Marmontel, écrivain bien connu de son temps et aujourd’hui presque oublié, a produit une œuvre diverse et abondante dont l’unité est analysée dans ce travail. L’œuvre de ce polygraphe est prise en compte, dans une perspective littéraire et historique. Son parcours intellectuel est d’abord mis en rapport avec le portrait de l’honnête homme, écrivain mondain et agent d’influence que façonnèrent ses Mémoires. En deuxième lieu, sa position au sein de la République des Lettres est réévaluée, depuis ses postulats théoriques (poétique et esthétique) jusqu’à leur application pratique (réécritures, traductions, relations avec Voltaire, avec « le mouvement encyclopédique » et avec ses adversaires). Enfin, les relations de Marmontel et de son public sont explorées. L’étude de sa poésie et de ses Contes moraux permet de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’œuvre de cet écrivain fut modelée par son dessein de faire carrière et adaptée au public qu’il visait. Ce travail a pour but de changer la perspective généralement adoptée dans les études consacrées à Marmontel, en montrant qu’il n’est pas seulement un reflet de son époque mais qu’il a pu l’influencer, à sa manière, en retour. / Marmontel, a well-known writer in his time – but almost unremembered nowadays – created a diverse and profuse work which unity is being recovered here. This versatile writer’s work is taken into account through a literary and historical angle. His intellectual journey is being connected to the portrait of the honest man, worldly author, and leverage agent, which were built up in his Memoirs. Furthermore, his place within the Republic of Letters is being reappraised, from his theoretical (poetic, and aesthetic) postulates to their practical implementation (rewriting, translating, interactions with Voltaire and with the “encyclopedia school”, as well as with his opponents). Finally, Marmontel’s relationships with his audience are being examined. The study of his poetry and his Moral Tales allows us to establish to what extent his writings were shaped by his design to succeed and adapted to the audience he targeted. This work aims to change the perspective generally adopted in the studies devoted to Marmontel, by showing that not only was he a reflection of his times, but he also managed, in return, to influence his age, in his own way.

Cette thèse vise à analyser, préciser et évaluer quel fut le rôle exact joué par Alexandre Koyré dans l'institutionnalisation de l'histoire des sciences aux Etats-Unis. Il s'agit de comprendre comment Koyré a renouvelé le paysage intellectuel dans lequel il s'insère au début des années 1940 et comment les historiens américains se sont approprié ses idées pour servir à la professionnalisation de l'enseignement de l'histoire des sciences aux États-Unis. / This dissertation aims at analyzing, specifying and estimating the exact role played by Alexandre Koyré in the institutionalization of the history of science in the United States. The goal is to understand how Koyré renewed the intellectual landscape in which he was inserted at the beginning of the 1940s, and how a number of American historians and philosophers did appropriate his ideas in their efforts to professionalize the history of science teaching in the United States.

Through a liberal feminist perspective, this essay investigates the unconventional marital views of the fictional character Elizabeth Bennet. These are analyzed and compared to the traditional marital opinions of the novel's social environment. Moreover, the historical context is important in understanding the marital views in Pride and Prejudice, because the novel was written at a time when the views toward marriage changed significantly. This paper argues that Elizabeth's behavior, expressed opinions and rejections of Mr. Collins's and Mr. Darcy's proposals depict liberal feminist ideas of marriage. The literary review supports the notion that there are two contrasting attitudes toward marriage in Pride and Prejudice: the traditional view and the liberal feminist view. The thorough examination of Elizabeth Bennet's character strongly suggests that she represents the unconventional view of marriage, while characters such as Mr. Collins, Mrs. Bennet, and Charlotte Lucas voice the traditional view of marriage. Furthermore, an analysis of Mr. Darcy's attraction toward Elizabeth indicates that it was Elizabeth's very unconventionality that made Mr. Darcy fall in love with her.

