Forskningsämnet boendesegregation har på senare år kommit att få en allt större roll inom den svenska segregationsdiskussionen. Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som diskuterar hur forskare studerar och har studerat begreppet boendesegregation, hur den synliggörs, varför den uppstår och vilka konsekvenser den ha på individer.Genom att koppla ihop den rådande diskussionen kring boendesegregation, grannskapseffekter, stigmatiseringsprocesser samt blandad boendemiljö med empiriskt material från två fallstudieområden i Botkyrka Kommun, ämnar den här uppsatsen studera konsekvenser av boendesegregation.Resultatet av fallstudien och litteraturstudien har visat upp ett komplext forskningsläge där det, dels går att finna forskare som använder teorin om grannskapseffekter som utgångspunkt i sin forskning, medan det å andra sidan finns skeptiker som pekar på empiriska brister vad gäller beläggen för existensen av grannskapseffekter.I fallstudieområdena har det kunnat noteras relativt stora skillnader mellan den socioekonomiska karriären för unga vuxna i de båda områdena. Antydan till en exogen effekt av boende i områdena, har noterats, men i en studie av denna karaktären har inte ett orsakssamband mellan boendeområdet och invånarnas socioekonomiska karriär helt kunnat fastställas. / The research regarding residential segregation has in recent years come to play an increasingly large role in the debate concerning segregation in Sweden. This paper is a literature study which discusses how researchers both have studied and are studying the conceptofsegregat ion,howsegregat ionismadevisible,whyitoccursa ndwhat consequences it may bring.By connecting the current discussion of residential segregation, neighbourhood effects, stigmatisation and mixed residential environments with empirical data from two case study areas in Botkyrka Kommun in Sweden, is the intention of this paper to study the consequences of residential segregation on inhabitants.The result of the case study and the literature study has shown a complex research area, whereas you on one hand can find researchers who uses the neighbourhood effect as a basis in their research, while on the other hand there are some sceptics who points at empirical shortcomings for the evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects.Furthermore it has been possible to detect relatively large differences between the to case study areas, when it comes to the socio-economic career of young adults. Traces of an exogenous effect have been spotted, but the study has had difficulties in proving a cause-and- effect connection between the residential area and its inhabitants socioeconomic career.

Avec le lancement du Partenariat Euro-Méditerranéen (PEM) en 1995, les relations entre l’Union européenne et les Pays tiers méditerranéens (PTM) connaissent une évolution notable. Du fait de la mise en place d’un cadre multilatéral complété par la conclusion des accords d’association, ce Partenariat représente une rupture avec les politiques méditerranéennes antérieures. Dans le contexte du cinquième élargissement de l'Union européenne du 1er mai 2004, la Politique Européenne de Voisinage (PEV) transforme le PEM en préconisant la création d’un cercle d'amis avec les voisins méditerranéens du Sud et les nouveaux voisins de l’Est. Ce métissage est le résultat de la rencontre entre deux cadres à objectifs différents et contextes géostratégiques différents : le PEM comme cadre de coopération régionale établi dans les années quatre-vingt-dix et une PEV en tant que politique de l’UE employant les méthodologies issues du processus de préadhésion. Les transformations des relations euro-méditerranéennes après la PEV ont permis l'émergence progressive d'une nouvelle forme relationnelle avec un impact contrasté sur les dimensions bilatérale et multilatérale du PEM. Cette étude définit le résultat de cette nouvelle dynamique interactive des politiques de l’UE sous le nom de cadres de voisinage euro-méditerranéens. La délimitation des cadres de voisinage euro-méditerranéens passe par l’analyse des transformations des relations après le cinquième élargissement en distinguant la dimension multilatérale de la dimension bilatérale. Si la dimension régionale euro-méditerranéenne post-élargissement n’est que partiellement affectée par la PEV, la dimension bilatérale est, quant à elle, profondément modifiée par l’instauration progressive d’un cadre relationnel à mi-chemin entre l’association et l’adhésion. / With the launch of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) in 1995, the relation between the relationship between the EU and Mediterranean countries witnessed a significant evolution. With the establishment of a multilateral framework supplemented by the conclusion of association agreements, this Partnership represents a break with past Mediterranean policies. In the context of the fifth enlargement of the European Union on May 1st, 2004, the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) transforms the PEM; advocating for the creation of a circle of friends with Mediterranean neighbors in the South and the new neighbors in the East. This mix is the result of the encounter between two frameworks with different objectives in different geo-strategic contexts: the EMP as a regional cooperation framework established in the nineties on one hand and the ENP, i.e. an EU policy using the pre-accession process methodologies on the other hand. The transformation of Euro-Mediterranean relations after the ENP allowed for the gradual emergence of a novel relational framework with a mixed impact on the bilateral and multilateral dimensions of the EMP. This study defines the result of this new interactive dynamic of the EU policies falling under the Euro-Mediterranean neighbourhood framework. The delimitation of the Euro-Mediterranean neighbourhood frameworks involves the study of the transformations in the relations following the fifth enlargement, distinguishing between multilateral and bilateral dimensions. While the Euro-Mediterranean regional dimension post-enlargement is only partially affected by the ENP, the bilateral dimension is, in turn, profoundly changed by the progressive introduction of a relational framework halfway between the association and the membership.

