In 2015, tens of thousands of Syrians fled to Sweden to escape the civil war that was raging in Syria. In the media, grief was spread, partly when small children drowned during their journey across the Mediterranean, partly fear of terrorists and the burden on Sweden. Laws were changed, borders were controlled and fences were built. In 2022, Ukraine was invaded by Russia and Ukrainian refugees made their way to Sweden. The media then spread how Swedes opened up their homes to the Ukrainian refugees. The purpose of this study is to, in the form of a discourse analysis, examine and compare the construction of Syrian refugees in 2015 and Ukrainian refugees in 2022 in Swedish media. A total of 20 articles made up the material for the analysis. These have been taken from Aftonbladet and Svenska Dagbladet, five articles per refugee group and newspaper. We began by coding to identify patterns in the articles. We then analyzed these patterns with Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's alignment within discourse analysis, discourse theory and related concepts. To deepen the analysis and add additional perspective, we also used Judith Butler's concepts of framing and grievability. With the concepts within discourse theory and Butler's concepts, we were able to draw a conclusion; different groups of refugees are portrayed differently in Swedish media and made grievable and non-grievable as a result of their ethnicity, origin and religion. / Året 2015 flydde tiotusentals syrier till Sverige för att undkomma det inbördeskrig som härjade i Syrien. I media spreds dels sorg när små barn drunknade under sin färd över medelhavet, dels skräck för terrorister men också för den belastning som mottagandet skulle innebära för Sverige. Lagar skärpets, gränserna kontrollerades och staket byggdes upp. Under 2022 invaderades Ukraina av Ryssland och ukrainska flyktingar tog sig till Sverige. I media spreds då hur svenskar öppnade upp sina hem för de ukrainska flyktingarna. Syftet med denna studie är att i form av en diskursanalys undersöka hur konstruktionen av syriska flyktingar framställts i svensk media under 2015, i jämförelse med konstruktionen av ukrainska flyktingar under 2022. Totalt har 20 artiklar utgjort materialet för analysen, vilka har hämtats från Aftonbladet och Svenska Dagbladet, fem artiklar per flyktinggrupp och tidning. För att kunna identifiera mönster i artiklarna inleddes analysen med en kodningsprocess. Mönstren analyserades därefter med Ernesto Laclau och Chantal Mouffes inriktning diskursteori samt dess tillhörande begrepp. För att fördjupa analysen och tillföra ytterligare perspektiv användes även Judith Butlers begrepp inramning och sörjbarhet. Med hjälp av de diskursteoretiska begreppen samt Butlers teoretiska begrepp kunde vi komma fram till en slutsats; olika flyktinggrupper framställs olika i svenska media, och görs sörjbara och osörjbara utifrån etnicitet, ursprung och religion.

