör det lättare att förstå texter och ger dem möjlighet att uppleva spännande böcker som de annars hade haft svårt att läsa. Att kunna läsa samma böcker som sina klasskamrater ansågs också som en viktig aspekt. Trots den i grunden positiva inställningen hos flertalet respondenter framkom ett antal negativa faktorer såsom bristen på inlevelse hos inläsaren, att det är pinsamt att använda talböcker samt att de uppfattar det som att deras lärare tycker att fysiska böcker är bättre. Då det gäller hur respondenterna uppfattar lärares attityd och kompetens inom detta område visar resultaten på stora variationer. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the obstacles and possibilities that can be identified in students’ use of Talking Books and to get a sense of how students perceive teachers' attitudes and skills in this area. The method I used was a questionnaire answered by students in grade 4-9 that has a Legimus account. The result of the questionnaire is presented in tables and diagrams as well as a representative selection of quotes from the respondents. The results are interpreted based on a socio-cultural perspective (Vygotskij, 2001) as well as a theory of stigmatization (Goffman, 2014). In summary, the results show that respondents in this study for the most part are in favour of using Talking Books. They allege that Talking Books make it easier to understand texts and give them the opportunity to experience exciting books that they otherwise would have difficulty reading. Being able to read the same books as their classmates was also considered an important aspect. Despite the positive attitude of the majority of respondents, a number of negative factors was identified, such as the lack of expression in the reciter, the feeling that it is embarrassing to use Talking Books and the sense that their teacher thinks printed books are a better option. When it comes to how respondents perceive teachers’ attitudes and skills within the field, the results show great variations.

The overall aim of this study is divided into two parts, firstly to analyze the view of four swedish upper secondary school students on what the meaning with religious education in Sweden should be. Secondly, to analyze how these four students experience their education in religion and compare it with their teachers view on the meaning of religious education and how she conducts the teaching. It is an empirical study and the results are based on semistructural interviews made individually with each participant. The analytical approach is a hermeneutic analysis with interpretation as the main focus. The findings and the result of the study indicates that the swedish students view the religious education as an important subject to understand and explore their own worldviews, other peoples views, traditions and differences. The students and the teacher have similar thoughts on what the meaning with religious education should be, but in practise the students lack an inside perspective of religions, a meeting with people who identify themselves as religious. The teacher however does not include this in her education, nor does she speak of this during the interviews. The results also show that the swedish students thoughts about religious education is very similiar to what previous research has shown is lacking in the swedish education in religion. In summary, both the students and previous research points out that the inside perspective in religious education is very important to be able to reach the goals of the curriculom in the subject, which include a development of understanding different religions and people.

This thesis addresses the significance of the concept of study success in higher education from the perspective of students at five university programs; Business Administration and Economics, Engineering Physics, Medical Education, Social Work and Teacher Education for Upper Secondary Level. The thesis is based on data from three studies conducted between, spring 1993 and autumn 1996. A questionnaire was distributed to all the students enrolled in autumn 1992 to the five programs, regarding students' paths to the university, how they perceived their university studies, and their plans for the future. Fifty-nine of the students were then selected from the five university programs and interviewed on two different occasions. The first interview, conducted mainly during the autumn term of 1993, focused on the respondent's path to the university studies and on different aspects of their lives as students. For a majority of the students, the second interview was conducted about one year later. This interview focused on how the students perceived study success: what was considered to be a good study result, and the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful students. The students were also asked to describe an occasion when they felt successful and unsuccessful, respectively. The results indicate that there is little congruence between the students' perception of study success and that expressed in many public reforms and policies in Sweden. Furthermore, there are both similarities and differences in students' views across the programs. The students at the five programs seemed to relate study success mainly to aspects of Achievement, Process/Strategy, and Comprehension, while aspects related to Personal Growth or Future/Occupation were rarely mentioned. When comparing students' views in the five university programs, the results indicate that an Achievement oriented view dominated among the students in Business Administration and Economics, and Engineering Physics. The students in Engineering Physics and Social Work were more oriented towards Process or Strategy aspects of study success than the students in the other programs. Personal Growth was emphasised as an important aspect only by the Social Work students. Furthermore, students in Social Work and Medical Education were more oriented towards Comprehension than the others. The students in Medical Education and Teacher Education related study success to Future/Occupation to a higher degree that the others. The views on study success seem mainly to be related to aspects in the learning environment, in particular the way the university studies are organised, the examination and grading system, and the contact with the profession. Different recruitment patterns, and the impact of upper secondary education may also be of importance. Influences from the students' prior experiences and their life outside their studies cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the results indicate gender differences. The women seem to view study success in terms of Comprehension, while the men are more oriented towards Achievement. An additional analysis within the categories indicated that the male students seemed to be more self-confident and self-reliant while the female students expressed a more pessimistic view. Furthermore, while the male students view an unsuccessful student only in relation to the individual in question, the female students' view involved the negative consequences of the student's behaviour for other people. / digitalisering@umu

