Syfte: Syftet med följande studie är att analysera vilka faktorer som förekommer i beslutsunderlagen vid fastställandet av VA-taxan, samt hur utförligt beskrivna dessa är. Detta för att utförligt förstå vad beslutsunderlagen grundar sig på i kommuner runt om i Sverige. Metod: Att utgå från den hermeneutiska filosofin, torde en ökad förståelse realiseras, då vi använder den kunskapen genom att utföra en pilotstudie. Detta innebär att vi under studiens gång har rört oss mellan teorin och empirin, och erhållit en abduktiv forskningsansats. Teori: Studien utgår ifrån tidigare forskning inom området som har använts för att identifiera våra traditionella samt icke traditionella faktorer. Empirin: Den datainsamlingsmetod vi har använt är en semitstrukturerad djupintervju baserad på fem olika kommuners VA-verksamheter, samtliga med traditionella verksamhetsformer. Analys: Vi genomförde en omfattande analys för att upptäcka skillnader och likheter mellan kommunerna samt förekomsten av faktorerna. Samtliga kommuner tar hänsyn till traditionella faktorer då dem förekommer, däremot varierar det mellan de icke traditionella faktorerna och dess förekomst. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats visar att våra traditionella faktorer är mer framstående mot det icke traditionella. Det visar sig även att de icke traditionella faktorerna förekommer i större utsträckning än vad som framgår i tidigare studier / Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse the factors that occur in decision-making purposes in the determination of VA-fee and the detailed description of what these are. This is to give a fully recognition of the basis for decision data that is based on the municipalities in Sweden. Method: Inferring the hermeneutic philosophy probably a greater understanding realized when we test the knowledge gained by conducting a pilot study. This means that during the course of the study we moved between theory and empirical data, and obtained an adbuctive reaearch approach. Theory: The study is based on previous research in the area that has been used to identify our traditional and non-traditional factors. Empiric: The data collection method we have used is a semit-structured depth interview based on five different municipal water and sewage operations, all traditional forms. Analysis: We performed a comprehensive analysis to identify differences and similarities between the municipalities and the existence of the factors. All municipalities are taking account of traditional factors when they occur but it varies between the non-traditional factors, and its occurrence.

This essay concerns teacher professionalism and how its prerequisites have been affected by the politcs of the employer organization Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR). In Sweden, the government has during the last thirty years carried out extensive school reforms, fueled by the paradigm of New Public Management. On the whole, these reforms have contributed to the so called 'de-professionalization' of Swedish school teachers. However, the impact of labour politics has to great lenghts been neglected in political research on teacher professionalism, and that is the gap which this thesis aims to fill. By using a wide range of material, such as collective bargaining agreements, policy documents, debate articles and semistructured interviews, a reconstruction of the SALARs' labour politics has been made. Furthermore, an ideal-typical analytical framework of the two contrasting and competing governance models new managerialism and professionalism was applied on the reconstruction. The results are in short that the organization in many ways has contributed to the de-professionalization process which Swedish school teachers have undergone. By allocating power and authority to headmasters and municipalities, the discretion and legitimacy of theteacher profession itself has been circumscribed. Via these policies, a clearer hierarchy between the profession and its headmasters has come into place. Furthermore, the results indicate that the SALAR promotes organizational norms and values, rather than professional dito. In the light of the now being 'recruitment crisis' and the low attraction of the teaching profession, the results are particurlarly relevant.