År 2015 drabbades Europa av en stor flyktingkris, däribland Sverige, där många ensamkommande flyktingar från framförallt Syrien och Afghanistan flydde till Sverige för att söka skydd. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de syriska ensamkommande flyktingarnas upplevelse av sin integrationsprocess i Sverige och vad som kan ha varit försvårande för integrationen. Vi har använt oss av kvalitativa intervjuer där vi utgick från en given intervjuguide. Vårt urval har varit syriska ensamkommande flyktingar, som var mellan 16-22 när de kom till Sverige 2015 och senare. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna har varit Aaron Antonovskys teori om känsla av sammanhang (KASAM), Erving Goffmans teori om stigma, samt stämplingsteorin. Resultatet visade på att de syriska ensamkommande flyktingarnas tid i Sverige har varit svår med många utmaningar. Det framgår att sociala förbindelser är mycket viktiga för de unga ensamkommande, eftersom det i sin tur påverkar den sociala hälsan och upplevt välbefinnande. För att kunna skaffa sig kontakter måste man behärska det svenska språket, men även andra faktorer var avgörande för om man kunde integreras i samhället. / In 2015, Europe was hit by a major refugee crisis, including Sweden, where many unaccompanied refugees from mainly Syria and Afghanistan fled to Sweden to seek protection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Syrian unaccompanied refugees' experience of their integration process in Sweden and what may have made integration difficult. We have used qualitative interviews where we started from a given interview guide. Our sample has been unaccompanied Syrian refugees, who were between 16-22 when they came to Sweden in 2015 and later. The theoretical starting points have been Aaron Antonovsky's theory of sense of coherence (KASAM), Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, and the labeling theory. The results showed that the Syrian unaccompanied refugees' time in Sweden has been difficult with many challenges. It appears that social connections are very important for the young unaccompanied minors, as this in turn affects social health and perceived well-being. In order to make contacts, one must master the Swedish language, but other factors were also decisive for whether one could be integrated into society.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discrepancies between theory and practice when it comes to humanitarian interventions in refugee camps. In order to contextualize the result it will be applied onto the work with sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and young women in the world’s biggest refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The research questions are as follow: What discrepancy does relief worker experience when it comes to theory and practice in humanitarian interventions in refugee camps?; what kind of difficulties and challenges do relief workers meet in their work in refugee camps and how do they prepare?; what is the best way to work with SRHR questions and young women in the refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh? The study is built on interviews with five relief workers from western relief organizations. In order to be able to answer the three research questions, the interviews focused on the following themes; discrepancies of theory and practice; use of theoretical guidelines like The Sphere Handbook; difficulties during humanitarian interventions in refugee camps; and lessons learned. Some of the respondents had experience from Cox’s Bazar and/or SRHR and were therefor asked questions due to that specific experience. Conclusions to be drawn from the results of the interviews are that it is possible to prepare one self to work in humanitarian conditions but only to a certain extent. Relief workers do need a great deal of experience but there will always be unexpected situations impossible to prepare for. It’s also clear that some basic methods, such as actually talking to the people in need and not only acting on previous experiences, still need to be highlighted. In the specific context of Cox’s Bazar and SRHR questions, relief workers need to understand the culture in order to pursue their work in a suitable way. SRHR questions are for example highly stigmatized and the women’s previous knowledge about their own body is in general very low.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the Bosnian diaspora's experiences in the Swedish labor market. The method used was qualitative interviews that consisted of semi-structured questions and through thematic analysis, three themes were developed that included background, after arrival and integration in the labor market. I used Jose Diaz's integration model as theory, which was broken down into eight dimensions of integration, which I analyzed together with my results. It became clear that Bosnians have a so-called key to success in terms of integration after interviewing eight respondents. This meant that they had a long-term approach to their move to Sweden. They prioritized education, work and learning and received support from social networks. By purposefully striving for professional recognition, Bosnians managed to enter the Swedish labor market in a short time in comparison with other refugee groups. They used a social network of compatriots for translations, to take part in information from authorities and to find work. Another factor that has influenced is that Bosnians are European refugees who have a similar appearance, culture, and school system as Swedes. Today, Bosnians are considered equal to Swedes in the labor market.

Abstract  In 2011, the war broke out in Syria, affecting a significant portion of the Syrian population. Many have been forced to flee the war in search of a safe and secure life. However, those who have left Syria have also left their loved ones behind and carry with them the traumas of war. The main purpose of this essay is to examine the challenges that Syrian refugees diagnosed with PTSD face when they arrive in Sweden. The essay is based on qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interviews with six Syrian refugees. The results of the essay identify the significance of war traumas for these refugees and their negative impact on their ability to integrate into Swedish society. The lack of access to specialized psychiatric care and communication barriers exacerbates the situation and emphasize the importance of a person-centered approach in healthcare. Gender differences are highlighted, where both men and women face unique challenges based on their cultural norms and experiences. Special emphasis is placed on the need for targeted interventions to address the needs of Syrian refugee women, who are at increased risk of gender-based violence and psychological distress.   The essay contributes to a better understanding of the specific challenges that Syrian refugees with PTSD face in Sweden and underscores the importance of designing adequate support and care programs to meet their needs.