Although interpersonal violence is the leading cause of nonnatural death among adolescents in South Africa, research is limited. This thesis examined homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, during the period 2001 to 2009. It aimed to describe the incidence and epidemiology; depict the situational contexts based on victim, offender and event characteristics, and to develop a situational typology of adolescent homicides; and to identify the structural factors associated with neighbourhood levels of adolescent homicide within the city. Four separate studies were conducted using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), police case records, and Census 2001. The results revealed an average annual homicide rate of 23.4/100 000, with firearm homicides decreasing considerably over the study period, while homicides due to sharp instruments and blunt force increased. The epidemiological results highlighted the vulnerability of male, and black and coloured adolescents. The typological analysis identified three categories of adolescent homicide, namely: 1) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event; 2) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument; and 3) female victims killed by male offenders, and indicates the need for multiple and focused prevention strategies. Alcohol use was also prevalent, with 39% of the victims tested having positive blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). The characteristics found to be associated with alcohol-related homicides, specifically, male victims killed with sharp instruments in public places, over the weekends and during the evenings, and by a friend/acquaintance draw attention to both the harmful pattern of intoxication-oriented drinking and the risky situational contexts in which adolescents consume alcohol. Finally, the results also showed that the incidence of male and female adolescent homicides was greater in neighbourhoods characterised by poverty and deprivation, while female adolescent homicides were also higher in neighbourhoods marked by high concentrations of households where children were not living with their parents. Overall the results point to the urgent need for a comprehensive prevention strategy that targets adolescents, their families and communities, and also addresses weapon availability, alcohol use, and issues of masculinity and gender to reduce homicides among adolescents. / D. Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung. / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.

But La diminution du transport actif scolaire est une problématique préoccupante dont les déterminants sont encore mal connus. Nous nous sommes donc penchée sur la question suivante : Quelle est la contribution de l’environnement bâti pour le choix d’un mode de transport actif pour les déplacements scolaires des enfants demeurant à proximité de leur école ? Méthodologie Pour répondre à cette question, nous nous sommes basée sur le cadre conceptuel de Tracy McMillan. Nous avons caractérisé le voisinage de trois écoles en milieu urbain et de trois écoles en milieu suburbain de la région de Montréal. Également, nous avons analysé les données du Groupe de recherche Ville et mobilité concernant les comportements des enfants ainsi que les comportements et perceptions des parents. Résultats Quatre des cas à l’étude se démarquent en raison de leur forte proportion de transport actif scolaire, soit les trois milieux urbains et un milieu suburbain. Les points communs de ces quatre cas sont la perméabilité du réseau viaire pour les piétons et les cyclistes et la perception favorable des parents vis-à-vis le transport actif scolaire. Conclusion Les environnements suburbains génèrent des comportements de transport actif uniquement chez les enfants alors que les environnements urbains génèrent systématiquement des comportements de transport actif chez les adultes et les enfants. Ce faisant, nous pouvons penser que les caractéristiques de l’environnement bâti des milieux urbains influencent les perceptions et les comportements des parents en faveur du transport actif scolaire. / Purpose The proportion of children actively commuting to school has decreased significantly but few studies have investigated factors that might affect school mobility. This research examines the influence of a wide range of factors (such as urban form characteristics, parent’s travel behaviours and parental perceptions) on school travel behaviour for children who live near school. Methods The Tracy McMillan’s conceptual framework of an elementary-aged child’s trip to school was used. We objectively measured environmental attributes of three urban neighbourhoods and three suburban neighbourhoods in Montreal metropolitan area. Data of the Groupe de recherche Ville et mobilité regarding children trips to school, parental perceptions and parents’ travel behaviours were analysed. Results A high proportion of children are actively commuting to school in the three urban neighbourhoods and in one suburban neighbourhood. Connectivity for pedestrians and cyclists and positive parental perception of school active transportation are positively associated with high proportion of walking and biking to school in these four neighbourhoods. Conclusion Suburban neighbourhoods support active transportation only for children whereas urban neighbourhoods support active transportation for children and parents. Attributes of built environment in urban neighbourhoods seem to have a positive effect on parental perceptions and behaviours regarding walking and biking for school trips.

