Active layer morphology of polymer-based solar cells plays an important role in improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this thesis, the focus is to improve the device efficiency of polymer-based solar cells. In the first objective, active layer morphology of polymer-solar cells was optimized though a novel solvent annealing technique. The second objective was to explore the possibility of replacing the highly sensitive aluminum cathode layer with a low-cost and stable alternative, copper metal. Large scale manufacturing of these solar cells is also explored using roll-to-roll printing techniques. Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl (PCBM) were used as the active layer blend for fabricating the solar cell devices using bulk heterojunction (BHJ), which is a blend of a donor polymer and an acceptor material. Blends of the donor polymer, P3HT and acceptor, PCBM were cast using spin coating and the resulting active layers were solvent annealed with dichlorobenzene in an inert atmosphere. Solvent annealed devices showed improved morphology with nano-phase segregation revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The roughness of the active layer was found to be 6.5 nm. The nano-phase segregation was attributed to PCBM clusters and P3HT domains being arranged under the solvent annealing conditions. These test devices showed PCE up to 9.2 % with current density of 32.32 mA/cm2, which is the highest PCE reported to date for a P3HT-PCBM based system. Copper was deposited instead of the traditional aluminum for device fabrication. We were able to achieve similar PCEs with copper-based devices. Conductivity measurements were done on thermally deposited copper films using the two-probe method. Further, for these two configurations, PCE and other photovoltaic parameters were compared. Finally, we studied new techniques of large scale fabrication such as ultrasonic spray coating, screen-printing, and intense pulse light sintering, using the facilities at the Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research at the University of Louisville. In this study, prototype devices were fabricated on flexible ITO coated plastics. Sintering greatly improved the conductivity of the copper nano-ink cathode layer. We will explore this technique’s application to large-scale fabrication of solar cell devices in the future work.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) forment la plus grande et la plus diversifiée des familles de protéines localisées à la surface cellulaire et responsables de la transmission de signaux à l’intérieur des cellules. D’intenses recherches effectuées au cours des trente dernières années ont mené à l’identification de dizaines de protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant la signalisation, la désensibilisation, l’internalisation et la dégradation de ces importantes cibles pharmacologiques. Contrairement aux processus régulant l’activité des récepteurs à partir de la membrane plasmique, les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la biosynthèse des RCPGs dans le reticulum endoplasmique (RE) et leur transport jusqu’à la surface cellulaire sont très peu caractérisés. Une meilleure compréhension de ces processus nécessite l’identification de la machinerie protéique responsable de la maturation des RCPGs. Un crible protéomique basé sur le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), qui permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques dans les cellules vivantes, a mené à l’identification de plusieurs nouvelles protéines localisées dans la voie de sécrétion et interagissant potentiellement avec les RCPGs. Ces protéines étant localisées dans les compartiments cellulaires (reticulum endoplasmique et appareil de Golgi) responsables de la synthèse, du repliement adéquat et du transport à la membrane plasmique des récepteurs, il est très probable qu’elles soient impliquées dans le contrôle de l’expression des RCPGs à la surface cellulaire. La caractérisation de l’homologue humain de cornichon 4 (CNIH4), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs identifié dans le crible, a démontré que cette protéine localisée dans les compartiments précoces de la voie de sécrétion (RE et ERGIC) interagit de façon sélective avec les RCPGs. De plus, la suppression de l’expression endogène de cette protéine préalablement non-caractérisée, diminue le transport à la membrane plasmique d’un récepteur, indiquant que CNIH4 influence positivement l’export des RCPGs du RE. Ceci est supporté par l’observation que la surexpression de CNIH4 à de faibles niveaux favorise la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE. Nous avons également pu démontrer que CNIH4 est associée à la protéine Sec23, une des composantes de l’enveloppe des vésicules COPII qui sont responsables du transport des protéines du RE vers le Golgi, suggérant que CNIH4 pourrait favoriser le recrutement des récepteurs dans ces vésicules. La surexpression de CNIH4 à de très hauts niveaux provoque également la rétention intracellulaire des récepteurs. Cet effet dominant négatif pourrait être causé par la titration d’un autre facteur d’export des RCPGs. Une deuxième étude a permis de révéler que la protéine transmembranaire 9 (TMEM9), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs également identifié dans le crible, interagit sélectivement avec les récepteurs et avec CNIH4. La surexpression de cette protéine aux fonctions précédemment inconnues, rétablit le transport normal d’un récepteur en présence de CNIH4 surexprimée. De plus, la co-expression de TMEM9 potentialise la capacité de CNIH4 à augmenter la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE, suggérant