This essay seeks to explore Roland Barthes’ critique of ideology and the two notions with which ‘ideology’ is interconnected throughout his works: mythology and doxa. The primary importance of this critique, within the field of contemporary rhetoric, as I argue in this text, is to be found in its dissemination of ideological critique. Given the complex nature of the theories of Barthes, the question of his ideological critique must be asked in a twofold shape: first, the functions of the critique itself, as it unfolds throughout Barthes’ oeuvre, must be unravelled. Secondly – and this question is shown to be justified by the results of the first – the mythological structure of Barthes’ works themselves must be drawn up.  Contrary to the common understanding of Barthes (the doxa, if you will), according to which his works should be split in two – early/late Barthes or structuralist/poststructuralist Barthes – I argue instead that the most informative way to understand him is by seeing his writings as always structured around a kernel: namely ideology and its critique. The splitting of Barthes oeuvre hides in part the perennial nature of this kernel. In my reading, I seek instead to show that this kernel informs the major works of Barthes (sometimes in a complex way) by two modi: the agonistic and the anti-agonistic. In turn, these modi can be understood as nodes in the mythological system that makes up Barthes’ works, which in this essay is named barthescity.  For Barthes, mythologies function as second order linguistic systems, exchanging the expressed meaning of the first order systems (visible, audible) for their own. This is also the case with barthescity. This second meaning is shown to express a system of perspectives and properties that is described here as different parts of a single virtue. The virtuous aspect of barthescity, I argue, might be of use to the general public in their everyday being in our ideologically permeated world. Thus, the dissemination of ideological critique found in Barthes’ works, is consequently not to be understood foremost as the direct critique or theory used or propagated by Barthes himself, but rather as the indirect, mythological and rhetorical effect of his texts.

En undersökning över hur ordet "ansvar" använts i svensk politik 1991-2013 och den förändring ordet genomgått i avsende på argumentativ funktionalitet under Fredrik Reinfeldts tid som statsminister.

Arbetskraftsbrist och en krympande välfärdsstat har ökat fokusen på individer som står långt från arbetsmarknaden såväl som på arbetsintegrerande sociala företag. I den här hermeneutiska studien som baseras på intervjuer med tjänstemän som arbetar gentemot dessa grupper undersöker vi hur tjänstemännen upplever sitt handlingsutrymme och sin roll gentemot klienterna.   För att kunna utföra sitt arbete behöver de handlingsutrymme vilket ligger i linje med Michael Lipskys teori om gatubyråkrater (Lipsky 2010). Sociala företag beskrivs som behövda för att lösa brister på arbetsmarknaden men också problematiska eftersom både de sociala entreprenörerna och klienterna har en bakgrund med bristfällig skolgång vilket leder till problem att navigera i samhället. Tjänstemännen kompenserar för det genom att ta på sig olika roller.   Paradoxen med de sociala företagen analyseras med hjälp av en teori om pre-paradigmatiska fält och isomorfism som för med sig ett tryck på organisationerna att anpassa sig för att uppnå legitimitet och få tillgång till resurser. Med mer kunskap om den roll som tjänstemän kan spela för att förebygga utestängningar från arbetsmarknaden skulle det kunna möjliggöra för resurser att distribueras effektivare inom välfärdssystemet. / Lack of workers and a shrinking welfare state have increased the focus on individuals who are excluded from the labor market as well as social enterprises. In this hermeneutic study, based on interviews with officials working towards these groups, we investigate how officials perceive their discretion and role towards clients. To be able to do their job they need discretion which is in line with Michael Lipsky's theory on street-level bureaucrats (Lipsky 2010).   Social enterprises are described as needed to solve shortcomings in the labor market, but also problematic, as the social entrepreneurs could be lacking skills, as both clients and social entrepreneurs have a background of failed schooling due to disabilities and socio-economic causes. Bourdieu’s concept of doxa is applied to understand how failed schooling lead to shortcomings in navigating society and how officials compensate for this by taking on different roles.   The paradox of the social enterprises is analyzed with a theory on pre-paradigmatic fields and isomorphism which brings a pressure for organizations to conform to gain legitimacy and access to resources. More knowledge on the role the officials can play to prevent exclusion from the labor market could enable resources to be more effectively distributed within the welfare system.

