Ce travail propose une réflexion sur les obstacles, souvent "invisibles", qui contribuent à maintenir les femmes aux niveaux inférieurs de la hiérarchie professionnelle. Ce phénomène a été baptisé « plafond de verre ». L’asymétrie des profils professionnels entre hommes et femmes est interrogée à partir d’une approche constructiviste multidisciplinaire profitant des contributions conjointes de l’histoire, de la philosophie, de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale. L'introduction théorique propose une réflexion sur les déterminants historiques et psychosociaux de l’asymétrie du masculin et du féminin dans leurs rapports au pouvoir et au travail. Les théories des Représentations Sociales (Moscovici, 1961), de l'Identité Sociale (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) serviront de cadre conceptuel à l’ensemble du travail. Les antécédents psychosociaux du « plafond de verre » sont étudiés au travers d’une série de 6 études. La première explore le vécu et les représentations des femmes évoluant dans un contexte professionnel masculin tel que la politique et montre l’existence chez elles d’une tension entre les normes instrumentales en vigueur dans ce contexte et l’approche relationnelle qu’elles voudraient promouvoir. La deuxième et la troisième études explorent respectivement les représentations sociales de l’« emploi idéal pour soi » et de la « réussite » chez des jeunes universitaires (garçons et filles) en partant du présupposé qu’afin de mieux comprendre les stratégies différenciées de mobilité ascendante chez les deux sexes, il est important d’interroger les représentations sociales liées à la sphère professionnelle que les uns et les autres possèdent avant d’y être intégré-e-s. Enfin, trois études empiriques testent l’hypothèse générale selon laquelle la sous-représentation des femmes aux niveaux supérieurs de la hiérarchie sociale pourrait résulter des discordances qui existent entre, d’une part, les normes de genre endossées par les individus (i.e. féminine vs. masculine) ainsi que le niveau d’identification au genre et, d’autre part, les normes sous-tendant la culture des organisations. Les résultats suggèrent l’existence d’une telle incompatibilité normative et de son impact potentiel sur les stratégies de mobilité ascendante./Adopting a constructivist and multidisciplinary perspective, the present dissertation questions the “hidden obstacles” contributing to maintain women in the lower positions of the professional ladder, a phenomenon called “glass ceiling”. Framing our work in the social representations theory (Moscovici, 1961) and the social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we address the asymmetry in men’s and wome’s careers trough 6 study. Study 1 explores the representations of Belgian politician women with regard to their personal professional experiences and their relation to the normatively masculine political functioning. Furthermore, a second set of studies starts from the idea that, in order to understand women’s and men’s professional mobility strategies, we have to take social representations related to the professional domain into account. Hence, study 2 and 3 explore respectively the social representations of « an own ideal job » and of « a successful life » amongst young students of both sexes. Finally, studies 4, 5, and 6 test the general hypothesis that the lack of women in positions of power could be partially due to the incongruence between potentially conflicting social norms. Namely, while work settings seem to induce a social norm favoring instrumental social orientations, women socialization is still characterized by the existence of prescriptions about relational orientations. Results suggest the existence of this normative inconsistency together with its potential impact on women’s professional mobility strategies.