La présente thèse de doctorat s'est fixée pour objectif de retracer l'histoire du concept de conscience mentale à travers les langages de spécialité (la philosophie et la psychologie principalement), et ce au cours de la période qui va de l'Antiquité (avec l’aristotélisme) jusqu'à notre époque (avec la philosophie de l’esprit). Ce travail nous a, tout d'abord, amené à redéfinir la conscience sous un jour nouveau, aussi bien en tant que concept pur et dur (dimension déjà présente chez Aristote et chez les penseurs pré-modernes) qu'en tant qu'outil de diverses philosophies chargées de fonder la connaissance et les sciences (dimension opérante à partir de Descartes), puis en tant que philosophie (nous pensons principalement à la philosophie de l'esprit). Une telle entreprise nous a ainsi permis de proposer une définition inédite de la conscience mentale, qui se nourrit des différents paradigmes étudiés tout au long de son histoire. Plus spécifiquement, le "méta-paradigme conscientiel" ainsi généré (aussi nommé "paradigme de type 1") propose une définition en intension, une définition en extension (à savoir une typologie), ainsi qu'un cadre onto-épistémologique servant de toile de fond. Dans le même temps, nous avons été amené à élaborer une épistémologie générale capable d'analyser les différents "paradigmes de type 0" que nous avons rencontrés - et qui se présentent sous diverses formes (des doctrines et des théories philosophiques, des théories scientifiques, des dogmatismes). Cette épistémologie - sous-tendue par quatre critères qui permettent de distinguer les paradigmes entre eux, et dont rend compte notre méta-paradigme - s'avère en outre pensée dans la perfectibilité et dans la complexité, étant ouverte aux futurs paliers d'une échelle de la conscience qui n'a pas fini de s'écrire. De cette manière, nous évitons, avec Donald Davidson, l'écueil qui consiste à voir le "conscientiel" (la conscience comme les productions de l'esprit) comme le simple prolongement du matériel – ce qui nous interdirait, par exemple, de nous interroger sur la "possibilité d'une conscience" au-delà même du vivant./The aim of this thesis was to trace the history of consciousness through philosophy and psychology, from Antiquity (Aristotelianism) to our time (Philosophy of Mind). In a first time, this work led us to define consciousness in a new light, as well as concept (which already appears in Aristotle and in medieval thinkers) and as a tool for various philosophies that try to found knowledge and sciences (this dimension will be born from Descartes), then as a philosophy (we think about the philosophy of mind). This also allowed us to propose a new definition of consciousness, which is inspired by different paradigms studied throughout its history. More specifically, our “metaparadigm” (or "type 1 paradigm") contains a definition and a typology of consciousness, and is underpinned by an onto-epistemological framework. At the same time, we tried to develop a general epistemology able to analyze “type 0 paradigms” we met (these paradigms can be philosophical doctrines, philosophical theories, scientific theories or dogmas). Open to future levels of consciousness’scale that is not finished, this epistemology - underlied by four criteria that distinguish them paradigms, and which are constitutive of our “metaparadigm” - is also favorable to the perfectibility and the complexity. In this way, we especially avoid, with Donald Davidson, the mistake of considering consciousness and all products of mind, thought or cultur just as an extension of material reality - which would prevent us, for example, to wonder about the possibility that consciousness might exist in “non-living beings”. / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract My thesis focuses on the incorporation of Hyperboreans, a mythical classical race, into the prevailing Gothic or Geatic narrative of national history in seventeenth and eighteenth century Swedish historiography. The beatific Hyperboreans were identified with ancient Swedes to emphasise that the Gothic ancestors of Sweden’s rulers had not been mere mediaeval barbarians. The most extreme proponents of this Hyperborean research tradition