que ces deux protéines forment un complexe régulant la maturation des RCPGs. Au cours de cette thèse, de nouvelles protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant leur expression à la membrane plasmique ont donc été identifiées, permettant une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulant le transport des récepteurs du RE à la surface cellulaire. / G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) form the largest and most diversified family of cell-surface receptors responsible for signal transduction inside the cells. Extensive research over the last thirty years have led to the identification of multiple proteins interacting with GPCRs and controlling the signalisation, desensitization, internalization and degradation of these important pharmaceutical targets. In contrast to the processes regulating GPCR activity at the plasma membrane, the molecular mechanisms controlling GPCR biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their transport to the cell-surface are poorly characterized. The identification of the proteins regulating GPCR maturation is essential in order to understand how receptors are expressed at the plasma membrane. A proteomic screen based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which allows for the detection of protein-protein interaction in living cells, led to the identification of several potential novel GPCR interactors localized in the secretory pathway. Since the cellular compartments where these proteins are localized are responsible for the synthesis, proper folding and transport to the plasma membrane of the receptors, it is highly probable that they are involve in regulating GPCR cell-surface expression. The characterization of the human cornichon homolog 4 (CNIH4), a novel GPCR interactor identified in the screen, showed that this protein localized in the early secretory pathway (ER and ERGIC), selectively interacts with GPCRs. Knockdown of the endogenous expression of this previously uncharacterized protein led to a decrease in the cell-surface expression of a receptor indicating that CNIH4 has a positive function in the ER export of GPCR. Supporting this, over-expression of CNIH4 at low levels increased the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER. Moreover, CNIH4 interacts with Sec23, a component of the inner coat of COPII vesicles which transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that CNIH4 could recruit GPCRs in these vesicles. CNIH4 over-expression at very high levels also resulted in the intracellular trapping of the receptors. This dominant negative effet could be caused by the titration of another component of the GPCR export process. Another study showed that the transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9), a novel GPCR interactor also identified in the screen, selectively interacts with GPCRs and CNIH4. Over-expression of this protein of previously unknown function restored normal receptor trafficking in presence of over-expressed CNIH4. Morevover, co-expression of TMEM9 potentialized CNIH4 ability to increase the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER, suggesting that these proteins form a complex regulating GPCR maturation. During this thesis, novel GPCR interacting proteins controlling receptor expression at the plasma membrane were identified, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling receptor trafficking from the ER to the cell-surface.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) forment la plus grande et la plus diversifiée des familles de protéines localisées à la surface cellulaire et responsables de la transmission de signaux à l’intérieur des cellules. D’intenses recherches effectuées au cours des trente dernières années ont mené à l’identification de dizaines de protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant la signalisation, la désensibilisation, l’internalisation et la dégradation de ces importantes cibles pharmacologiques. Contrairement aux processus régulant l’activité des récepteurs à partir de la membrane plasmique, les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la biosynthèse des RCPGs dans le reticulum endoplasmique (RE) et leur transport jusqu’à la surface cellulaire sont très peu caractérisés. Une meilleure compréhension de ces processus nécessite l’identification de la machinerie protéique responsable de la maturation des RCPGs. Un crible protéomique basé sur le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), qui permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques dans les cellules vivantes, a mené à l’identification de plusieurs nouvelles protéines localisées dans la voie de sécrétion et interagissant potentiellement avec les RCPGs. Ces protéines étant localisées dans les compartiments cellulaires (reticulum endoplasmique et appareil de Golgi) responsables de la synthèse, du repliement adéquat et du transport à la membrane plasmique des récepteurs, il est très probable qu’elles soient impliquées dans le contrôle de l’expression des RCPGs à la surface cellulaire. La caractérisation de l’homologue humain de cornichon 4 (CNIH4), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs identifié dans le crible, a démontré que cette protéine localisée dans les compartiments précoces de la voie de sécrétion (RE et ERGIC) interagit de façon sélective avec les RCPGs. De plus, la suppression de l’expression endogène de cette protéine préalablement non-caractérisée, diminue le transport à la membrane plasmique d’un récepteur, indiquant que CNIH4 influence positivement l’export des RCPGs du RE. Ceci est supporté par l’observation que la surexpression de CNIH4 à de faibles