The conditions for housing construction changed in Sweden during the 1990s. The political situation turned after the election in 1994, which later meant new regulations concerning increased construction VAT, property tax and reduction of interest subsidies. Costs for construction increased and this meant that attractive locations, especially in cities, were built with expensive and exclusive condominiums. In this thesis, it has been examined how floor plans have changed over 25 years. The material used was building permits from 1990 and 2015, provided by Växjö city planning office. The floor plans in the building permits have been compared with each other in different parameters; measurable and immeasurable values. The purpose of the thesis was to examine how the floor plans have changed over this period of time, and what it could depend on.  The result showed that there was a small disparity between 1990 and 2015. Most apartments are designed in a similar way and the difference between 1990 and 2015 is small. The biggest difference turned out to be the number of apartments per apartment building.  The conclusion of the thesis is that with better knowledge and true facts, the apartment can be built in many different ways in consideration of the architectural value. What is considered right or wrong is up to the eye of the beholder.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify problems and shortcomings in the process of building permits from the perspective of small house owners in Stockholm. The purpose of this study is also to present future improvements. Methods: The method for this study contains both literature study and a case study. The case study consisted of a digital survey and interviews with small house owners and with the municipality´s building permit department. The digital survey consisted of questions about previous experiences of the building permit process to then investigate where there are shortcomings and weaknesses. Results: The results gave a wider perspective of how the small house owners experience the building permit process and how the municipality works through challenges and improves the process. The digital survey showed that several were dissatisfied with the processing time and experienced it as a long period. The respondents also experienced it as a difficulty when it comes to submitting correct documents requested by the municipality and that there are high building permit fees. A concrete improvement measure is that Stockholm municipality clarifies the building permit process steps regarding processing times and other weaknesses that arise on the website. Conclusions: The conclusion of this work is that Stockholm municipality updates the website, so that applicants with less knowledge and experience regarding building permits can get a better idea and possibly follow the schedule and budget they planned for the project. To avoid damage caused by damp during the project, it is possible to undergo a so-called moisture safety design. Stockholm municipality can introduce more employees within the building permit department to be prepared for periods where there is high pressure in building permit matters.

Studien undersöker hur effektiv plan- och bygglagen är för att skydda kulturvärden vid bygglovsprocessen genom att kartlägga förändringar på särskilt värdefulla villor och undersöka om dessa skett med eller utan bygglov samt om de lett till förvanskning. Studien fokuserar på villor klassade som särskilt värdefulla i kommunala kulturmiljöunderlag i Örebro och Karlstad, med syfte att ge en helhetsbild av hur kulturvärden hanteras i bygglovsprocessen. Undersökningen visar på att en övervägande del av villorna förvanskats sedan de kulturmiljöinventerades och att förvanskningarna till störst del skett utan bygglov. Vidare påvisas att en majoritet av de förändringsåtgärder som skett i enlighet med bygglov inneburit att villorna förvanskats. Kommunernas kulturmiljöunderlag används bristfälligt i bygglovsprocessen vilket innebär att kulturvärden negligeras. Ytterligare en faktor som bidrar till denna negligering är att begreppen varsamhet och förvanskning som återfinns i PBL är allmänt hållna, vilket öppnar upp för tolkningar om dess innebörd. För att öka skyddet för villors kulturvärden behöver värdena integreras i detaljplaner som är juridiskt bindande. / The study examines how effective the Swedish Planning and Building Act is in protecting cultural values during the building permit process by mapping changes to particularly valuable villas and investigating whether these changes occurred with or without a building permit and whether they led to degradation. The study focuses on villas classified as particularly valuable in municipal cultural environment documents in the cities Örebro and Karlstad, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of how cultural values are managed in the building permit process. The investigation shows that most of the villas have been degraded since their historical values were inventoried, and most of the degradations occurred without a building permit. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that most of the changes that occurred in accordance with building permits resulted in the villas being degraded. The municipalities' cultural heritage documents are used inadequately in the building permit process, which means that cultural values are neglected. Another factor contributing to this neglect is that the concepts of caution and degradation found in the Planning and Building Act are generally formulated, allowing for interpretations of their meaning. To increase the protection of the historical values of villas, these values need to be integrated into legally binding detailed development plans.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of financing a developer kind of project in the Czech Republic. It specializes on various stages of project implementation and on different types of credits to enable to fund the project and it also focuses on the conditions for obtaining them. The practical part of the dissertation shows the acquaintance and insight into a specific project, and potential risks that might arise during project implementation are also tried to be solved there. The thesis is affected by update changes in laws and it concludes with suggestion of a suitable project financing.