La prévalence du tabagisme a diminué dans les dernières décennies, mais les inégalités sociales reliées au tabagisme s’accentuent. Les stratégies de dénormalisation du tabagisme ont amené la stigmatisation des fumeurs. Le lien entre celle-ci et la défavorisation de quartier est mal compris. Cette étude qualitative a comparé les expériences de stigmatisation de quinze jeunes femmes fumeuses dont la moitié vivait dans des quartiers très défavorisés de Montréal et l’autre moitié résidait dans les quartiers les moins défavorisés. Dans ces derniers, stigmatiser les fumeurs fait partie de la norme. Le tabagisme est vu comme un symbole de pauvreté, entraînant l’utilisation de stratégies pour se distancer du stigma. Dans les quartiers défavorisés, les participantes rapportaient une stigmatisation basée sur le genre et elles tentaient d’y échapper en se cachant pour fumer. Les résultats mettent en lumière les effets non attendus des politiques anti-tabac et pourraient contribuer au développement de politiques plus équitables. / Smoking prevalence decreased in the last decades, but social inequalities in smoking increased. Strategies aiming to denormalize smoking have led to the stigmatization of smokers. However, what is not well understood is the connection between this stigmatization and neighbourhood deprivation. This qualitative study compared experiences of stigma from fifteen young women who smoke. Half lived in the most deprived neighbourhoods of Montreal and the other half, in the least deprived neighbourhoods. In the latter, stigmatizing smokers was part of the norm. Smoking was seen as a symbol of poverty, resulting in the use of strategies to distance themselves from stigma. In the most deprived neighbourhoods, participants reported gender based stigma which they attempted to escape by hiding when smoking. These findings bring to light unexpected effects of anti-tobacco policies and could contribute to the development of more equitable policies.

Cette recherche traite du sujet de la gouvernance urbaine locale au delà de son aspect conceptuel ou analytique. Il est question d'appréhender la gouvernance urbaine locale à travers : le projet urbain, les moyens et mécanismes de la gestion de la chose publique aussi bien législatifs que techniques, ainsi qu'à travers les pratiques des acteurs publics et l'ensemble des parties prenantes dont les acteurs de la société civile locale. En s'appuyant sur l'exemple du projet de la requalification urbaine de la rue de la République à Marseille, l'étude s'intéresse également à montrer la capacité et l'apport des associations de quartier dans la défense des intérêts des citoyens et la promotion de la démocratie participative locale. Par ailleurs, la recherche aborde la question de l'impact des mutations scocio-économiques, dues au croisement des politiques publiques, et l'intervention des acteurs économiques aussi bien sur l'espace micro-local, en l'occurrence la rue, que sur le milieu urbain et les citoyens. C'est tout l'intérêt de cette recherche de montrer l'impact des logiques économiques et politiques sur la gestion du projet urbain et la place qu'occupent les citoyens et les acteurs associatifs dans le processus décisionnel. / This research deals with the subject of local urban governance beyond its conceptual or analytical aspect. It is question to understanding the local urban governance through: the urban project, the means and mechanisms for the management of the public affairs as well as techniques and practices of public and all stakeholders, including local civil society actors. Based on the example of urban regeneration project in the street of the République in Marseille, the study also showed the ability and the contribution of neighbourhood associations in the interests of citizens and promotion of local participatory democracy. Furthermore, the research addresses the question of the impact of mutations scocio-economic due to the crossing of public policy and the intervention of economic actors on the micro-local space, namely the street, and on the urban citizens. It's the whole interest of this research to show the impact of economic and political logics on the urban project and to show the place of citizens and civil society actors in decision making.