claimed that a high culture had thrived in Sweden before classical antiquity. They asserted that traces of this highly-developed northern civilisation could be found in the Bible, classical writings and mediaeval historiography, as well as the domestic antiquities such as runestones and Old Norse writings. By close-reading published and unpublished writings of historians and antiquaries, I examined the overarching and shared distinctive features within this Hyperborean research tradition. This involved an analysis of the main content of this research tradition in its learned, mostly Western European historiographical setting. I focused especially on understanding the Hyperborean research tradition within the intellectual traditions of constructing fabulous pasts. The seventeenth century was a period of institutionalisation of historical and antiquarian research in Sweden and Europe. Hence, I also studied the role of specific politico-historical and institutional conditions in the emergence, development and decline of the Hyperborean research tradition. By combining these two approaches, I attempted to strike a balance between research on long-term intellectual traditions and short-term immediate situations in which the ideas about the Hyperboreans were developed and used. Ultimately my thesis illustrates that the Hyperborean research tradition was a fairly coherent tradition of research. It arose in the early seventeenth century as part of the political pursuits and problems of Swedish monarchs in the domestic front and the Baltics. The tradition dominated Swedish historiography during the period of Swedish absolutism (1690–1720), before gradually crumbling from 1730s onwards. The emergence, development and decline of the Hyperborean research tradition were all a result of complex historiographical and politico-institutional factors. / Tiivistelmä Keskityn väitöskirjassani 1600- ja 1700-lukujen ruotsalaisen historiankirjoituksen ilmiöön, jossa antiikin kirjoitusten myyttiset hyperborealaiset sisällytettiin niin kutsuttuun goottilaiseen historianarratiiviin. Tämä varhaismodernissa Ruotsissa suosittu historianarratiivi perustui näkemykseen Raamatun Maagogista sotaisten goottien sekä ruotsalaisten kantaisänä. Eurooppalaiset humanistit kuvasivat kuitenkin gootit keskiaikaisina barbaareina, minkä vastapainoksi oppineet Ruotsissa esittivät kotimaiset gootit sivistyneinä ja hurskaina hyperborealaisina. Hyperborealaisen tutkimusperinteen keskeisin tutkimuskohde oli muinaisen Ruotsin kulttuuri, jonka väitettiin levinneen Upsalasta aina Välimerelle saakka jo ennen kreikkalais-roomalaista antiikkia. Tukeakseen väitteitään oppineet käyttivät lähteinään antiikin kirjoitusten ohella Raamattua ja keskiajan historiantutkimusta. 1600-luvun mittaan he hyödynsivät kasvavassa määrin myös pohjolan alueen muinaismuistoja, kuten muinaisnorjalaisia kirjoituksia ja riimukiviä. Tutkimukseni lähdeaineisto muodostuu hyperborealaiseen perinteeseen kuuluneiden oppineiden julkaistuista ja julkaisemattomista kirjoituksista. Tarkastelen tutkimusperinteen yhtenäisyyttä analysoimalla sen keskeisimpiä yhdistäviä ja erottavia käsityksiä. Analyysini kattaa myös sen opillisten, lähinnä historiantutkimuksellisten puitteiden määrittämisen. Pyrin erityisesti ymmärtämään hyperborealaista tutkimusperinnettä osana varhaismodernille ajalle tyypillisiä historianarratiiveja tarunomaisesta kansallisesta muinaisuudesta. Ruotsalainen historian- ja muinaistutkimus institutionaalistui 1700-luvulla. Täten tarkastelen työn pääasiallisen tutkimusongelman ohella, kuinka poliittiset ja institutionaalisetolosuhteet myötävaikuttivat hyperborealaisen tutkimusperinteen kehittymiseen, vakiintumiseen ja asteittaiseen murenemiseen. Osoitan tutkimuksessani, että hyperborealainen tutkimusperinne syntyi 1600-luvun alussa liittyen Ruotsin kuninkaiden poliittisiin pyrkimyksiin sekä kotirintamalla että Itämerellä. Sen valtakausi sijoittui aikavälille 1685–1720, jolloin Ruotsin itsevaltiaat kuninkaat hyödynsivät hyperborealaisiin liitettäviä teemoja propagandassaan. Tutkimusperinteen vaiheittainen mureneminen tapahtui 1700-luvun puolivälissä. Sen taustalla oli useita poliittisia, institutionaalisia ja opillisia tekijöitä.

