Södra Ölands Odlingslandskap skrevs år 2000 in på UNESCO:s världsarvslista på grund av landskapets unika karaktär då jordbruk format odlingslandskapet under årtusenden. I förvaltningen har jordbrukarna fått en central roll då de i sitt vardagliga bruk skapar och förvaltar odlingslandskapet. Studiens syfte är att kartlägga jordbrukares unika känslor och drivkrafter i relation till deras landskapande, samt hur dessa beaktas inom den administrativa förvaltningen av Södra Ölands odlingslandskap. Genom att nyttja Hägerstrands (1992) begrepp förloppslandskap, där jordbrukarna blir en del i processerna i landskapet, framträder i denna studie en komplex väv av känslor kopplade till arv, identitetsskapande och utveckling. Landskapets ekonomiska värden framkommer tydligt i jordbrukarnas relation till landskapet och genom att nyttja Håkansson och Widgrens (2007) teoretisering av markbundet kapital tydliggörs förvaltningen och värdet av marken i en längre tidsperiod än den enskilde jordbrukarens livstid. En tidsaspekt som medför starka känslor inför jordbrukandet. Dessa känslor och jordbrukares drivkrafter ses styra jordbrukarnas rumsliga praktiker och på så sätt forma landskapet. Studien visar genom en innehållsanalys hur den administrativa förvaltningen av världsarvet delar förståelsen av landskapet och gör försök i att beakta jordbrukares drivkrafter och känslomässiga relationer till landskapet genom kommunikationen och diskussionen av förvaltningen.

In this thesis I examine three cities that have been nominated as world heritage sites by UNESCO, and how these cities are understood and mediated by visitors. One of the research questions was also to see how these places has been affected by the nomination. I have visited Visby, Dubrovnik and Toruń to do this research. I wanted to find out why so many people choose to visit these places and how much the world heritage nomination was part of the decision to visit. This is done by examining how these cities are mediated by travel literature, tourist information in the form of brochures and other information, as well as interviews. These interviews were conducted both with tourists at these sites, but also with people that work with tourism or cultural heritage in some form. The method used besides interviews has been thick description as it is formulated by Clifford Geertz to describe and make sense of these places and to see how you would experience these places as a tourist. The researchers that has figured as a theoretical background include John Urry and Andrew Walsh. Urry describes how the tourist uses different gazes to see the world in different ways, and Walsh describes how a place that seems to be irreplaceable might in fact not be so irreplaceable, which applies on the examined places in this thesis. Josefina Syssner and Karim van Knippenberg together with Linde Egberts lays a groundwork for the understanding of different sorts of tourists, and what tools can be used is place marketing of these cities. In agreement with previous research I conclude that the primary attraction of these sites for the tourists is not their status as world heritage sites, and the reason that these sites are troubled with mass tourism lies elsewhere. The place itself is replaceable for the majority of the tourists, but not for the material heritage. A better dialogue is needed between the tourism and heritage sector, as well as local residents and politicians, to be able to counteract the negative effects of mass tourism, that is shown to wear on the material culture. The mediation needs to include a more widespread picture of the complex issues that concerns these heritage sites. In todays globalized and mobile world, the idea of world heritage sites becomes problematic, as this work has shown. This thesis is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and cultural heritage.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa vad som sker efter utnämnandet till världsarv av UNESCO, genom att se om och hur strategier för bevarande och utveckling förändrats sedan 1989 fram till idag. Fallstudien har utgått från Hansestaden Visby och behandlar främst världsarvets förvaltning samt de nationella och lokala skydd som finns, tillsammans med en överblick av hur utnämnandet av Visby som världsarvsstad gått till och hur det efterlevs i förhållande till dokumentation och planarbete. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för arbetet har utgått från postmodernistisk planeringsteori och kollaborativ planering samt urbanteori den globala staden. Analyser har dragits utifrån det världsarvsarbete som utförts av UNESCO under nominerings- och antagningsprocessen till att bli världsarv, samt det lokala arbete som utförts av Länsstyrelsen och Gotlands kommun, senare Region Gotland. De båda delarna leder till en inblick av marknadsföringens betydelse för en ort och att de olika utvecklingsfaserna ibland kommer i skymundan då vissa tidsåldrar ses som viktigare än andra. För Visby har det skett under nomineringsprocessen till att bli världsarv. Ansökan som skickades till UNESCO 1994 innehålleren helhetsbild av vad som gör Visby så speciellt, denna beskrivning skalas sedan ner under processens gångför att till sist endast beröra den inverkan som Hansaförbundet har haft på Visby innerstad. / This thesis aims to give light to what happens after UNESCO has named an object as a World Heritage site.Through looking at if and how strategies for conservation and development have changed since 1989 until today. Focus of this thesis have been the Hanseatic Town of Visby, and the national and local laws and documentsthat control conservation and development. Through the theoretical lenses of postmodern and collaborativeplanning, together with urban marketing theory - the global city. Results have been made through analysing the heritage work that UNESCO have made during the nomination and inscription process to the World Heritage List, together with looking at the local county administrative boardand municipality’s documentation and spatial planning of the property. Both parts give a look in to and an understandingof how marketing a town changes the narrative of heritage. For Visby this is made apparent during the nomination process. The application to UNESCO 1994, states the historic development of Visby with differenttimes represented, this have then been deleted throughout the process, until the end when only the Hanseaticimpact is seen as important for the properties outstanding universal value. The results have also shown that Visby now is in a state of segregation with high house prices and few residentsinside the city wall. But if this is in correlation with the inscription to the World Heritage List, could not be clearly analysed.