There is an awareness of the importance of gender equality in most western societies, both at the political level and in everyday life. In academia, for instance, gender is nowadays a scientific field which indicates that there is a lot of knowledge about the subject. What we do not have much knowledge about is whether gender knowledge leads to changes in gender relations in practice. The aim of this study is to explore how gender scholars relate to using – practicing – gender knowledge. Key issues in this study are how gender scholars construct gender, how they practice gender theoretical knowledge, and their reflections of gender boundaries.             Theoretically, this study is mainly based on Sara Ahmed’s perspective on gender. The main finding of the study is that despite gender knowledge gender scholars tend to reproduce traditional gender orders. By identifying concepts such as reflected and unreflected masculinity/femininity, different ideals of masculinity/femininity are made visible. There seems to be an ideal among gender scholars to practice their gender knowledge. This ideal is practiced among “gender scholar women” by doing reflected masculinity and reflected femininity. Among “gender scholar men”, however, the ideal to practice gender knowledge by doing unreflected masculinity and reflected femininity seems to be a taboo at the same time. For men, it seems important to mark a distance to a certain type of femininity and to maintain the heterosexual – straight – line. For women, it seems desirable both to distance themselves from a certain type of masculinity and femininity and thereby follow alternative – queer – lines. / Stereotypa föreställningar om kön lever vidare i dagens samhälle, trots att det finns en medvetenhet om vikten av jämställdhet på politisk nivå och i vardagslivet. Det bedrivs även forskning om genusfrågor inom akademin. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur genusvetare förhåller sig till att använda – praktisera – genuskunskap. Centrala frågeställningar i uppsatsen är hur genusvetare ser på kön, hur de praktiserar genusteoretisk kunskap och vilka begränsningar och möjligheter som kommer till uttryck i intervjuerna.           Teoretiskt utgår uppsatsen huvudsakligen från Sara Ahmeds perspektiv på kön. Uppsatsens viktigaste resultat är att även genusvetare som har gedigen teoretisk kunskap tenderar att reproducera maktordningar om genus. Genom att identifiera begrepp som reflekterad och oreflekterad manlighet/kvinnlighet synliggörs olika ideal för manlighet och kvinnlighet. Det framstår vara ett ideal för genusvetarna att praktisera genuskunskap. För ”genusvetarkvinnorna” praktiseras idealet genom att använda reflekterad manlighet och reflekterad kvinnlighet. För ”genusvetarmännen” är idealet att praktisera oreflekterad manlighet och reflekterad kvinnlighet samtidigt tabu. För männens del verkar det viktigt att markera avstånd till en viss typ av kvinnlighet och upprätthålla den heterosexuella – straighta – linjen. För kvinnorna framstår det eftersträvansvärt att både ta avstånd från en viss typ av manlighet respektive kvinnlighet och följa alternativa – queera – linjer.

This thesis is concerned with the concepts of exile, trauma, and nostalgia and how they all come together to create a sense of culture shock that the subjects of my thesis encountered. Azar Nafisi, Nahid Rachlin, Tara Bahrampour, and Azadeh Moaveni, are all Iranian-American authors, and despite their different life experiences and ages, they all encountered culture shock as it related to male-female relations, Iranian gender norms and issues of sex and sexuality and treatments and views of the female body as it relates to reproduction. / text

The aim of this study was to examine the gender standards of male nurses in women-dominated workplaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that influenced the psychosocial working environment of male nurses, based on gender perspectives. To get a wider perception, we also studied social support and expectation from the surrounding linked to previous research on male nurses' working conditions. Our intention was to identify gender-related differences that characterize the occupational role. The method used in the study was qualitative and the empirical material was obtained through semi-structured interviews. We interviewed six male nurses based in different medical departments, all located in Western Sweden's health and medical care. We analyzed the results with a focus on gender norms and its impact on the psychosocial work environment. We used Karasek and Theorell's “Demand-control-and support model” in line with Jeding et al. (1999) psychosocial model “The individual program” as an essential tool to reveal potential explanations. Due to regulations and general advice in Swedish health-and medical care, we chose to neglect the aspect control, since it did not have an impact on the results of the study. The findings of the study are that all male nurses who participated in our interviews were experiencing their psychosocial work environment as highly over-loaded. The results also revealed that there is a difference between a gender aspect, in the profession. The majority of the respondents also confirmed they felt expectations to perform certain duties, based on their gender role. By indicate these social structures, we hope to contribute to an increased understanding of the certain conditions that many gender minorities may get involved with, based on social structures and gender norms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation analyzed the functioning and performance of the norms of gender and heteronormativity in a school of basic education. A post-critical position was adopted, considering the contributions of this type of approach to question the school practices, problematizing and stimulating new ways of thinking the formal pedagogical spaces. The methodological approach was qualitative, based on the conducting of open interviews with 16 teachers (12 women and four men) and the data analysis inspired by Discourse Analysis. The results of the research inform us that normalizing discourses function as educational demands, conferring gender intelligibility to the bodies, marking and also regulating, those who present performance that distance from and break the norms of gender, based on heteronormative discourse. It was also observed that, essentialist notions of gender and sexuality are triggered, learned and taught, through the crossing of biological and religious discourses in the narratives defining and attaching two possible and opposing gender identities: male-man / female-woman. The discourses that cross the teachers' narratives update a hegemonic masculinity and femininity norm, reinforcing the (re) production of compulsory heterosexualization in the researched curriculum, with few experiences of subversions. / Esta dissertação teve por finalidade analisar o funcionamento e atuação das normas de gênero e da heteronormatividade em uma escola de educação básica. Foi adotado um posicionamento pós-crítico, considerando as contribuições desse tipo de abordagem para questionar as práticas escolares, problematizando e estimulando novas formas de pensar os espaços formais pedagógicos. A abordagem metodológica foi qualitativa, a partir da realização de entrevistas abertas com 16 docentes (12 mulheres e quatro homens) e a análise dos dados inspirada na Análise do Discurso. Os resultados da pesquisa informam que os discursos normalizadores funcionam como demandas educativas, conferindo inteligibilidade de gênero aos corpos, marcando e regulando também aqueles/as que apresentam performance as quais se distanciam e rompem com as normas de gênero pautadas no discurso heteronormativo. Também foi observado que noções essencialistas sobre gênero e sexualidade são acionadas, aprendidas e ensinadas, mediante o atravessamento de discursos biológico e religioso nas narrativas, definindo e fixando duas identidades de gênero possíveis e opostas: masculina-homem/feminina-mulher. Os discursos que atravessam as narrativas dos/das docentes atualizam uma norma hegemônica de masculinidade e feminilidade, reforçando a (re)produção da heterossexualização compulsória no currículo investigado, com poucas experiências de subversões.