La thèse s’intéresse à la problématique de la répétition dans le discours. Le langage de la répétition relève de la doxa, mot que nous avons utilisé dans la thèse comme le terme générique qui englobe cette réalité complexe que Nathalie Sarraute dénonce dans son œuvre en s’attaquant au réalisme discursif. Il s’agit d’étudier dans un corpus littéraire le langage figé qui exprime des réalités figées. C’est un langage qui s’appuie sur un système de référence prototypique. Le référent est soit un objet, soit une propriété ou un processus isolable dont les réalistes considèrent qu’il existe en dehors de notre esprit. C’est le discours de la modélisation qui privilégie ce que Paul VALERY appelle dans Monsieur Teste « la machine » de langage. Ce sont les habitudes langagières qui consistent à inventer des codes d’écriture et de lecture servant de règle à toutes les communautés doxiques dans leur rapport avec le monde. Ce langage apparaît à travers l’utilisation des formes génériques et figées comme le stéréotype, le lieu commun, le cliché, le préjugé, l’idée reçue. La thèse essaie de mettre en exergue les stratégies de dénonciation d’une telle forme de discours dans le roman de Nathalie Sarraute. Elle passe en revue l’énonciation et la dénonciation des stéréotypes qui se divisent en stéréotypes de pensées et en stéréotypes de langue. / The thesis deals with the problem of repetition in speech. The language of repetition is the doxa, word that we used in the thesis as the generic term that encompasses this complex reality that Nathalie Sarraute denounces in his work by attacking the discursive realism. He is studying the set language that expresses frozen realities in a literary corpus. It is a language that relies on a prototypical reference system. The referent is either an object, either a property or a reportable process wich realists consider that there are outside our mind. It is the speech of modeling that privileges what Paul VALERY call in Mr tests the "machine language ". These are the language habits which consist in inventing of the codes of writing and reading rule for all doxa communities in their relation to the world. This language appears through the use of generic and frozen forms as the stereotype, the common place, the cliché, the prejudice, the received idea. The thesis tries to highlight strategies for the reporting of such a form of speech in the novel to Nathalie Sarraute. She will review the enunciation and the denunciation of the stereotypes that divide in stereotypes of thoughts and language stereotypes

Kent Wisti is a new phenomenon who is successful in social media with his satire drawings. With a softly approach Wisti is questioning the opinions and reactions to current events. The aim of the research is to examine ways and means Wisti uses to form opinions. Today it is difficult to debate about sensitive topics because of the fear of not being considered politically correct, a racist or tied to the opinions that we do not want to be associated with. By examining the topos used and how Wisti speaks about racism and immigration I can thereby discern how Wisti creates enthymem. Therefore I examine the question: How is enthymem created in Kent Wistis drawings? This, in turn, I examine by studying how different topos are used to create enthymem. The research is based on Maria Wolrath Söderbergs method for topos, where I stake on the concepts of points for discussion, bases for discussion and operations for discussion to thereby examine how enthymem are created. The results clearly show that Wisti leaves much implicitly requiring the reader to become a co-creator of enthymem and hence their own convictions. This demands that the readers are well informed of the topics and have similar thought patterns to Wisti in order to fully understand the message. Wisti argues against including prejudices and racism through flaws in various doxa. There are contradictions between what we say and what we do, or between which we want to be and who we are. Doxa is simply something that binds together our decisions and actions with our thinking and reasoning. If these elements do not match, a persons overall impression ruptures.

Detta är en studie vars syfte ämnar till att undersöka vilken roll vårdpersonal har i att ge de äldre möjligheter till sexualitet under tiden de är boende på äldreboende samt hur de arbetar med äldres sexualitet. Vår ambition är att ta reda på hur vårdpersonal bemöter och arbetar med frågor som rör de äldres sexualitet samt vilka förutsättningar det finns för intimitet på äldreboenden. För att utforska detta valde vi att genomföra semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med vårdpersonal yrkesverksamma vid ett antal olika äldreboenden i Stockholm med omnejd. Den insamlade empirin har därefter analyserats med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus teori om fält och doxa.                       Studiens huvudresultat visar att äldres sexualitet ses som en ickefråga och att frågan därför inte aktivt arbetas med. Studien visar även att det går att lokalisera en rådande doxa på det här fältet som i sin tur påverkar vårdpersonalens bemötande. Vårdpersonal ser äldres sexualitet som privat och undviker därför gärna att prata om det. Eftersom vårdpersonal har denna syn påverkar det även vilka anpassningar det görs i den fysiska miljön för att äldre ska kunna uppleva intimitet och fysisk närhet. Slutligen visar studien att för att kunna bemöta och arbeta med frågor rörande sexualitet måste vårdpersonal ha relevant kunskap vilket vidareutbildning inom sexologi skulle kunna ge. / The purpose of this study is to investigate what role nursing staff have in providing the elderly with opportunities for sexuality while living in retirement homes and how they work issues regarding the sexuality of older people. Our ambition is to find out how nursing staff respond to and deal with issues related to elderly people's sexuality and which possibilities for intimacy there is in retirement homes. To investigate this, we chose to conduct semi-structured qualitative interviews with nursing staff at a number of different retirement homes in Stockholm and surrounding areas. The collected data has then been analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of field and doxa.                       The study's main findings show that elderly people's sexuality is seen as a non-question and therefore not a subject nursing staff actively work with. The study also shows that a prevailing doxa can be located in this field, which in turn affects the treatment given by nursing staff. Nursing staff see elderly people's sexuality as something private and therefore avoids talking about it. Because nursing staff have this view, it also influences what adjustments are made in the physical environment in order for the elderly to experience intimacy and physical proximity. Finally, the study shows that in order to respond to and work with issues related to sexuality, nursing staff must have relevant knowledge which further education in sexology could provide.