This study sets out to explore the process of city planning through the design of an urban area in relation to a cultural world heritage. The purpose of this study is to get a deeper knowledge of the design process that planners and architects go through when developing urban areas in the city. As an architect student, I want to put the knowledge that I have gained during my education to the test and work with a project that is similar to what one will work with in the future. In my thesis I have worked with different approaches on the subjects of urban planning, city planning, landscape architecture and environmental behavior. The material used in this study is based on data from observations, interviews, literature studies and feedback from a reference group of architects. I have chosen to use my methods interdisciplinary to create a wider perspective when analyzing and designing an urban space.The result of my studies have culminated in a design proposal focused on creating sustainable social spaces with a connection to history, culture and art. / I det här kandidatarbetet utforskas processen för stadsplanering genom att utforma ett stadsområde i relation till ett kulturellt världsarv - Visby med dess ringmur. Syftet med denna studie är att få en djupare kunskap om den designprocess som planerare och arkitekter går igenom när de utvecklar tätorter i staden. Som arkitektstudent vill jag sätta de kunskaper, som jag fått under den här utbildningen, på prov. I mitt examensarbete har jag arbetat med olika tillvägagångssätt som Grounded Theory och Inquiry by Design, inom ämnena samhällsplanering, stadsplanering, landskapsarkitektur och miljöbeteende. Materialet som används i studien är baserat på data från observationer, intervjuer, litteraturstudier och handledning från en referensgrupp av arkitekter. Jag har valt att använda mina metoder tvärvetenskapligt för att få ett brett perspektiv när jag analyserar och utformar ett stadsrum. Resultatet av mina studier har utmynnat i ett designförslag med fokus på att skapa hållbara sociala rum med koppling till historia, kultur och konst.

Mitt examensarbete är genomfört som en undersökande designprocess, vars syfte är att undersöka vilka krav en VR-upplevelse, med hög immersion, ställer på den fysiska miljön för att sedan omsätta dessa krav i ett färdigt koncept av ett fysiskt rum som ska fungera självgående. Med det fysiska rummet syftar jag till det verkliga rummet i vilket det virtuella rummet finns tillgängligt att uppleva via VR-utrustning. Det fysiska rummet är i detta fall också platsspecifikt då jag har jobbat med beställarna Länsmuseet Gävleborg samt Region Gävleborg, men konceptet går att anpassa till andra miljöer, utefter kraven som dessa ställer.  Detta rum kommer främst att användas för visning av olika världsarv i VR, och världsarvet som inviger rummet är Hälsingegården Bortom Åa, även kallad Fågelsjö Gammelgård. Det virtuella innehållet har delvis påverkat rummets utformning, främst i valen av grafisk utsmyckning.  Designprocessen har bestått av ett kontinuerligt researcharbete, problemanalys, användarobservationer, idégenerering som innefattar workshop, deltagarobservationer, prototypbygge, konceptutveckling och sammanställande samt visualiserande av färdigt koncept.  Jag har under processen arbetat med det fysiska rummet i dessa fem problemområden: planlösning, säkerhet, inbjudande och inkluderande, utrustning samt instruerande. Något som har präglat min process mycket är kravet om att rummet ska fungera självgående, det vill säga att ingen extra instruktör eller övervakare ska behövas för användning av rummet. Detta är ett krav från Länsmuseet Gävleborg och är av ekonomiska och praktiska skäl. En viktig poäng med mitt arbete har varit att tillgängliggöra kulturella upplevelser för de som inte har möjlighet att ta sig till den verkliga platsen. Av den anledningen har jag jobbat mot att rummet bör vara tillgängligt för så många som möjligt. Genom att presentera ett världsarv via en modern och spännande teknik kan det bidra till ökat intresse av historia och kultur bland unga samt generera fler besökare till museet och i förlängningen ekonomiskt gynna kulturutvecklingen i Gävle. Det kan även minska klimatpåverkan genom att resor till platser långt bort inte behöver genomföras, så som studiebesök.  Mitt examensarbete har resulterat i ett innovativt koncept av ett rum tillägnat offentliga utställningar i VR, med vissa plats- och situationsspecifika detaljer, så som storlek och val av vissa grafiska detaljer. Det fysiska rummet består i sin helhet av två mindre delrum. I de rummen finns både rent tekniska, visuella och sensoriska lösningar som behandlar de olika problemområdena.  Detta rum har presenterats med renderingar, illustrationer samt skalmodell. I skrivande stund har konceptet i sin helhet redan förverkligats på Länsmuseet Gävleborg och finns där att besöka, men det jag presenterar i denna uppsats är arbetet som ledde fram till konceptet.