Denna IMER studie handlar om att undersöka bosniska flyktingars integration på arbetsmarknaden. Det valda syftet om bosniska flyktingars etablering på arbetsmarknaden identifierar de strategier och faktorer som har varit viktiga för att få inträde till arbetsmarknaden. Frågeställningarna som besvarats är, vilka faktorer som varit betydelsefulla för bosniers integration på arbetsmarknaden i Sverige? samt om utbildning i Bosnien och/eller Sverige haft betydelse för integrationen på arbetsmarknaden och i så fall på vilket sätt? Studien avgränsas till 90- talets flyktingvåg och fokuserar på individer med någon form av utbildning, som var mellan 20–30 år när de anlände till Sverige. För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod använts, i form av intervjuer. De valda teoretiska utgångspunkterna är humankapital, integration och assimilation. Undersökningens resultat visar på att språk och utbildning har varit nyckeln till att inträda den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Intervjupersonerna var förändringsbenägna och reflexiva i sitt förhållningssätt. Genom att snabbt lära sig det svenska språket och utbilda sig på nytt i Sverige, samt sträva efter att bli en del av den svenska samhörigheten kunde de etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. / This IMER study is about the integration of Bosnian refugees in the labor market. The chosen theme on the establishment of Bosnian refugees in the labor market identifies the strategies and factors that have been important in entering the labor market. The questions answered in the study is, witch factors have been significant for Bosnian’s integration in the labor market? And has education in Bosnia and/or Sweden had any significance for integration on the labor market and, if so, in what way? The study is limited to the refugee wave of the 90s and focuses on people who have some form of education, and who were between the ages of 20 and 30 when they arrived in Sweden. The approach is a qualitative method, in the form of interviews. The chosen theoretical starting points are human capital, integration, and assimilation. The results of the study show that language and education have been the key to entering the labor market. The interviewees were prone to change and reflexive in their approach. By quickly learning the Swedish language and re-educating in Sweden, as well as striving to become part of the Swedish community, they were able to establish themselves on the labor market.

En av de mest politiskt omdebatterade frågorna i världen idag är hur ett land ska ställa sig till de migranter och människor på flykt som söker skydd inom landets gränser. Även inom juridiken finns olika uppfattningar av vad rätten till asyl verkligen innebär. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera rätten till asyl i internationell rätt. Är rätten till asyl en territoriell rätt för stater att bevilja asyl? Är det en rätt för flyktingar att söka asyl? Eller en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl? Huruvida rätten har statusen sedvanerätt diskuteras också. I en del av uppsatsen diskuteras de etiska övervägandena bakom rätten till asyl och de tillämpas sedan i en juridisk kontext, närmare bestämt i sedvanebedömningen. Slutsatsen är att rätten till asyl i internationell rätt inkluderar en rätt för stater att bevilja asyl, en rätt för individer att söka asyl och sannolikt också en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl. Mycket talar för att alla dessa aspekter också har utvecklats till sedvanerätt. / One of the most politically debated questions in the world today is how a country should respond to migrants and people who seek refugee within it’s borders. Also in the field of law there are different view about what the right of asylum really means. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the right of asylum in international law. Is the right of asylum a territorial right of states to grant asylum? Is it a right for refugees to seek asylum? Or a right for refugees to receive asylum? Wheater or not the right has the status of customary international law will also be discussed. In one part of the paper the ethical concerns behind the right of asylum will be examined and also applied in a legal context, in the determination of the customary status of the rigt. The conclusion is that the right of asylum in international law includes a territorial right for states to grant asylum, a right for individuals to seek asylum and probably also a right to obtain asylum. All these aspects of the right also seems to be part of customary international law.