niveaux favorise la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE. Nous avons également pu démontrer que CNIH4 est associée à la protéine Sec23, une des composantes de l’enveloppe des vésicules COPII qui sont responsables du transport des protéines du RE vers le Golgi, suggérant que CNIH4 pourrait favoriser le recrutement des récepteurs dans ces vésicules. La surexpression de CNIH4 à de très hauts niveaux provoque également la rétention intracellulaire des récepteurs. Cet effet dominant négatif pourrait être causé par la titration d’un autre facteur d’export des RCPGs. Une deuxième étude a permis de révéler que la protéine transmembranaire 9 (TMEM9), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs également identifié dans le crible, interagit sélectivement avec les récepteurs et avec CNIH4. La surexpression de cette protéine aux fonctions précédemment inconnues, rétablit le transport normal d’un récepteur en présence de CNIH4 surexprimée. De plus, la co-expression de TMEM9 potentialise la capacité de CNIH4 à augmenter la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE, suggérant que ces deux protéines forment un complexe régulant la maturation des RCPGs. Au cours de cette thèse, de nouvelles protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant leur expression à la membrane plasmique ont donc été identifiées, permettant une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulant le transport des récepteurs du RE à la surface cellulaire. / G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) form the largest and most diversified family of cell-surface receptors responsible for signal transduction inside the cells. Extensive research over the last thirty years have led to the identification of multiple proteins interacting with GPCRs and controlling the signalisation, desensitization, internalization and degradation of these important pharmaceutical targets. In contrast to the processes regulating GPCR activity at the plasma membrane, the molecular mechanisms controlling GPCR biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their transport to the cell-surface are poorly characterized. The identification of the proteins regulating GPCR maturation is essential in order to understand how receptors are expressed at the plasma membrane. A proteomic screen based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which allows for the detection of protein-protein interaction in living cells, led to the identification of several potential novel GPCR interactors localized in the secretory pathway. Since the cellular compartments where these proteins are localized are responsible for the synthesis, proper folding and transport to the plasma membrane of the receptors, it is highly probable that they are involve in regulating GPCR cell-surface expression. The characterization of the human cornichon homolog 4 (CNIH4), a novel GPCR interactor identified in the screen, showed that this protein localized in the early secretory pathway (ER and ERGIC), selectively interacts with GPCRs. Knockdown of the endogenous expression of this previously uncharacterized protein led to a decrease in the cell-surface expression of a receptor indicating that CNIH4 has a positive function in the ER export of GPCR. Supporting this, over-expression of CNIH4 at low levels increased the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER. Moreover, CNIH4 interacts with Sec23, a component of the inner coat of COPII vesicles which transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that CNIH4 could recruit GPCRs in these vesicles. CNIH4 over-expression at very high levels also resulted in the intracellular trapping of the receptors. This dominant negative effet could be caused by the titration of another component of the GPCR export process. Another study showed that the transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9), a novel GPCR interactor also identified in the screen, selectively interacts with GPCRs and CNIH4. Over-expression of this protein of previously unknown function restored normal receptor trafficking in presence of over-expressed CNIH4. Morevover, co-expression of TMEM9 potentialized CNIH4 ability to increase the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER, suggesting that these proteins form a complex regulating GPCR maturation. During this thesis, novel GPCR interacting proteins controlling receptor expression at the plasma membrane were identified, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling receptor trafficking from the ER to the cell-surface.

Definované markery tvoří základ určování polohy kamery pro velké množství aplikací s rozšířenou realitou, v případě že jsou přísné požadavky na rychlost a robustnost. Tato práce popisuje účinnou metodu pro určení pózy kamery pomocí Uniformního pole markerů a několik realistických aplikací na bázi popsané metody. Metoda je velice výpočetně levná a poskytuje spolehlivou detekci pro několik výpočetních platforem, včetně běžných chytrých telefonů. Markery jako část zobrazené informace na monitorech jsou použité v této práci pro určení relativní orientaci mezi poskytovatelem obsahu a užívatelským zařízením, sloužícím pro výběr prvků užívatelského rozhraní při  interakci a migraci úkolů. Ve filmařském průmyslu poskytuje popsaná metoda pro zjištění polohy kamery jako součást klíčovaní pozadí filmářům živý náhled virtuální scény. Výsledky ukazují, že popsaná metoda pro detekci pole markerů má srovnatelnou úspěšnost a přesnost v porovnání s ostatními metodami na bázi markerů a je několikrát rýchlejší. Aplikace zahrnuté v této práci podle výsledků testů jsou životaschopné - rychlejší a levnější - alternativy k existujícím řešením.