Real estate development is an intersectoral discipline not only itself, but also in the field of law, because within it both public and private legal relationships are established. The aim of this work is to analyze the construction process of a residential project consisting of ten solitary family houses and related technical and transport infrastructure from a legal point of view. The emphasis will be placed on the analysis of legal risks that can arise for the investor in the various stages of realization of the construction project. The chapters will be sorted chronologically as the realization of the construction project takes place, from the selection of a suitable site to the issuance of the occupancy permit. The first part of the work is devoted to a legal audit of the land on which the construction project is to be carried out. Particular attention is paid to a public law restrictions, such as zoning or buffer zones, as well as risks arising from acquisition of ownership from a specific seller, such as the risk of unenforceability of a sales contract due to bankruptcy of the seller or voidability of the sales contract due to execution proceedings. The next chapters are devoted to the actual realization of the project. In third chapter I analyze the specifics of the developer's preliminary...

Bostadsbristen som rådde i Sverige efter andra världskriget löstes genom ett bostadsprojekt som kom att kallas miljonprogrammet. Bostäderna som byggdes höll vid den tiden en hög standard invändigt medan utemiljön ofta bortprioriterades. Idag råder det än en gång ett stort behov av bostäder i Sverige, dock bör inte problemet lösas med samma metod som under miljonprogrammet. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram ett förslag på hur ett område i ett mindre samhälle kan gestaltas. Målet är att besvara arbetets två frågeställningar som ska utreda hur en nybebyggelse på en tomt intill ett miljonprogramsområde skulle kunna utformas med hänsyn till platsens förutsättningar, omkringliggande bebyggelse samt upplevd trygghet och trivsel. Den metod som användes för studien är kvalitativa intervjuer, litteraturstudier och skissarbete. Ett förslag av flerbostadshus och en situationsplan för en tomt på en mindre ort har utformats med avseende på trivsel, trygghet och anpassning till kringliggande bebyggelse. Undersökningarna resulterade i åsikter kring vad som skulle prioriteras vid utformning av bostäder på tomten, men även vilka kvalitéer som önskades för övrigt i området. Dessa analyserades och kopplades till den teoretiska bakgrunden. Det analyserade resultatet applicerades sedan i studiens förslag. Studien resulterade i ett förslag som mottogs väl av beställaren, som förhoppningsvis kommer inspireras till vidare arbete med tomten.   Nyckelord: utformningsförslag, moderna planlösningar, situationsplan, flerbostadshus, nybyggnation, miljonprogrammet, trygghet, trivsel, visualisering, byggnadsutformning, bostadsanpassning, trygg miljö, bostäder, bygglovshandlingar, utemiljö. / The housing shortage from which occurred in Sweden after the second world war was solved through a housing project that later became known as The Million Homes Programme (miljonprogrammet). The houses were built with high standards according to the contemporary indoor standards, while the outside environment was often somewhat dull and non-prioritized. At this moment, Sweden is facing a similar type of housing shortage, a problem that should not be solved with the same methods used during The Million Homes Programme. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a suggestion of a building design and a site layout plan in a small town, in collaboration with a Swedish municipality in Kronoberg county. The goal is to explore the different possibilities of how an estate owned by the municipality of Uppvidinge could be designed with multi-family houses which pays respect to safety and comfort and also is adapted to the surrounding built environment. The surrounding built environment consists of multi-family houses from The Million Homes Programme and one-family villas. The methods used for this thesis are pointed interviews, studies of prior published research and computer aided drawing. A suggestion of a building design accompanied with a site layout plan is presented in the report. The building design and the site layout plan pays respect to safety besides comfort and is also adapted to the surrounding built environment. The completed studies resulted in opinions about what should be a priority when designing multi-family houses on the site, but also what kind of qualities that were desired in the surrounding area. These results were analyzed and thence linked to the theoretical background. The analyzed result was thereafter applied in a suggestion. The study resulted in a suggestion that was well received by the client, which hopefully will be inspired for further work on site.   Key words: design plans, modern planning arrangement, site plan, apartment building, new housing estate, the million homes programme, safety, comfort, visualization, building design, housing adaptation, safe environment, residences, building permit documents, outdoor environment.