This dissertation deals with the concepts glasnost and perestroika during the Gorbachev era 1985–1991. It offers an explanation to the rise and fall of these concepts and casts light on their modern and postmodern implications, as well as their historical and generational preconditions. In light of the Soviet and Russian conceptual history, Gorbachev’s articulation of glasnost and perestroika is contrasted with the reception of these concepts in what at that time came to be called Russian postmodernism. Glasnost and perestroika both confirm and transcend Soviet modernity. They are both future-oriented but at the same time possess retrospective anchorage. The present study reconstructs the experience encapsulated in the concepts, the expectations they unleashed and the tensions they triggered. The Gorbachev era signaled a rupture in the temporal order of modernity. During this time Soviet modernity lost confidence in its self. With glasnost and perestroika a suppressed past opened up which blocked the futurist potential inherent in the present. The concept-theoretical perspective assumed in the dissertation helps explain essential aspects of the dramatic turn of events. Postmodernism’s relationship to the concepts is mainly antagonistic. At the same time glasnost and perestroika were essential to the self-identity creating process of postmodernism and its development of an understanding of a specific late Soviet postmodern situation. Beneath the surface a conflict evolves, constituted in intergenerational terms. The vast differences in deployment of the two key notions appear related to generation specific historical experiences. This is apparent in the glasnost- and perestroika discussions of the 19th and 20th centuries. In several respects the 20th century discourse reflects that of the 19th century. The analysis in the present dissertation demonstrates how Gorbachev, on the basis of his generation-specific experience as a man of the 1960s actively sought to articulate an alternative reconstruction (perestroika) and did so with a distinct ideological accent. The postmodernists, the last Soviet generation, bore the imprint of the stagnation of the Brezhnev era and had no ideal past to resuscitate. Instead of reconstructing social reality they tried to place themselves outside it. This apolitical stance however embodied both anti-political and political implications.

Cette thèse prend pour objet la construction d’un discours politique et social nouveau - celuide l’Europe communautaire. Ce processus est appréhendé comme le résultat du travail demultiples collectifs d’acteurs politiques et savants. Ces collectifs ont contribué à l’invention duvocabulaire communautaire, d’une part, et à la normalisation de certains savoirs etinterprétations des Communautés, d’autre part. Il s’agit alors de mettre en lumière lesconditions historiques de ce travail collectif dans deux Etats fondateurs de la constructioneuropéenne – la France et l’Allemagne. L’enjeu est d’explorer tout à la fois les conditions depossibilité de l’innovation politique et les conditions de légitimation d’un objet politiquenouveau.En mobilisant des sources historiques variées, ce travail retrace les carrières dans les débatscommunautaires de deux des définitions largement utilisées pour définir l’Europecommunautaire jusqu’à aujourd’hui - la « supranationalité » et « l’économie sociale demarché ». L’étude croisée de leurs usages permet d’examiner les controverses politicoacadémiquesdans lesquelles l’Europe communautaire a été définie comme type institutionneldistinct (de l’Etat-nation) et comme mode de gouvernement spécifique (du marché). A reboursde l’hypothèse d’une « révolution communautaire », la thèse invite à réinscrire l’inventioncommunautaire dans le temps plus long de la construction des Etats nationaux et de leurssavoirs. A l’opposé d’une lecture génétique de la construction communautaire commedéploiement d’un sens défini depuis les années 1950, elle donne à voir la diversité desinterprétations et des savoirs qui ont été produits et se sont affrontés dans les premières, etidentifie les conditions de leurs succès différenciés. / This dissertation aims to understand the construction of a new type of political and socialdiscourse: that of the European Economic Community (EEC). This process is taken, on theone hand, to be the invention on the part of political actors and scholars of a vocabulary andconceptual apparatus which made the EEC thinkable. On the other hand, the process isunderstood as the constitution of specialized disciplines which, by more or less successfullyasserting their legitimacy to produce discourse on the EEC as an object, have contributed torendering certain interpretations obligatory. The dissertation highlights the historical conditionsin which actors have contributed to the emergence, circulation and stabilization of suchknowledge in two founding member states of the EEC - France and Germany – up to the firstenlargement of the EEC in 1973. Beyond the specific case of European integration, thechallenge is to explore the conditions both for political innovation and for the legitimization ofa new political object.Making use of several types of historical source, the thesis retraces the careers of two of thedefinitions widely used to define the EEC up to the present - "supranationality" and the "socialmarket economy". Examination of the uses of these terms makes it possible to identify andinvestigate politico-academic controversies in which the EEC has been defined as a distinctinstitutional type (of the nation-state) and as specific mode of government (of the market).In contrast to the hypothesis of a "revolution" in the EEC, the thesis calls for the reinsertion ofthe invention of the EEC into the longer history of construction of national states andgovernment sciences. Contrary to a genetic interpretation of European integration as a definiteproject from the 1950s, it reveals the diversity of interpretations and knowledges which wereproduced and which competed with one another in the early years of the EEC, and identifiesthe conditions for their unequal success. Finally, the dissertation leads us to qualify thehypothesis of the formation of "common sense" about the EEC, emphasizing the national anddisciplinary differences which persist in their interpretations.