Uganda is known for its progressive refugee rights and policy framework towards South Sudanese refugees. The refugees are hosted in long term refugee settlements within host communities in northern Uganda. By using a rights and critical development perspective, this thesis aims to compare and critically review the legal protection of refugees and host communities’ the targeted area. The study identifies several challenges in realizing the aims of the strategic framework and discusses the legal protection of refugees and citizens. The discussion is based on theories from Hannah Arendt, Seyla Benhabib and Balakrishnan Rajagopal. The theories provide rights perspectives on citizenship and global human rights norms, as well as critical perspectives on development and how the human rights discourse can be exploited to the interests of the hegemonic world order. The study is based on a critical review of legislation, the policy framework, reports, and literature. The review has been supplemented with a limited field study in a refugee settlement in northern Uganda. Along with the field study, interviews were conducted with representatives from an aid organization that operates in the area. The results of this study show that refugees’ rights are generous and in line with global human rights norms. However, the review of the legal protection shows that all rights are not respected and the thesis highlight areas where duty bearers fail to maintain the protection. Interviews and field studies also show that integration between refugees and citizens is essential for the local legal protection. The thesis concludes that lack of local perspectives from rights holders in the refugee policy may prevent integration processes in northern Uganda. / Uganda är känt för sitt generösa flyktingmottagande och omfattande rättighetsskydd för flyktingar. Den här studien syftar till att med ett rättighets- och utvecklingskritiskt perspektiv jämföra och kritiskt granska flyktingars och ugandiska medborgares rättighetsskydd i norra Uganda. För att göra det ställs frågan om hur rättighetsskyddet ser ut för flyktingar respektive medborgare, hur flyktingmottagandet påverkar medborgares rättighetsskydd samt identifierar utmaningar med flyktingmottagandet. Studien är avgränsad till att undersöka rättighetsskyddet i norra Uganda eftersom det är dessa områden som tar emot flest flyktingar i landet. Detta görs utifrån Hannah Arendt, Seyla Benhabib och Balakrishnan Rajagopals teoretiska resonemang. Dessa bidrar med rättighetsperspektiv om medborgarskap och globala människorättsnormer samt kritiska perspektiv på utveckling och hur människorättsdiskursen kan utnyttjas till den hegemoniska världsordningens intressen. Studien bygger på kritisk granskning av lagstiftning, policyn för flyktingmottagande (ReHoPE) samt rapporter och litteratur. Granskningen har kompletterats med ett begränsat fältstudium i en av norra Ugandas flyktingbosättningar samt med intervjuer från personal som arbetar med flyktingmottagande. Resultaten visar att Ugandas flyktinglagstiftning är generöst utformad och i linje med globala människorättsnormer. Granskningen av det effektiva rättighetsskyddet visar dock att samtliga rättigheter inte respekteras och jag belyser områden där skyldighetsbärare misslyckas att upprätthålla skyddet. Intervjuer och fältstudium visar att integration mellan flyktingar och medborgare är viktigt för båda grupperna och för rättighetsskyddet, men att den hindras av att riktlinjerna i flyktingpolicyn saknar lokala perspektiv från rättighetsbärare.

The means that the Swedish State has to legitimize and standardize different perspectives of women and their sexuality is significant. Persecution of gender and sexuality is today something that can grant refugee status according to the Swedish Aliens Act. By studying the documents that forestall the amendment of the laws is it possible to unveil the concept and ideas about women sexuality that the state manifests and reproduces through these laws and official documents. The aim of this essay is to look upon the sexual policy as it occurs in official the documents that deal with lesbian refugees. The study cover and maps present research on this group of women and gives an answer to how norms about women sexuality are expressed in these documents. Throughout the survey of the research field not much previous research was found, therefore even research that only partly covers the field is included and reviewed. As method a detailed reading of the official documents and a discourse analysis with it’s emphasize on theoretical themes like gender and sexuality, lesbianism and state feminism, was made. Lesbians are missing in the official state documents and the one time the Migration Board’s documents refer to lesbians they are ascribed to as gender and not as sexuality. The essay concludes that the confusion about the category gender and the category sexuality has the result that the lesbians become invisible. Lesbians tend throughout the material to be ascribed to the category gender and gay men to the category sexuality. The standardized perspective and normative discourse that has been found in the official documents has the effect that women is looked a pound as gender and therefore, by the same logic loose their sexuality. In this way the Swedish State discriminates lesbian. Another conclusion is that the Swedish State has a somewhat ambivalence perspective on their own work on promoting gender equality.

Human rights for refugees has proven to be incredibly hard to protect. The problem lies with the fact that it is the individual State that in practise will protect and guarantee human rights. However, states tend to only protect the rights of their own citizens. As refugees often have left the country where they are citizens and are currently residing in a country where they are not, they find themself in a legal limbo, making them one of the world's most vulnerable groups. Martha Finnemore & Kathryn Sikkink argued that international norms can affect a state’s national politics and that international organisations have an important role to play in that. Earlier research argued that international cooperations can influence states to change their perspective on human rights protection. To better understand this dynamic the study aimed to research if international cooperations could, through socialisation of norms, influence states to respect and protect refugee rights. The study used Turkey’s reception of refugees from Syria between the years 2011 to 2020 as a case. Sweden adopted, during 2016, a regional strategy for the Syrian crisis which led to aid projects in Turkey. The study, therefore, examines Turkey's refugee reception before and after Sweden implemented their projects in the regions. The study made three themes of rights that are specifically important for refugees which was the foundation for the analys. The results were firstly, that refugee protection in Turkey had weakened since the implementation of Sweden's aid project. The only positive change was in labour rights in which the study could find alternative explanations for that specific change. The study found no evidence that international cooperation could influence a state’s approach to human rights. More research within the field is, however, needed.