There is considerable geographical overlap between areas set aside for nature conservation or protection and Indigenous peoples’ lands, and the social, economic, and political consequences of protected areas have often been extensive for Indigenous peoples. Discourses of conservation converge with discourses of Indigenous peoples, and both carry a legacy of colonial constructs and relationships. With these overlaps as a point of departure, the purpose of this thesis is to explore how the discourses that govern nature conservation and protected areas shape the conditions for Indigenous peoples’ influence and participation in the governance and management of protected areas on their lands. I pursue this aim by analyzing, and critically examining the consequences of, the construction of Indigenous subject positions and conditions for agency in discourses of nature conservation and protected areas. The empirical focus of the thesis lies with international discourses of protected areas and Indigenous peoples and on local and national discourses articulated in relation to two cases of protected areas in Sápmi. My analytical framework builds on postcolonial theory and discourse theory. I use space for agency as a concept to describe and analyze the effects of the discursive positionings and constructions that shape the ability or capacity of individuals or group to act or to be perceived as legitimate actors. My results show twomain articulations of Indigenous subject positions in protected area discourses, which enable and restrain the space for Indigenous agency in different ways. One articulation connects Indigenous peoples to conservation through the concept of traditional knowledge, thereby positioning Indigenous subjects mainly as holders of traditional knowledge and justifying Indigenous influence by its potential contribution to conservation objectives. The other articulation focuses on the rights pertaining to Indigenous peoples as peoples, including land rights and the right to selfdetermination. These articulations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but they have potentially different consequences and indicate discursive tensions that can affect the space for Indigenous agency in relation to protected areas. Moreover, my results demonstrate the hegemony of discourses that takes conservation through area protection for granted and subordinates Indigenous land use to conservation objectives, structure Indigenous agency as “participation” in specific types of arrangement, and articulate Indigenous rights in relation to hegemonic constructions of sovereignty, self-determination, and rights. These hegemonic formations silence articulations that would challenge the authority of colonizing societies over Indigenous territories, suppress radical critique of the fundamental nature of arrangements for protected area governance and management, and subdue alternatives to discourses of contemporary liberal democracy and individual property rights.

Introduction: This is a two years master's thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies. The purpose of this thesis was to critically examine discourses of sustainable cultural tourism, and how different sustainability dimensions and ideals can coexist and be applied in practice. The starting point was a case study of the World Heritage Site “The Hanseatic town of Visby”, where the relationship between the conservation and the availability of the world heritage site was investigated. The research questions that were formulated were which actors and agendas that cooperate in the production of sustainable heritage tourism, how global and national guidelines for sustainable cultural tourism correspond to the local development work of the Visby world heritage city, which are the prominent discourses in the documents on sustainable heritage tourism in the world heritage city of Visby and how they are described as well as whether there is opposition between the conservation and the availability of cultural heritage, and what potential solutions to such opposition can look like. Theory: Prior to the study, previous research on sustainability, sustainable heritage tourism and the world heritage site Visby has been studied and used as a springboard for the thesis research questions. The theoretical perspectives that were used in the analysis consisted of theories regarding sustainable tourism, posthumanism, system theory and authorized heritage discourse, AHD. Method: The method chosen for the study was Laclau & Mouffes discourse analysis. This enabled a closer examination of the development plans and documents on sustainable heritage tourism produced by local, national and global actors. This was complemented with short interviews with thirteen stakeholders. Results and analysis: The result and analysis showed that several different actors and agendas are involved in the production of sustainable heritage tourism. However, there are difficulties in letting all actors get their voices heard and being part of the decision-making process, such as the local population, which are often disregarded. In addition, interaction between different actors could get better with more clearly defined areas of responsibility. The result also showed that, in particular, the concepts of sustainability and sustainable develop-ment were used in the documents about the development of the world heritage city of Visby, but the concept of sustainable heritage tourism was rarely used. The Swedish National Heritage Board and the region of Gotland are currently working on developing sustainable tourism strategies. At present, however, there is unclear correspondence between global guidelines and local application, where it is up to the municipalities to interpret and apply Unesco’s guidelines themselves, which may be difficult since the guidelines are quite general and vague. The study also showed that there are three clear discourses in the documents about sustainable heritage tourism. Under the overall discourse of sustainable tourism in Visby there is an ecological discourse, an economic discourse and a social discourse. In all documents, sustainable tourism is described as consisting of three discourses, but there is great freedom of interpretation in the use of the term. The discourses are also prioritized and described differently in different documents. Conclusion: The study's conclusion is that there are both oppositions and solutions. Both documents and interviews show that there are oppositions between ecological, economic and social interests in a place like the world heritage site in Visby. At the same time, there are also various suggestions for how the different dimensions can coexist and the actors were generally optimistic. Basically, it is about finding a balance between conservation and accessibility, taking into account both contemporary and future interests. Suggested solutions are to work further with information and knowledge, improve interaction between different actors, work with conservation-based development, productize heritage, better interaction with the local society, develop creative industries in historical buildings, and include visitors in the conservation work. However, most voices agree that the issue is difficult and complex and requires more knowledge and research.