This thesis sets out to investigate the field of public service interpreting in southern Spain, with a particular emphasis on the position of volunteer interpreters working at two different healthcare institutions. It looks at the power relationships that develop between agents that hold different degrees of control and autonomy, especially in a context where individuals hold different forms and volume of capital in each encounter. Drawing on Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, the study offers an in-depth examination of a group of volunteer interpreters as legitimate agents of the wider field of public service interpreting and the sub-field of healthcare interpreting, while looking at their impact on the structures and ethics of the larger field. This is the first project to employ Bourdieu’s theory in a sustained case study of a healthcare context where volunteer interpreters operate as legitimised institutional agents. One of the peculiarities of the two settings under examination is that volunteer interpreters seem to have acquired a high degree of institutionalisation, which provides them with a large volume of symbolic capital and allows them to take part in the field as legitimate members of the healthcare team, often occupying similar positions to those adopted by doctors at the top end of the field hierarchy. The study adopts an ethnographic approach based on a triangulation of data: participant observation of volunteer interpreters, audio-recorded interpreter-mediated interaction and focus-group interviews with volunteer interpreters. The primary data that informs the thesis consists of four focus groups carried out with volunteer interpreters in two different Spanish hospitals. The additional use of participant observations and audio-recordings make it possible to examine not only interpreters’ perceptions but also actual behaviour in authentic encounters, and to compare interpreters’ perception of their positioning with the actual positions they often occupy in the field.

Kompetensbristen är en stor global utmaning för framtiden. Såväl internationellt, nationellt som ur ett regionalt perspektiv. Det är därför av stor vikt att den studie- och yrkesvägledning som bedrivs har förmågan att tillgodose varje ung människas möjligheter att få en opartisk, värderingsfri och informativ vägledning i syfte att öka självkännedomen och vidga perspektiven för att kunna göra ett väl underbyggt gymnasieval. Forskning visar att den individuella vägledningen i form av vägledningssamtal som idag oftast bara genomförs i årskurs nio borde utökas och ges större utrymme i såväl årskurs sju som i årskurs åtta, för att kunna utveckla en process över längre tid. Syftet var att studera och analysera hur studie- och yrkesvägledare i sydöstra Skåne talar i relation till sin roll som vägledare samt även hur det vägledande arbetet relaterar till den lokala kontexten. För att genomföra studien valdes en kvalitativ metod där sex studie- och yrkesvägledare i sydöstra Skåne intervjuades på sina respektive skolor. Det gjordes samtals intervjuer som utgick från en på förhand konstruerad intervjuguide för att intervjupersonerna både skulle kunna svara på direkta frågor, men även för att få kompletterande och fördjupande information som skulle stärka validiteten i undersökningen. Den insamlade empirin analyserades genom de teoretiska begreppen doxa, distinktion och Watts modell. Resultatet av studien ger en bild av att det konstrueras en doxa som är baserad på ett opartiskt och värderingsfritt förhållningssätt, och att det sker en vägledning i den lokala kontexten som utgår ifrån det intresse som kan finnas hos den enskilde eleven, dock utan att studie- och yrkesvägledaren gör avsteg ifrån doxan.

Uppsatsens författare undersökte hur värderingsförmedlingen framställdes i läroplanen Gy 11s avsnitt för värdegrunden och huruvida dessa framställningar riskerar att producera konformitet hos eleverna, vilket också var uppsatsens syfte. De dokument som analyserades var främst Gy 11s värdegrundstext, men också Lpf 94s för jämförelser. Uppsatsens författare använde sig av kritiskt diskursanalys som metod, och Pierre Bourdieus reproduktionsteori som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Resultatet visar två framträdande diskurser: en gällande värdeförmedlingen där eleverna framställdes som passiva objekt att förmedla värden till, en om förmågor av självständigt ställningstagande där eleverna ses som aktiva och individuella. Den första diskursen anknyts till Bourdieus teoretiska begrepp om en dominerande "doxa", den andra främst till begreppet "kulturellt kapital". Implikationen av uppsatsen är att framträdande diskurser pekar mot en konformitet som skall utvecklas hos eleverna. / <p>Godkännande datum: 2022-06-02</p>