The aim of this study is to perform a rhetorical analysis of how a professional identity is constructed through deliberation. The object of study is firefighters, as they have a strong sense of community. Using rhetorical ethnographic method, the research question is to investigate how firefighters create, confirm, and develop professional identity through social interactions. Recordings and transcriptions of their internal communication were made, in search of recurring themes and perspectives. The theory of this work is based on Aristotle’s practical definition of rhetoric as deliberation, further developed by Burke’s theory of identification. In addition, Perelmans understanding of auditorium and Wolrath-Söderbergs theory of topos form the basis of the theoretical perspectives. The results show that the recurring themes and perspectives in the firefighter’s conversations depict what it means to 1) work as a firefighter, and 2) live as a firefighter. The conclusion is that the day-to-day tasks and other shared interests constitute meeting points for discussion, where the firefighters construct their professional identity through social strategies, such as identification and disassociation, proximity and distance in the communication.

Among Swedish cultural journalists, conflict and debates are common. It has long been atradition in the cultural pages of newspapers to be a voice in societal debates that discussessubjects like racism, feminism and class issues. The cultural pages have gone throughchanges in the modern era of digitization and economic issues. Because of that, culturaljournalists and critics need to bring something new or unique to be more visible in the newmedia landscape.This study is a case study of two modern debates that revolves around critics and literaturecritique. The purpose of the study was to investigate the cultural journalism field and how theactors in the field position themselves and others in this hierarchy. We wanted to study howthese debates start and develop over time, what the actors describe as good or bad critiqueand how they express that in the debate. By using the framework of Bourdieu's field theorywe could differentiate the capital that the actors possessed and the position and power theymanage in the field.The results showed that the actors that contribute to the debate put on a role. Every rolecarries a different purpose. The idea of what critique should be and what defines good or badcritique was different between every actor in the field but the basic idea was the same. Themain rule was that critique and the critic should work as an informant for the consumer. Thusthey need to be subjective, honest and able to add something new that the author or the bookcannot. The main goal when critiquing an actor in the debate is to undermine the capital andposition that they embody. Many of the writers felt a need to protect the doxa in the fieldsince it is important to their position, capital and therefore the power that they inhabit in thefield. The doxa that they identify with is used as their weapon in the debate to denounce theidea they do not agree with.

The aim of this study was to reach an understanding of social workers experiences of creating relationships with clients through the meeting as a method in an institutional context. It is a professional dilemma for social workers to build relationships with clients in a professional role with inevitible elements of control. At the same time, previous research shows that professionalism in social workers relational work with clients is about balancing between two aspects; professional and personal. The study was qualitative, conducted with semi-structured interviews with 8 social workers, within three different professional roles, in the social service in Sweden. Thematic analysis was used when processing the material. The study was analyzed through a theoretical framework based on the concepts of symbolic power and doxa and a model and components; participation, facilitating service environments and compassion. In summary, our study points to the fact that there are several ways for socialworkers to create relationships in an institutional context. Social workers have different ways of doing this work because it’s largely done with the social worker's personality. The social workers create participation to varying degrees and try to facilitate the psychosocial environment for the client in the meeting in different ways. However, it seems like the work is often related to the field's doxa.

Disability cricket in England and Wales exists within a constant state of change. This thesis is an organizational analysis of how environmental factors foster reproduction and/or transformation within the field of disability cricket. It is important to examine how these factors are translated across multiple levels of analysis; institutional, organizational, and individual. A layered analysis is important because it attempts to overcome the limitations of previous micro- and macro-approaches to change. A reflexive ethnography that involved three years of fieldwork allowed perceptions and meanings of change to be examined in real-time. This approach is novel in studies of institutional and organizational change. Data was collected through formal and informal interviews, active-member observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal a series of structural and cognitive consequences, which included a greater number of playing opportunities for disabled cricketers and the establishment of an economic market for disability cricket which ensured organizational commitment to accepting accountability and managerial pressures. While change occurred, the nature of organizational responses to these environmental factors varied. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Bourdieu (2005) and the institutional theory of translation (Czarniawska & Sevon, 1996), I demonstrate that these responses varied between organizations because of the relationship between the field, the organization's doxa and the habitus of the individuals employed within. It concludes empirically that the translation of environmental factors is dependent on the interlinking relationships between institutions, organizations and individuals. The use of Bourdieu extends previous institutional analysis in sport management by providing a unique perspective on the role of organizations in reproducing inequality. As this thesis demonstrates institutional change is a recurrent theme in British sport organizations and further work is needed to examine the impact of these changes on the relations between sport organizations and the participants, employees and volunteers within them. As such it reinforces interdisciplinary calls to link sport management and the sociology of sport.