Bakgrund: Under hösten 2015 drabbades Europa av den största flyktingkrisen i modern tid. Av de totalt 163 000 flyktingar som passerade den svenska gränsen var många ensamkommande barn som fördelades ut i kommunerna av Migrationsverket. Kommunerna kan i sin tur delvis hantera detta mottagande genom ramavtalsupphandling av asylplatser, men behovet har tidigare år varit litet. Flyktingkrisen ökade således dramatiskt efterfrågan på platser, vilket försatte kommunerna i en pressad situation och ställde krav på resiliens. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och förstå hur offentlig upphandling fungerar i en krissituation, genom att undersöka kommunernas upphandling av HVB-hem och konsulentstödda familjehem/jourhem under hösten 2015 samt se hur dessa hanterat sitt mottagande av ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Metod: Syftet uppnås genom en kvalitativ flerfallstudie fokuserad på ett fåtal undersökta kommuner. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom nio semistrukturerade intervjuer samt sekundärdata i form av en dokumentstudie. Slutsats: Offentlig upphandling är idag reglerat av en mycket strikt och tidskrävande lagstiftning som i detalj styr upphandlingsförfarandet för berörda myndigheter. Endast mindre upphandlingar tar minst ett halvår att genomföra, oavsett hur stort behovet på den aktuella varan är. Eftersom krissituationer karaktäriseras av tidsbrist och överraskning fungerar dessa således dåligt tillsammans, vilket var tydligt under flyktingkrisen. De ökade flyktingströmmarna skapade då ett stort platsbehov som snabbt behövde hanteras, men nya ramavtal skulle ändå inte finnas att tillgå förrän långt in på 2016. I krissituationer får därför upphandling ske genom direktupphandling, vilket dock kunnat innebära en betydligt högre prisnivå. Hur kommunerna sedan hanterat sitt flyktingmottagande har till stor del berott på vilka förutsättningar som funnits. De som kunnat bygga ut egna HVB-hem och överbelägga dessa och/eller haft det lättare att värva egna familjehem kunde rent ekonomiskt anta ett mer resilient bemötande av krisen än de kommuner som tvingats direktupphandla. Ur ett sammantaget perspektiv är bedömningen svårare då alla alternativ haft olika för- och nackdelar som måste vägas mot varandra. / Background: During the fall of 2015 Europe suffered from the most severe refugee crisis in modern time. Out of the 163 000 refugees that crossed the Swedish border about 35 000 were classified as unaccompanied minors, whom were later allocated to the municipals by Migrationsverket. The municipals in turn solve this reception partly by framework agreements of asylum accommodations. The refugee crisis dramatically increased the demand for accommodation, which put the municipals under pressure and raised the need for resilience from them. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe and to understand how public procurement functions in a crisis situation by investigating Swedish municipals procurement of homes for care and resident (HVB) and consultant supported foster homes during the fall of 2015 and to see how they have managed their reception of unaccompanied minors. Methodology: The aim is achieved by using a qualitative multiple case study focused on a small number of investigated municipals. The empirical material has been sampled from nine semi-structured interviews as well as secondary data in the form of relevant documents. Conclusion: Public procurement is regulated by a legislation which is considered very time-consuming as well as administratively demanding. Even minor procurements take at least six months to execute independently of how high the demand of the required good or service is. Since crises are characterized by surprise and time shortage, these work poorly together, something which became exceedingly apparent during the refugee crisis. The high number of unaccompanied minors rapidly increased the demand for accommodations, but new framework agreements could not be obtained until they had been in procurement for at least a year. In crisis situations, the use of accelerated procedure is therefore necessary. How the municipals solved their reception depended largely on their different prerequisites. Those who could find other ways to create new places besides using accelerated procedure could also out of an economic perspective withtake a more resilient refutation of the crisis. However, from a more multidisciplinary approach it is difficult to determine which alternatives that were the most resilient options for the municipals since all of them had advantages and disadvantages.

Under en senare tid har det uppkommit en ökad press på politiskt styrda organisationer däribland kommuner att bli mer flexibla och hitta nya arbetssätt. Med en förhöjd projektifiering och ökad effektivitet som en strävan av detta, har det skapat organisatoriska spänningar i kommunala projekt. Här har det agila arbetssättet i projekt växt fram och ses som en potentiell lösning och ett nytt arbetssätt i projekt för en kommunal verksamhet. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur projekt bedrivs i en kommunal verksamhet och med frågeställningarna hur förhåller sig det agila arbetssättet i projekt på en kommunalnivå och hur förhåller sig projekt till den politiska styrningen. För att kunna besvara dessa har det utförts semistrukturerade intervjuer med projektledare från olika kommuner, med totalt sex respondenter. Det insamlade materialet har sedan kodats genom en tematisk analys. Det konstateras att projekt som bedrivs i kommunal regi behöver förhålla sig till bland annat politisk styrning, lagar och ramverk. Resultat belyser även att det sker förändringar under projektens gång i kommunala projekt, vilket är en belastning. Resultatet indikerar också på att ett agilt arbetssätt skulle kunna förbättra med snabbare hantering av förändringar i projekt. Det agila arbetssättet skulle dessutom fungera i mindre kommuner eftersom resultatet indikerar på att projekten som bedrivs i mindre kommuner inte är av samma omfattning, budget och tidsram vilket passar det agila arbetssättet. / More recently, there has been increased pressure on politically controlled organizations, including municipalities, to become more flexible and find new ways of working. With increased projectification and an increased efficiency as an endeavour for this, it has created organizational tensions in municipal projects. Here, the agile working method in projects has emerged and is seen as a potential solution and a new way of working in projects for a municipal activity. The purpose of this study has been to investigate how projects are conducted in a municipal activity and with the issues, how does the agile working method relate to projects at a municipal level and how does the project relate to political governance. In order to be able to answer these, semi-structured interviews were conducted with project managers from different municipalities, with a total of six respondents. The collected material has then been coded through a thematic analysis. It is stated that projects carried out in the municipal area need to relate to, among other things, political governance, laws and frameworks. Results also illustrate that there are changes during the course of the projects in municipal projects, which is a burden. The result also indicates that an agile way of working could improve with faster handling of changes in projects. The agile way of working would also work in smaller municipalities because the result indicates that the projects conducted in smaller municipalities are not of the same scope, budget and timeframe, which suits the agile working method.