Författarna undersöker i denna C-uppsats hur studie- och yrkesvägledare ser på den treåriga gymnasieskolan utifrån frågeställningarna: Hur ser studievägledarna på elevers förutsättningar att göra ett tillfredsställande gymnasieval? Hur ser studievägledarna på gymnasieskolans flexibilitet i fråga om att hantera felval? Vilka uppfattningar finns bland studievägledare om fördelar och nackdelar med en längre gymnasietid än tre år?Studien är utförd med en kvalitativ metod och resultatet analyseras med hjälp av careershipsteorin kompletterad av Bourdieus begrepp doxa. Resultatet visar att vägledarna anser att det är svårare för praktiskt sinnade elever att ta sig igenom gymnasiet på ett tillfredsställande vis samt att gymnasieexamen anses mer av ett självändamål bland vägledare på gymnasiet än på Komvux.

A interface entre dois campos distintos de produção simbólica constituem o objeto dessa pesquisa. Utilizando como recurso heurístico o caso da lista dos improdutivos, polêmica criada pela divulgação no jornal Folha de S. Paulo de uma relação de nomes de professores elaborada pela reitoria da USP que supostamente não haviam publicado trabalhos acadêmicos entre 1985 e 1986, a dissertação analisa as relações entre acadêmicos e jornalistas no que concerne à luta pela imposição de princípios de classificação relativos à organização da sociedade brasileira. As interações entre os agentes e grupos que dão corpo ao evento revestem-se de significado na medida em que permitem o acesso a realidades sócio-históricas, funcionando como janelas abertas para as estruturas, revelando relações de força, espaços posicionais e suas regras. Nessa lógica, o estudo desse momento de interação centrado na trajetória dos agentes que tomaram parte nele, permite tornar inteligíveis as atitudes e concepções (tomadas de posição) que eles adotam e os recursos mobilizados no conflito que se instaurou. Assim, sob a aparência de descrever os problemas da universidade, as tomadas de posição dos agentes envolvidos no caso revelam princípios de como ver e de como atuar no processo de modernização das instituições e do Estado no período. Nessa direção, as relações entre o jornalismo e a universidade são analisadas como uma aproximação pela concorrência, na medida em que um grupo de jornalistas da Folha de S. Paulo, detentores de um conjunto específico de propriedades, procura difundir a ideia da necessidade de modernização das instituições, ao mesmo tempo em que uma elite de acadêmicos, que detêm recursos simbólicos para impor seu modo de pensar, também se demonstra afeita à construção dessa doxa. Apesar de não serem de todo semelhantes, tais percepções se encontram no mesmo registro, contribuindo para a produção de uma prescrição a respeito da modernização do Estado e da sociedade, que foi gradualmente sendo naturalizada e realizada a partir do final da década de 1980. / The interface amongst two distinct fields of symbolical production is the subject of this research. Using as a heuristic resource the lista dos improdutivos affair, a controversy raised by the publication of a list on the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo (list that was elaborated by the rectory of University of São Paulo) correlating names of professors who supposedly had not published any work during the years of 1985 to 1986, the aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between academics and journalists regarding the struggle for the imposition of a principles of classification related to the brazilian society organization. The interaction between the agents and groups that give shape to this event allow the researcher to access socio-historical realities, working as open windows to the social structures, revealing relations of power, fields of positions and their rules. Accordingly, the study of this moment of interaction focused on the trajectory of the agents involved on it enable to comprehend their attitudes, conceptions and the mobilized resources on the conflict that had been instituted. Therefore, in the misleading guise of describing the problems of the university, the positions adopted by the involved parts in this matter reveal their points of view about the process of modernization on the institutions and the State. In these terms, the relations of the journalism and the university are studied as a competitive approach, in so far that a group of journalists of the Folha de S. Paulo, owners of a specific set of skills, look forward on spreading the idea of the necessity of institutional modernization, simultaneously as a elite of academics, who hold the symbolic resources to impose their way of thinking, show themselves as favor to the idea of building this doxa. Regardless they are not all alike, these conceptions are found in the same records, contributing for the creation of a representation of the State and the society, which was gradually being naturalized and realized at the end of 1980s.