Syfte: Den rådande digitaliseringen av samhällsbyggandet leder till möjlighet att automatisera och effektivisera processer inom samhällsbyggandet. Att automatisera delar av bygglovsprocessen med hjälp av Robotic Process Automation (RPA) är möjligt. En sådan implementering skulle kunna leda till effektivare processer, men kanske även andra effekter, negativa som positiva. Några av Sveriges kommuner har redan implementerat RPA i bygglovsprocessen och andra står i begrepp att göra det inom kort. Därför är det av hög relevans att utreda hur mycket RPA kan effektivisera bygglovsprocessen samt undersöka hur automatisering påverkar arbetet för personal på bygglovsenheter. Syftet med denna studie är, därför, att undersöka i vilken utsträckning bygglovsprocessen kan effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Vidare önskar studien utreda hur en sådan implementering kan påverka arbetsuppgifter och arbetstillfällen för bygglovshandläggare och administratörer på bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Metod: Denna studie utförs som en survey. För att uppnå studiens syfte och mål har två olika datainsamlingstekniker valts, där primärdata insamlas genom intervjuer och sekundärdata via en dokumentstudie. Studien är således i huvudsak av kvalitativ karaktär, men kompletteras med kvantitativ empiri för att kunna styrka slutsatser. Resultat: I rapporten framkommer det att bygglovsprocessen effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Genom att automatisera moment i processen, beräknas 141,5 timmar/månad sparas in på tidigare manuellt utförda arbeten. Tiden som sparas in läggs istället på uppgifter som anses relevanta och mer kunskapskrävande. Detta i sin tur leder till en förändring av arbetsuppgifter för de anställda på bygglovsenheten och lyfts som en positiv aspekt. Vidare visar studien att bygglovshandläggares arbetstillfällen inte har påverkats på grund av RPA samt ger inga anvisningar på att deras arbeten i framtiden kommer hotas. De som påverkas mest av implementeringen är administratörer, då det främst är administrativa uppgifter som kan ersättas av RPA. Studien ger en viss indikation på att administrativa tjänster och behovet av administratörer på bygglovsenheter kan komma att minska, som en följd av automatisering. Konsekvenser: Genom att implementera RPA i bygglovsprocessen uppnås inte bara en effektivisering av processen. Andra fördelar som nöjdare medarbetare och högre kvalitét på besluten är också effekter av automatisering. Nöjdare medarbetare kan, i förlängningen, leda till färre antal uppsägningar och följaktligen en förhöjd kompetensnivå på bygglovsenheten. Högre kvalitét på beslut leder till ett ökat förtroende för bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Vidare kan även RPA bidra till en mer enhetlig bygglovsprocess kommuner emellan, då uppsatta funktioner och regler, samt information kan delges mellan kommunerna. Begränsningar: Då studien utförts som ett examensarbete har begräsningar funnits i form av antal ord som studien får omfatta. Utöver det har studien undersökt tre av Sveriges kommuner som arbetat med RPA i minst ett år. Om fler kommuner undersökts, skulle studiens validitet kunnat öka. / Purpose: The current digitalization of community building leads to the opportunity to automate and streamline processes in community building. Automating parts of the building permit process using Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is possible. Such implementation could lead to more efficient processes, but perhaps also other effects, negative and positive. Some of Sweden's municipalities have already implemented RPA in the building permit process and others are about to do so shortly. Therefore, it is of high relevance to investigate how much RPA can make the building permit process more efficient and investigate how automation affects the amount of work for employees at building permit units. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the building permit process can be streamlined with the help of RPA. Furthermore, the study wishes to investigate how such an implementation can affect the tasks and jobs of caseworkers and administrators at building permit units in Sweden. Method: This study is carried out as a survey. In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study, two different data collection techniques have been selected, where primary data is collected through interviews and secondary data via a document study. The study is thus mainly of a qualitative nature but is supplemented with quantitative empirical evidence in order to substantiate conclusions. Findings: The report shows that the building permit process is made more efficient with the help of RPA. By automating steps in the process, it is estimated that 141.5 hours/month is saved on previously manually performed work. The time saved is instead mainly spent on tasks that are considered relevant and more knowledge-intensive. This in turn leads to a change in tasks for the employees at the building permit unit, and is highlighted as a positive aspect. Furthermore, the study shows that jobs of building permit caseworkers have not been affected due to RPA and does not provide any indications that their work will be threatened in the future. Those most affected by the implementation are administrators, as it is mainly administrative tasks that can be replaced by RPA. The study provides some indication that administrative services and the need for administrators in building permit units may decrease, as a result of automation. Implications: By implementing RPA in the building permit process, not only is the process streamlined. Other benefits such as more satisfied employees and higher quality of decisions are also effects of automation. Satisfied employees can lead to fewer redundancies and consequently an increased level of competence at the building permit unit in the long run. Higher quality of decisions leads to increased trust in building permit units in Sweden. Furthermore, RPA can also contribute to a more unitary building permit process between municipalities, as established functions and rules, as well as information can be shared between the municipalities. Limitations: Since the study was carried out as a bachelor thesis, there were restrictions of the number of words that the study may include. In addition, the study examined three of Sweden's municipalities that worked with RPA for at least one year. If more municipalities were examined, the validity of the study could increase.