This thesis is examining the barriers that exists in the implementation of the Swedish governments broadband policy. It examines eleven municipalities in the Swedish county Östergötland and how they handle the implementation of the broadband policy. It answers three questions, what barriers exist, how do they handle them, and why do different municipalities handle barriers differently. To answer the questions, interviews with people who are in charge or knows the most about the implementation process in each municipality were conducted. There answers were analyst with an implementation analysis with focus on internal and external factors that can impact the implementation process. The answer to the thesis first question was that two types of barriers were most prominent in the implementation process, economical and collaborative barriers. In the two barriers the internal and external factors were analysed with an analysis model that provided the tools to answer the thesis second and third questions.The conclusions of the thesis are that the two most prominent barriers in the implementation process of the Swedish broadband policy are economical and collaborative barriers. The municipalities handle these barriers differently and that mainly depends on the municipalities different approach to how they can or if they want to handle the barriers.

No description available.

Följande studie syftar till att analysera mindre kommuners hinder och möjligheter i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien belyser även hur kritiska faktorer tar sig form som betydande i klimatanpassningsarbetet enligt aktörerna. Studiens empiriska material är baserat på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer, genomförda med aktörer med varierande yrkesroll i fyra svenska kommuner. Analysen av det empiriska materialet identifierade ett antal teman som lyfte faktorer som ansågs betydelsefulla att belysa i mindre kommuners kommunala klimatanpassningsarbete. Identifierade teman var följande: ekonomiska barriärer, politik, kompetens, interna och externa samverkansprocesser och stöd och vägledning i klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien visade att mindre kommuner har ett antal möjligheter som ansågs betydande i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet och dessa bestod av korta beslutsvägar och god intern och extern kommunikation. Studien pekade på att mindre kommuners klimatanpassningsarbete karaktäriseras av fler hinder än möjligheter, något som anses hämma implementeringen i det kommunala klimatanpassningsarbetet. Hindren utgörs av bristande förståelse från allmänheten, bristande intresse på politisk nivå, svårigheter i att rekrytera relevant kompetens samt att definiera och strukturera det egna klimatanpassningsarbetet. Studien visar även att det är komplext för mindre kommuner att endast tala om översvämningar i klimatanpassningsarbetet, därav pekar studien på att mindre kommuner behöver få hjälp att skala ner riktlinjer till den egna kommunens kapacitet. Mindre kommuners långsiktiga och strategiska mål i kommunalt klimatanpassningsarbete anses vara viktiga variabler att belysa i framtida studier. / The following study aims to analyze the barriers and opportunities for less-populous municipalities in the climate adaptation work. The study also highlights critical issues taking shape as important to climate adaptation work according to the actors and how they differ in their work towards higher populated municipalities. The study's empirical material is based on six semi-structured interviews, conducted with actors with varying professional roles in four Swedish municipalities. The analysis of the empirical material identified several themes that were considered important in the municipalities' climate adaptation work. Identified themes were as follows: economic barriers, politics, competence, internal and external collaboration processes and support and guidance in climate adaptation work.The study showed that less-populous municipalities have a number of opportunities that were considered significant in the municipal climate adaptation work and these consisted of short decision paths and good internal and external communication. The study pointed out that less-populous municipalities' climate adaptation work is characterized by more obstacles than opportunities, something that is considered to impede the implementation. The obstacles consist of a lack of understanding from the public, a lack of interest at the political level, difficulties in retaining and recruiting relevant competence, and defining and structuring the local climate adaptation work. The study also shows that it is complex for less-populous municipalities to only talk about flooding in the climate adaptation work, hence the study points out that less-populous municipalities need to acquire tools to be able to scale down guidelines to their own municipality's capacity. The municipalities' long-term and strategic goals in the climate adaptation work are considered to be important variables to highlight in future studies.