L’incertitude du contexte économique et la pression concurrentielle placent au coeur des préoccupations RH des grandes entreprises la question de la mobilité. L’objet de la thèse est d’analyser les effets de la communication managériale appliquée à celle-ci, sur la construction identitaire des cadres. Cette recherche montre les limites et les risques inhérents au processus de communication mis en place, en particulier chez Orange France avant la crise sociale de 2009. Elle s’intéresse au concept de mobilité et à la façon dont les entreprises s’en sont emparées pour construire une véritable doxa au service de leurs politiques. Un travail d’aller-retour entre l’analyse des écrits institutionnels et la parole des cadres, met en lumière les procédés argumentatifs, narratifs et sémiotiques mobilisés. Les conclusions de ce travail réinterrogent la notion d’éthique relationnelle dans la conduite du changement en entreprise. / The uncertainty of economic environment and competitive pressure put the issue of mobility at the center of HR concerns in major companies. This work consists in analyzing the effects of managerial communication, applied to mobility, on the building of managers identity. This research shows limits and risks specific to communication process, especially in Orange France, before the social crisis of 2009. It focuses on the concept of mobility and on the way companies have seized it to build a real doxa to serve their policies. Working back and forth between the analysis of institutional written messages and managers words, this approach highlights the argumentative, narrative and semiotic involved processes. The conclusions of this work raise a further concern about the concept of relational ethics in companies.

A interface entre dois campos distintos de produção simbólica constituem o objeto dessa pesquisa. Utilizando como recurso heurístico o caso da lista dos improdutivos, polêmica criada pela divulgação no jornal Folha de S. Paulo de uma relação de nomes de professores elaborada pela reitoria da USP que supostamente não haviam publicado trabalhos acadêmicos entre 1985 e 1986, a dissertação analisa as relações entre acadêmicos e jornalistas no que concerne à luta pela imposição de princípios de classificação relativos à organização da sociedade brasileira. As interações entre os agentes e grupos que dão corpo ao evento revestem-se de significado na medida em que permitem o acesso a realidades sócio-históricas, funcionando como janelas abertas para as estruturas, revelando relações de força, espaços posicionais e suas regras. Nessa lógica, o estudo desse momento de interação centrado na trajetória dos agentes que tomaram parte nele, permite tornar inteligíveis as atitudes e concepções (tomadas de posição) que eles adotam e os recursos mobilizados no conflito que se instaurou. Assim, sob a aparência de descrever os problemas da universidade, as tomadas de posição dos agentes envolvidos no caso revelam princípios de como ver e de como atuar no processo de modernização das instituições e do Estado no período. Nessa direção, as relações entre o jornalismo e a universidade são analisadas como uma aproximação pela concorrência, na medida em que um grupo de jornalistas da Folha de S. Paulo, detentores de um conjunto específico de propriedades, procura difundir a ideia da necessidade de modernização das instituições, ao mesmo tempo em que uma elite de acadêmicos, que detêm recursos simbólicos para impor seu modo de pensar, também se demonstra afeita à construção dessa doxa. Apesar de não serem de todo semelhantes, tais percepções se encontram no mesmo registro, contribuindo para a produção de uma prescrição a respeito da modernização do Estado e da sociedade, que foi gradualmente sendo naturalizada e realizada a partir do final da década de 1980. / The interface amongst two distinct fields of symbolical production is the subject of this research. Using as a heuristic resource the lista dos improdutivos affair, a controversy raised by the publication of a list on the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo (list that was elaborated by the rectory of University of São Paulo) correlating names of professors who supposedly had not published any work during the years of 1985 to 1986, the aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between academics and journalists regarding the struggle for the imposition of a principles of classification related to the brazilian society organization. The interaction between the agents and groups that give shape to this event allow the researcher to access socio-historical realities, working as open windows to the social structures, revealing relations of power, fields of positions and their rules. Accordingly, the study of this moment of interaction focused on the trajectory of the agents involved on it enable to comprehend their attitudes, conceptions and the mobilized resources on the conflict that had been instituted. Therefore, in the misleading guise of describing the problems of the university, the positions adopted by the involved parts in this matter reveal their points of view about the process of modernization on the institutions and the State. In these terms, the relations of the journalism and the university are studied as a competitive approach, in so far that a group of journalists of the Folha de S. Paulo, owners of a specific set of skills, look forward on spreading the idea of the necessity of institutional modernization, simultaneously as a elite of academics, who hold the symbolic resources to impose their way of thinking, show themselves as favor to the idea of building this doxa. Regardless they are not all alike, these conceptions are found in the same records, contributing for the creation of a representation of the State and the society, which was gradually being naturalized and realized at the end of 1980s.