Physical stores are facing challenges in the retail market when more customers choose to shop online. As to the competition, it has become more important to stand out, especially through visual merchandising which implicate the stores visual communication towards the customers. Visual merchandising is described as something relating to promotional actions such as display windows, sounds, lights, product exposures and color schemes that stores take to communicate their products. Store communication has been shown to have a major impact on people's perceptions of a store. It may also be questioned whether the impact of visual merchandising on people differs depending on whether the exposure applies to clothes for adults or children. With the growth of feminism, borders to gender standards tend to blur butdespite this, the clothing companies still seems to divide the clothes between the genders. The purpose of this paper has been to explore how a concept of a children's clothing store can expand the concept's added value through gender neutral retail exposure . This was achieved through a qualitative method conducted through interviews and observations with parents to children between the ages 0-7. Two theoretical models were used; the SOR- model that was used to grasp customers actions in stores and the Communication model that was used to explain how stores communicate their message to their target group. The study showed that the biggest difficulty in the gender-neutral issue lies in improving society's acceptance of it. It is the outside world's counter-reactions to the children's clothes when they deviate from the stereotypical that causes parents' distance from a complete adoption of gender-neutral thinking. This study is written in Swedish. / Marknaden för fysiska butiker står inför utmaningar då många istället väljer att handla online. I och med denna konkurrens har det blivit viktigare för fysiska butiker att sticka ut, särskilt genom butikskommunikation som innebär butikernas visuella kommunikation mot kunderna. Butikskommunikation beskrivs som något som rör reklamåtgärder som skyltfönster, ljud, ljus, produktexponeringar och färgscheman som butiker anammar för att kommunicera sina produkter. Butikskommunikation har visat sig ha stor inverkan på människors uppfattning om en butik. Det kan ifrågasättas om effekterna av butikskommunikationen på människor skiljer sig beroende på om exponeringen gäller kläder för vuxna eller barn. I och med att Hbtq1 personer får ta mer plats i samhället tenderar gränserna för könsnormer att bli suddiga, men trots detta verkar klädföretag fortfarande dela upp kläderna mellan könen. Syftet med uppsatsen har därför varit att undersöka hur ett butikskoncept för barnkläder kan utöka konceptets mervärde med hjälp av könsneutral butiksexponering. Detta uppnåddes genom en exprementiel kvalitativ metod som genomfördes genom intervjuer och observationer med föräldrar till barn mellan åldrarna 0-7. Två teoretiska modeller användes; SOR-modellen som användes för att förstå kundernas handlingar i butikerna och kommunikationsmodellen som användes för att förklara hur butiker kommunicerar sitt budskap till sin målgrupp. Studien visade att den största svårigheten i den könsneutrala frågan ligger i att förbättra samhällets acceptans av det. Det är omvärldens motreaktioner till barnens kläder när de avviker från det stereotypa som orsakar föräldrars avstånd från en fullständig acceptans av ett könsneutralt tänkande.