How does political competition affect investments in local governments? Previous research and theories suggests that less political competition increases public investments. Theory suggests that due to political parties feeling safer in their seats, they can plan more long-term without losing elections. However, this paper suggests that the opposite might be true; by using multiple regression analysis on a dataset containing 288 Swedish municipalities and examining the correlation between political competition and investments controlling for differences between municipalities, I’ve gotten results pointing in the opposite direction. My findings suggest that less political competition correlates with lower investments overall and in strategically chosen sub-categories. On investments in water and sanitation the effect was a 33 percent decrease in municipalities with low political competition, this is however the only statistically significant result. Total investments were down about 8 percent, investments in specifically targeted programs were 35 percent lower and investment in local politics where 67 percent lower. More research is needed to know if these findings are genuine, but as they contrast previous findings, further work should prove interesting.

No description available.

<p>Problem: Nya företag är viktiga för en kommun. Kommuner arbetar dock väldigt olika när det gäller att hantera nya företagsetableringar. Vissa kommuner arbetar mer aktivt medan andra är mer passiva och ambitionerna skiljer sig starkt åt mellan dem. Företagen har ofta fler alternativa etableringsorter. En kommuns bemötande och service spelar stor roll vid en etablering.</p><p>Syfte Syftet med denna utredning är att ta fram en guide för hur en kommun bör hantera företagsetableringar. Guiden ska kunna användas av näringslivschefer och näringslivsenheter som inspiration och stöd i arbetet mot en förbättrad hantering av företagsetableringar.</p><p>Tillvägagångssätt: Data samlades in genom intervjuer med 15 personer med lika erfarenheter av företagsetableringar. Data sammanställdes och analyserades utifrån en utredningsmodell som tagits fram ur de teoretiska utgångspunkterna.</p><p>Teoretiska utgångspunkter: Utredningen hade sina utgångspunkter i teorier kring företagets etableringsprocess, faktiska faktorer som påverkar valet av etableringsort, teknisk och funktionell servicekvalitet samt extern och intern marknadsföring. Utredningen utgick även ifrån teorier kring vikten och skapandet av en relation.</p><p>Guide: Insamlad data gav information om hur kommuner bör arbeta långsiktigt och övergripande för att förbättra hanteringen av företagsetableringarna men även information om mer kortsiktiga och konkreta handlingar.</p><p>Det mer övergripande och långsiktiga arbetet innebär bland annat att ta fram en vision för näringslivet och värna om de befintliga företagen i kommunen. Gällande det mer kortsiktiga och konkreta arbetet föreslås exempelvis att kommunen bör identifiera det enskilda företagets behov, mål och önskemål samt arbeta utifrån detta. Kommunen bör även bjuda in företaget att besöka kommunen och ge företaget en personlig kontaktperson.</p> / <p>Problem: New companies are important for a municipality. The municipalities in Sweden are however working very differently when it comes to managing business establishments. Some municipalities are very active while others are more passive. Companies do often have several alternatives when they are choosing a place to establish their business. Hence, how the municipalities serve and threat the companies is very important concerning business establishments.</p><p>Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to develop a guide how to manage business establishments in a municipality. The guide should be used by industrial life executives and units as inspiration and support in their work for a better management of business establishments.</p><p>Methodology: Data was collected through 15 interviews with persons with experience of business establishments. The data was organized and analyzed with the aid of a model that was derived from the theoretical framework of this thesis.</p><p>Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework contended theories about a business establishment process, factors that influence a company’s location choice, technical and functional service-quality and internal and external marketing. The framework also contended theories about the importance of a relationship and relationship-building.</p><p>The Guide: The collected and analyzed data gave information about how the municipalities can work overall and long-term to improve the management of the new establishments, but it also gave information about how they can work more concretely and short-thermed. The overall and long-term work means for example that the municipality should create a vision for the industrial environment and that they should take care of the existing businesses. The concrete and short – term task implies identifying the needs, goals and wishes of the individual company and working with that as a base. The municipality should also invite the company to visit them and give them a personal contact person.</p>