Uppsatsen undersöker retoriseringen av begreppet 'frihet' i svensk politik med analysfokus på Moderaternas politiska diskurs 1956-2014. Genom att synliggöra eventuella förändringar i frihetsbegreppets representationer syftar uppsatsen till att belysa hur begrepp kan fyllas med olika innebörder och visa hur de på detta sätt kan bli persuasiva som bärare av olika ideologiska föreställningar – dvs. hur till synes neutrala ord blir politiskt laddade, och med vilka medel det kan ske. / This essay discusses the concept of 'freedom' and it's rhetorization in Swedish liberal political discourse 1956-2014.

Isocrate et Confucius entreprennent d’abord l’éducation de la vertu puis préparent à une vie harmonieuse, ils demandent principalement aux disciples de se perfectionner. De plus, les deux maîtres ont chacun leur propre ambition de l’enseignement : Isocrate a l’intention de cultiver le rhéteur accompli, afin de faire savoir aux disciples la réflexion à propos de la méthode philosophique de « doxa » pour rechercher la vérité, de persuader et de guider moralement ses auditeurs, de contribuer au service de la Grèce. Pour Confucius, il introduit l’idéal du « Jun Zi » qui est le standard de la vertu et de la perfection humaines, qui respecte les rites anciens, agit avec les qualités de Ren et du juste milieu et recherche aussi la voie harmonieuse entre les êtres humains et l’Univers. La sagesse d’Isocrate et de Confucius poussent davantage la société de leur époque vers la paix et vers le bonheur. Isocrate offre l’idée de la diffusion des valeurs athéniennes dans toute la Grèce et Confucius engage transmettre les rites de Zhou et forme le fondement de la civilisation traditionnelle chinoise—le confucianisme. Cependant, aujourd’hui, l’influence des deux Maîtres demeure différente : Isocrate n’est pas autant étudié que Confucius. De toute façon, les deux grands Sages contribuent à l’éducation des êtres humains : soit dans le domaine de la rhétorique, soit dans la recherche de sagesse, et laissent aux gens d’aujourd’hui des inspirations importantes à l’humanité, ils méritent d’être respectés et considérés comme auteurs d’un héritage important. / Both Isocrates and Confucius attached first importance to ethics education and then to harmony education. They required especially their disciples to attain self-improvement spiritually. In particular, the two greatmasters also put forward their unique teaching objectives respectively. Isocrates hoped to train perfect rhetoricians, let them grasp "doxa"--the philosophical method of meditation, to seek the truth, and use their moralorations to persuade and lead the audience to eventually devote the public to serving the Greek cause. Confucius hoped to cultivate an image of"gentleman", who was not only a perfect human moral standard, but also anobserver of etiquette, a follower of benevolence and the doctrine of the mean,and an explorer to follow the path to the harmony of human and the universe. The wisdom of Isocrates and Confucius greatly promoted the pace of progress of social peace and the happiness of the general public in their respective times. Isocrates introduced the concept of "Greek" (Hellenisation) for the entire Greek territory while Confucius advocated to restore rites andlaid the foundation for the traditional Chinese culture, Confucianism. But their influence today varies greatly: Isocrates has not been inherited and researched as much as Confucius. In a word, these two great sages have made remarkable contributions to human kind with Isocrates in rhetorics and Confucius in humanistic wisdom. They have all left us modern people humanistic spirit of enlightenment. They are worthy of being respected and inherited.