Résumé indisponible. / A healthcare network or health system consists of all organizations, actions and people who participate to promote, restore or maintain people’s health. The health care systems in many developed countries are facing increasing costs. The major reason is the changing age distribution of the population with more elderly people in need of support. Increasing healthcare costs has created new alternatives to traditional hospitalization in which one is Home Health Care (HHC). Home health care or domiciliary care is the provision of health care and assistance to people in their own homes, according to a formal assessment of their needs. HHC has attained a specific place in healthcare network. HHC programs have now been successfully implemented in many countries. The purpose of HHC is to provide the care and support needed to assist patients to live independently in their own homes. HHC is primarily performed by means of personal visitations of healthcare workers to patients in their homes, where they provide care assistance according to patients’ needs. In this thesis we have considered different aspects of planning problems for home health care services. The efficient use of resources is necessary in continuous healthcare services. To meet the increased demand of HHC, operation research specialist can play an important role by solving the various combinatorial optimization problems arising in HHC. These problems can be tactical, strategic or operational with respect to planning horizon. Strategic problems are those which help in attaining long term goals or objectives, e.g. higher level of quality for HHC patients and efficient use of resources. These strategic objectives can be achieved through tactical i.e. medium term panning and operational planning i.e. short term planning. The main purpose of our thesis is to identify these potential optimization problems and solve them via recent metaheuristics. HHC is an alternative to traditional hospitalization and has got a significant share in the organization of healthcare in developed countries. The change in aging demographics, recent development in technology and the increase in the demand of healthcare services are major reasons for this rapid growth. Some studies show HHC as a tool to reduce costs of care, which is a major preoccupation in developed countries. Some others reveal that it leads to the improvement of patients’ satisfaction without increasing the resources. Home health care, i.e. visiting and nursing patients in their homes, is a flourishing realm in the medical industry. The number of companies has grown largely both in public and private sectors. The staffing needs for HHC companies have been expanded as well. Also they face the problem of assigning geographically dispersed patients to home healthcare workers and preparing daily schedules for these workers. The challenge of this problem is to combine aspects of vehicle routing and staff rostering. Both of them are well known NP- hard combinatorial optimization problems, it means the amount of computational time required to find solution increases exponentially with problem size. Home healthcare workers scheduling problem is difficult to solve optimally due to presence of large number of constraints. These are two types of constraints: hard constraints and soft constraints. The hard constraints are the restrictions to be fulfilled for the schedules to be applicable and soft constraints are preferences to improve the quality of these schedules. (...)

One of the major analytical shortcomings regularly made by EU and NATO experts today lies with exclusively seeing the European defence project as a post-World War II (WWII) phenomenon and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) as mainly a post-Cold War product. No analyst has so far seriously explored the idea of European defence predating WWII and the 20th century. Instead, since 1999 one frequently reads and hears about the ‘anomalous,’ ‘elusive’ CSDP suddenly complicating transatlantic relations. But the CSDP is hardly an oddity or aberration, and it is certainly not as mysterious as some might suggest. Drawing extensively from primary sources and predicated on an overarching evolutionist approach, this thesis shows that the present CSDP is an ephemeral security and defence concept, only the latest of its kind and full of potential. Drawing its deepest ideational roots from the (pre-)Enlightenment era, the CSDP leads to a pan-European defence almost irreversibly. A common defence for Europe is quite possible and, due to the growing impact of the exogenous (multipolar) momentum, can be realized sooner rather than later even without a full-fledged European federation. / May 2016

Par l’élaboration du Partenariat oriental en 2009, l’Union européenne (Union) cherche à renforcer ses relations avec les pays du Caucase du Sud. Son objectif est de créer un cadre juridique nouveau afin de susciter un saut qualitatif d’une partie de la politique européenne de voisinage (PEV), lancée en 2003 en direction des pays voisins. Il s’agit d’aboutir à un niveau de relations à mi-chemin entre l’association et l’adhésion à l’Union. Il est notamment prévu une multitude d’instruments normatifs et opérationnels, des institutions propres qui s’ajoutent à celles de l’Union et l’efficacité repose sur des principes juridiques fondamentaux que sont : la conditionnalité, la différenciation, l’appropriation commune et la responsabilité mutuelle. Cette thèse a pour finalité d’étudier de quelle manière, à travers le Partenariat oriental, l’Union améliore son influence normative auprès des pays du Caucase du Sud et de voir comment s’opère l’incorporation de l’acquis communautaire de l’Union dans le droit respectif de ces pays. / By elaborating the « Eastern Partnership » in 2009 in Prague, the European Union (EU) seeks to strengthen its relations with the countries of the South Caucasus. Its objective is to create a new legal framework to stimulate a qualitative leap of part of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), launched in 2003 to neighboring countries. This is to achieve a level halfway relations between the association and the membership of the Union. This shall include a multitude of normative and operational instruments, institutions own in addition to those of the Union and effectiveness is based on fundamental legal principles are: conditionality, differentiation and joint ownership mutual accountability. This thesis aims to explore how, through the Eastern Partnership, the EU improves its normative influence with the South Caucasus countries and see how operates the incorporation of the acquis communautaire of the Union in the respective right of these countries.