通識教育為高等教育改革的要點之一，然而近年來通識革新較傾向於制度與教學評鑑上的關注，對於課程實質內容的深入探析與整體研究相對不足，另一方面教育理念雖常呼籲學生聲音，然在大學中聆聽學生觀點的機會仍屈指可數。是以本研究企圖透過「重要但缺乏」的觀點來關注課程，二來期望前述探究能透過學生觀點來檢視。首先，為建立資料分析的參照，本研究分析國內外14所大學（含政大）通識課程的目標、結構與科目。繼而，進一步透過問卷調查754位政大四年級學生，有效樣本716位（抽樣誤差於正負3.14%之間），來探究學生對通識的定義及其認為通識課程「重要但缺乏」的內容，研究發現如下： 一、在學生對通識的定義方面：（1）全體大四生的通識定義近八成為主修專業之外、各領域入門、基礎常識、社會生活應備、思考與學習方法與人格情意陶冶；（2）從學院來看，各學院通識定義高度相似，惟教育學院通識定義歧異度略低；（3）從性別來看，除了男女前五大通識定義高度相似，整體而言男生較有整體與掌控之意涵，而女生較有個人、實用、思考與順應之意涵。 二、在學生認為通識「重要但缺乏」的內容方面：（1）大多數全體大四生所列舉的內容多屬實作實務性質（如：烹飪、設計），另還包括具生活基本能力性質、生活品味性質以及認識非主流的弱勢性質之內容；（2）從學院來看，各學院多以烹飪、人際社交、實作實務為重要但缺乏的內容；（3）從性別來看，除了男女前三大列舉內容高度相似之外，整體而言男生較有規範、傳承與責任之意象（如：道德倫理），而女生較有個人、美感與情感之意象（如：美妝儀態）。最後，本研究對政大通識課程、通識課程研究方法及建立長期研究基礎提出建議與討論。 / General education (GE) has been of great significance in the higher education reformations. However, in recent years GE reformations had inclined to focus on its institutionalization and instructional evaluation rather than its curriculum content. Besides, even the student-centered concept has been constantly promoted in education, there were still rare chances for students to voice in university. Under such circumstances, this study is aimed to examine the GE curriculum especially through the perspective of the null curriculum and the students. To provide a reference before exploring the null curriculum, the study first went through the documentary analysis of the aim, structure and course in 14 universities’ GE curriculum throughout Taiwan and the United States. The study further conducted a survey on the NCCU seniors’ viewpoints on the GE definition and what is important but missing in GE curriculum, 716 among 754 questionnaires were valid (the sampling error is approximately 3.14%). The results indicate that in the viewpoint of NCCU seniors: 1. The definition of general education: (1) for the majority of seniors, it tends to be outside the discipline, the introduction of each discipline, basic common sense, the social life-oriented, the thinking and learning methods as well as the personality cultivation. (2) from the college-level term, each college shares a high degree of similarity, in which the college of education tends to be in less diverse. (3) from the gender-level term, besides the male and female students share a high similarity in the top 5 definitions, more male students show the overall sense of the wholeness and the control, while female students show the overall sense of more personal, being practical, thinking and the will to adapt others. 2. The “important but missed” content in general education: (1) for the majority of seniors, it tends to be the chance of performing and experiencing in person (ex: cooking, design), the basic surviving skills, the life taste enhancement as well as the understanding of the minorities within the non-mainstream. (2) from the college-level term, every college show high percentage in the courses regarding cooking, social interations and the implementation of practice. (3) from the gender-level term, besides the male and females students share a high similarity in the top 3 courses, more male students show the overall sense of standard, inheritance regarding the seniority and responsibility (ex: morality and ethic), on the other hand, more female students show the overall sense of more personal space, aesthetics and emotion (ex: appearance care). According to the results, the study implies some discussions and suggestions for the GE curriculum in NCCU, the methodology of GE curriculum researches, and the basis for long-term researches.

The aim of this study is to elucidate how a number of pupils in grade four experience the Storyline working method and its influence on their perception of oral presentations to the class. The main method used in the study was qualitative interviews. A questionnaire was administered in order to elicit the views of the whole class about Storyline and about talking in front of others, and in order to see which pupils were suitable to interview. The selection consisted of twenty-two pupils in grade, six of whom were interviewed.  The result showed that Storyline was appreciated by the pupils, who found the method interesting, engaging, and a positive factor in making the teaching meaningful. The Storyline method has been shown in this study to make it easier for pupils who otherwise find it difficult to talk in front of the class. According to the respondents, this is due to group presentations, visualizations, and the fact that the pupils are not forced to talk about their own lives and experiences. The pupils have fun and are inquisitive, which is a key factor in all teaching.