Le discours de la doxa est le ciment du lien social. Il favorise la logique de l’identification à un groupe. Un groupe social se reconnaît à son idiome et à ses signifiants-maîtres. Ces signifiants fonctionnent comme signes de reconnaissance. Ces signes sont classifiés selon une échelle de valeurs qui permet de juger les discours en fonction de leur emploi de ces signes. Tous ces signes se résument en réalité à un seul signe, celui de l’argent. Le seul discours susceptible de pouvoir s’opposer à cette logique du capital est le discours amoureux. L’expérience amoureuse est une aspiration à un nouveau discours. Les amants doivent inventer un nouvel idiome leur permettant de fonder un nous qui ne soit plus le nous du discours social. L’ironie de l’écriture austenienne attaque cet idéalisme. Discours du capital et discours amoureux ont un même aboutissement, le mariage. Le mariage appartient à une logique économique. Il assure la survie des partenaires d’un contrat. Dans un tel contexte, l’idéal amoureux est incapable de se libérer de la logique du capital. Capital et amour ne forment qu’un seul et même idéal. Dans les romans de Jane Austen, la rencontre amoureuse, entre idéal et désenchantement, est paradoxale et ambivalente. Le rite social du mariage représente un effort pour traduire l’idiome du capital dans celui de l’amour et vice versa. Or ces deux idiomes ne sont pas traduisibles l’un dans l’autre. L’écriture austenienne témoigne d’un différend. Le Neutre est le fondement de ce témoignage. Si l’écriture des romans de Jane Austen emprunte le langage de la morale, le discours n’est pas moralisateur. L’usage de l’ironie neutralise tout jugement définitif. Le jugement est renvoyé à la responsabilité du lecteur. La lecture des romans de Jane Austen devient une expérience du témoignage d’un différend. / The discourse of the doxa is what holds society together. This discourse orientates the logic presiding at the identification to a group. A social group can be recognized by its idiom and by its master-signifiers. These signifiers work as signs of recognition. They are classified according to a scale of values, which allows to judge discourses depending on the way those signs are used. There is in fact only one sign that governs their use: money. The only discourse which could stand against the power of the capital is the discourse of love. The experience of love leads to a search for a new type of discourse. Lovers have to invent a new idiom to be able to form a new we which will no longer be the we of the social discourse. But this idealism is discredited by the irony of Jane Austen’s novels. The discourse of the capital and the discourse of love lead to the same purpose, marriage. Getting married is an economic urge. The survival of the two partners is guaranteed by marriage. In such a context, love as an ideal cannot free itself from the logic of the capital. Capital and love become one identical ideal. In Jane Austen’s novels, between idealism and disenchantment, love is represented in a paradoxical and ambivalent way. Marriage, as a social rite, represents an effort to translate the idiom of the capital into the idiom of love and vice versa. However these idioms cannot be translated into one another. Jane Austen’s way of writing bears witness to this differend. The choice of the Neuter is the basis of this possibility. If in Jane Austen’s novels, the language of morality is omnipresent, their discourse is not a moralizing one. Irony neutralizes any final judgment. The responsibility to judge is imparted to the reader. Reading Jane Austen’s novels becomes the experience of what it means to bear witness to the differend.