The master's thesis describe system of management construction project and elaboration prize offer from the perspective of contractor of building. Objectiv of this work is to introduce whit specific principles, procedures and methods, that are needed to prepare and management of construction contracts and their subsequen application to specific construction work - new building of locksmith in Chotěboř.

Environmental protection within specific proceedings pursuant the Building Act Unrestrained construction activity damages natural resources and diverse environmental components in irreversible or in difficult-to-repair ways, thereby further thwarting thriving or even surviving of the World population. In the Czech legal system, the regulatory measures of administrative bodies, along with the participation of the affected stakeholders, contribute to the environmental protection of the individual development project. This dissertation examines the methods, means, and tools of environmental protection within the framework of designated proceedings regulating the construction. Specifically, it analyzes the possibilities of implementing protective environmental measures within the construction-permitting procedures enshrined in the provisions of Sections 103 to 117 of the Building Act. Five construction-permitting regimes are examined separately: the building permit process; notification; public law contract; notification with certificate of the authorized inspector and projects requiring neither building permit nor notification. If followed lawfully, each of the regimes allows the prospect applicant to commence a relevant construction project. Permitting procedures are significantly influenced by...

This thesis is dedicated to comparing overall prices as well as the creation of budget indicators in individual phases of documentation for buildings belonging among public orders. The thesis primarily determines fundamental terms and definitions regarding this issue. The creation of a new database for the buildings that is compiled of twenty subjects projected in the last four years is described in the second more detailed part. Objects in this database are indexed by temporal indexes for the sake of future more accurate comparisons and the creation of indicators. The comparison of the objects' prices in different phases of documentation can be found in this part along with two calculated specific budget indicators corresponding to unit price per one cubic meter of building volume and to the price per one meter squared of floor area. The average indicator for informative price based on previous indicators is then created for faster evaluation of similar types of objects in their study phase. Performed research has revealed significant differences between study phase prices and the prices of more detailed phases of documentation that can negatively affect the future of a specific project. The main conclusion of this thesis are average overall unit prices for civil constructions, production and service buildings as well as other specific buildings. In the final part I have created methods of a more accurate calculation for the unit price of buildings in the study phase of documentation.