Våld i nära relationer är ett omdiskuterat och välkänt samhällsproblem. Ofta handlar dialogen om mäns våld mot kvinnor och det talas sällan om att en man utsätts för våld av en kvinnlig partner. Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva mäns erfarenheter av att vara utsatta för våld av en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där fem kvalitativa och tre kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades. Databaserna som användes var CINAHL, PsycInfo och PsycArticles. Dataanalysen utgick från en trestegsmodell och samtliga artiklar granskades genom en kvalitetsgranskningsmall. Resultat: Under analysen framkom huvudkategorierna "Erfarenheter och konsekvenser av våldet", med subkategorier "Fysiskavåldshandlingar", "Psykiska våldshandlingar", "Hälsoeffekter" och "Sociala effekter", "Omgivningens dubbelhet" med subkategorier "Myndigheters bemötande" och "Närståendes förhållningssätt" samt huvudkategorin "Kvinnans makt och kontroll". Resultatet visar att män upplever både fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld från en kvinnlig partner i en nära relation. Det framkommer även att underliggande genusnormer och stereotypiska antaganden hindrar män frånatt betraktas som egentliga offer. Konklusion: Mäns utsatthet för våld i en nära relation är enkomplex problematik som är starkt förknippad med samhällets normer och antaganden ommaskulinitet. Professionella brister i sitt bemötande av våldsutsatta män vilket kan få stora konsekvenser för mannen. För att få mer kunskap och bättre förståelse för mäns utsatthet av våld i en nära relation behöver problemet synliggöras ytterligare och diskuteras på både individ- och samhällsnivå. Praktiska implikationer: Adekvat utbildning kan bidra till att professionella får rätt verktyg för att bemöta våldsutsatta män vilket kan leda till en minskad utsatthet och ökad hälsa hos utsatta män. Examensarbetet kan bidra till att förbättra det preventiva arbetet inom till exempel hälso- och sjukvård och socialtjänst för att förhindra att män faller offer för våld, då dessa myndigheter ofta har en betydande roll i att upptäcka våldet. Förslag till fortsatt kunskapsutveckling: Ytterligare forskning krävs kring mäns utsatthet för våld i nära heterosexuella relationer för att bryta stigmatiseringen kring utsattheten och bidra med kunskap till professionella inom människobehandlande yrken som möter dessa män. / Domestic violence is a debated and well-known social problem. Often, the dialogue is about men's violence against women and it is rarely mentioned that a man is subjected to violence by a female partner. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe men's experiences of being subjected to violence by a female partner in an intimate relationship. Method: A literature review was conducted which included five qualitative and three quantitative articles. The databases used were CINAHL, PsycInfo and PsycArticles. The data analysis was based on a three-step model and all articles were reviewed through a quality assessment template. Findings: During the analysis one main category that emerged was "Experiences and consequences caused by violence", with the sub categories "Physical acts of violence", "Psychological acts of violence", "Health effects" and "Social effects", another main category was "The ambiguity of the environment " with sub categories "The response of authorities " and "The approach of relatives" and the last main category was "The woman's power and control". The results show that men experience both physical, mental and sexual violence from a female partner in an intimate relationship. It also appears in the study's findings that underlying gender-based normsand stereotypical assumptions prevent men from being considered as actual victims. Conclusion: Men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship is a complex problem that is strongly associated with society's norms and assumptions about masculinity. Professional shortcomings in the treatment of abused men can have major consequences for the man. In order to gain more knowledge and a better understanding of men's exposure to violence in an intimate relationship, the problem needs to be further visualized and discussed at both individual and societal levels. Practical implications: Adequate education can help professionals get the right tools to deal with abused men, which can lead to reduced vulnerability and increased health of abused men. The study can help to improve preventive work in, for example, health care and social services to prevent men from falling victim to violence, as these authorities often have a significant role indetecting violence. Suggestions for continued knowledge development: Further research is required on men's exposure to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships to break the stigma around the exposure of violence and to contribute with knowledge to professionals in the humantreatment professions who encounter these men.