In Sweden, during the 1920s, the past played a definite part in the folklore research. The folklore scholars argued for collecting the cultural memories (folkminnen) of “the people”, as they were understood to disappear due to a threat from the modern civilization, which was thought to spread across the countryside at an ever-accelerating pace. This study shows that the past is constructed through discourse – not as a predefined object but rather as a dynamic process of temporal constructions. This study analyses the construction of the past in folklore research in Sweden during the 1920s. Two methodological tools have been primarily used to help unfold the process in which the past is constructed. First, by discourses of the past (förflutenhetsdiskurser) which is how, in my case the scholars, relate to the past by various verbal practices. Secondly, by identifying binary characterizations. In this study, the construction of the past, in folklore research, has been shown through three main themes. First, by understanding the importance of collecting the cultural memories of “the people” as an urgent project – due to their inevitable disappearing – but also as a duty towards the people of the past and as a duty towards future generations. Secondly, by identifying three different dichotomies which all functioned as part of the process of the construction of the past. Thirdly, by analyzing “the people” as a category that best is described as a compound of both culture and human.

Undersökningens syfte är att utforska kunskapande processer med fokus på materiell agensoch intra-aktion genom analys av en slöjdprocess med en nyfälld björk. Målet är att försökasynliggöra hur icke-hierarkiska intra-aktioner i en slöjdprocess kan se ut, genom att studerasamhandling, ömsesidighet, agens och maktstrukturer.Empiri har samlats i en autoetnografisk studie där reflektioner gjorts över mina erfarenheterunder slöjdprocesser tillsammans med en björk. Inledningsvis upplevde jagmaktfullkomlighet över björken då jag skapade ett styckningsschema och arbetsplan.Efterhand insåg jag att björken i stor grad påverkade mig och processen. Björkens agenskrävde ett snabbt och systematiskt omhändertagande för att tillåta sig bearbetas. Björkensstarka närvaro med stora mängder spån och ris, ställde krav på mig att lägga större fokus åtdessa processer. Vid varje motstånd i materialet, frustration och känsla att behöva taoplanerade beslut, agerade trädet eller någon annan aktör som transaktant och bytte riktningpå processen.Alla aktörer i en process förhåller sig till varandra i en kollektiv enhet. Känsla av makt ochkontroll i processen kunde nås i en ömsesidig dialog genom lyhördhet till de andra aktörerna.För att kunna ha en dialog med ett träd, att kunna läsa av det eller möta dess krav, behöverden materiella agensen erkännas.

This thesis examines the view on society in an early 20th century Swedish periodical journal of liberal theology, Kristendomen och vår tid (Christianity and our time). During the late 19th century, a new school of liberal theology gained influence among various protestant theological faculties in Germany. In emphasising the ethical teachings of the historical Jesus of Nazareth as the basis for Christianity and a worldly kingdom of God, liberal theologians advocated social and political reform, becoming influential in German society at the turn of the century. As this liberal theology was adapted in Sweden, a group of priests and theologians founded the journal KVT as a medium for spreading liberal theology to their peers, but also, this thesis suggests, to advocate a particular view on society and role for the church and the priesthood in a way similar to the development in Germany. The analysis of the view on society in KVT suggests a shift over time regarding the expressed purpose and role of church in society, which can be understood within the context of contemporary development of political life in Sweden. In the early 1900s, an ideal of a church highly active in social welfare practices in society is apparent in the journal, whereas in the 1920s the role and main purpose of the church is understood rather as a sort of societal moral consciousness.