This study aims to determine the role of Amazigh/Berber women in maintaining and preserving the cultural heritage of their people through carpet weaving, as well as how this tradition contributes to gender norms and tourism in rural Morocco. The research method consisted of conducting semi-structured interviews and a literature review of intangible cultural heritage preservation, traditional gender norms in rural areas, and nomadic tourism theories. Analysis of the interviews concluded that Amazigh women keep their traditional culture alive through carpet weaving, and they are simultaneously valued and marginalized within their society. The necessity and pressure placed upon them leads to issues related to gender equality and girls’ rights/accessibility to a quality education in the modern context. Though in a constant state of change and shifting with time, the nomadic lifestyle and traditional Berber carpet weaving are still participated in today and nevertheless hold deep significance for those who partake in these activities. Traditional mentalities regarding gender norms remain intact, although they are challenged more frequently. Women’s weavings are critical in preserving Amazigh culture and symbolize a heritage identity in an overt manner, making women central to the Berber story and Berber heritage.

Tidigare forskning visar att byggbranschen är en av världens mest mansdominerade branscher där jämställdhet är svår att uppnå. Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats på Personal och arbetslivsprogrammet vid Högskolan Dalarna. Studien syftar till att utifrån ett genusperspektiv analysera mäns och kvinnors erfarenheter av att arbeta i en mansdominerad byggbransch. Vi vill med denna studie framföra både mäns och kvinnors perspektiv av att arbeta i en bransch som enligt tidigare forskning upplevs som tuff där machokultur förekommer. Det finns en hel del forskning som beskriver kvinnors perspektiv utifrån normer och genus i byggbranschen, men inte lika omfattande forskning om männens upplevelser kring detta. De huvudområden som omfattar studien är arbetsmiljö, jämställdhet, sociala relationer samt genusnormer. Åtta respondenter, fyra kvinnor och fyra män från olika byggföretag har genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod intervjuats. Respondenterna har medverkat i semistrukturerade intervjuer genom fysiska och digitala möten. Svaren har sedan sammanställts, tematiserats och analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att både män och kvinnor välkomnar en jämställd byggbransch som genom utbildning, generationsskiften, medvetenhet samt arbetsmiljöarbete succesivt förväntas öka den kvinnliga arbetskraften i den svenska byggbranschen. / Previous research shows that the construction industry is one of the world's most male-dominated industries where gender equality is difficult to achieve. This study is a bachelor ́s thesis in the program Personnel and work at Dalarna University and the study aims to analyze men's and women's experience of working in a male-dominated construction industry from a gender perspective. With this study, we want to present both men's and women's perspectives of working in an industry that according to previous research is perceived as tough where macho culture occurs. There is a lot of research that describes women's perspectives based on norms and gender in the construction industry, but not as extensive research on men's experiences around this. The main areas that include the study are work environment, gender equality, social relations, and gender norms. Eight respondents, four women and four men from different construction companies have been interviewed through a qualitative research method. The respondents have participated in semi-structured interviews through physical and digital meetings. The answers have then been compiled, thematized and analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis. The results show that both men and women welcome an equal construction industry which, through education, generational shifts, awareness, and work environment management, is gradually expected to increase the female workforce in the Swedish construction industry.

Denna uppsats syftar att undersöka hur yrkesprogrammen på gymnasieskolan förhåller sig till olika könsnormer på individnivå. En kvalitativ intervjustudie används för att ge en personlig inblick hur individer reflekterar över sin gymnasietid utifrån könsnormer, valprocessen och studie- och karriärvägledares påverkan. Genom att tillämpa teorier från Linda Gottfredson och Erving Goffman kopplas dessa till individers begränsningar, kompromisser och självuppfattning samt de olika rollerna en tar i en grupp eller i en klass. Vi har sett hur könsnormer ser ut och hur dessa påverkar en individ. Resultaten visar att alla har lagt märke till könsnormer på de olika yrkesprogrammen. Könsnormer finns i gymnasieskolan och visar sig på olika sätt. Studien ger insikt i hur olika teorier kan användas för att analysera och problematisera olika normer i gymnasieskolan. / This essay aims to investigate how the vocational programs in upper secondary school relate to different gender norms at the individual level. A qualitative interview study is used to provide a personal insight into how individuals reflect on their upper secondary school years based on gender norms, the selection process and the influence of a study and career counselor. By applying theories from Linda Gottfredson and Erving Goffman, these are linked to individuals' limitations, compromises, and self-perception as well as the different roles in a group or in a class. We have seen what gender norms look like and how those affect individuals. The results show that everyone has noticed gender norms in the various vocational programs. Gender norms exist in upper secondary school and manifest themselves in different ways. The study provides insight into how different theories can be used to analyze and problematize different norms in upper secondary school.