Současné vizuální markerové systémy mají jednu zásadní nevýhodu oproti tzv. markerless přístupům - pohyb kamery je omezen na oblast pokrytou markery. V každém snímku musí být marker dostatečně velký, aby jej bylo možné identifikovat a vypočítat pozici a rotaci kamery. Zároveň musí být dostatečně malý, aby se celý (nebo alespoň jeho podstatná část) vešel do záběru kamery. Avšak tyto požadavky jsou protichůdné. Tato práce nabízí řešení tohoto problému za pomoci konceptu Marker Fields. Jde o strukturu, jejíž přítomnost je možné v obraze kamery snadno detekovat a identifikovat část, na kterou se kamera právě dívá, a to na základě jakékoli (malé) podoblasti s definovanou velikostí. Aby bylo možné podoblasti identifikovat zblízka i zdálky, nejsou od sebe odděleny, ale do velké míry se překrývají. V této práci jsou vysvětleny různé implementace konceptu marker fields, spolu s jejich zamýšleným použitím a výhodami a nevýhodami. Jako důkaz použitelnosti marker fields v reálném světě, se druhá největší část této práce věnuje popisu jejich reálných aplikací.

Despote the indisputable advantages of fine-pitch components, is need to calculate with a few trouble during production, especially increased requirements for accuracy of mounting and solder printing. In this work I’m concerned with problems of solder printing for these components and evaluation using SPC. For the evaluation I used 3D paste inspection based on laser scanning of the surface. The output of this work is to describe the principles of solder printing and elaborating of GR&R, SPC analysis and histograms of solder printing for some outputs. I focused in my master thesis on motive design change of problematic components and economic evaluation of the adjustments.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / ALDH isoenzymes are known to impact the sensitivity of certain neoplastic cells toward cyclophosphamides and its analogs. Despite its bone marrow toxicity, cyclophos-phamide is still used to treat various recalcitrant forms of cancer. When activated, cyclo-phosphamide forms aldophosphamide that can spontaneously form the toxic phospho-ramide mustard, an alkylating agent unless detoxified by ALDH isozymes to the carbox-yphosphamide metabolite. Prior work has demonstrated that the ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 isoenzymes can convert aldophosphamide to carboxyphosphamide. This has also been verified by over expression and siRNA knockdown studies. Selective small molecule inhibitors for these ALDH isoenzymes are not currently available. We hypothe-sized that novel and selective small molecule inhibitors of ALDH3A1 would enhance cancer cells’ sensitivity toward cyclophosphamide. If successful, this approach can widen the therapeutic treatment window for cyclophosphamides; permitting lower effective dos-ing regimens with reduced toxicity. An esterase based absorbance assay was optimized in a high throughput setting and 101, 000 compounds were screened and two new selective inhibitors for ALDH3A1, which have IC50 values of 0.2 µM (CB7) and 16 µM (CB29) were discovered. These two compounds compete for aldehyde binding, which was vali-dated both by kinetic and crystallographic studies. Structure activity relationship dataset has helped us determine the basis of potency and selectivity of these compounds towards ALDH3A1 activity. Our data is further supported by mafosfamide (an analog of cyclo-phosphamide) chemosensitivity data, performed on lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and gli-oblastoma (SF767) cell lines. Overall, I have identified two compounds, which inhibit ALDH3A1’s dehydrogenase activity selectively and increases sensitization of ALDH3A1 positive cells to aldophosphamide and its analogs. This may have the potential in improving chemotherapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide as well as to help us understand better the role of ALDH3A1 in cells. Future work will focus on testing these compounds on other cancer cell lines that involve ALDH3A1 expression as a mode of chemoresistance.

During my master program in acting 2021-23 at Stockholm University of the Arts I coined the term deneurotypicalize and a definition of art as ART to guide my now and future work of trying to deneurotypicalize acting technique and understand what the ART of the SoMe Actor might be and do and and if there is or should be a difference between a neurotypical and neurodiverse way of applying oneself and communicate with said audience on said platform(s)? This all resulted in over 150 pages of written words, and a great deal more written documentation; a performance lecture on the 2nd of May 2023 with a Q&amp;A, several short films and Social Media interactions, 3 Surveys about ADHD-acting and art, 3 events on Scenkonstbiennalen (2022); and this master thesis and a research catalogue page with a more general documentation, too. ADHD, ART, Social Media and acting is more connected than I first realised, maybe because ADHD-actors have an affinity for ARTing which can be, and not be, an asset during ARTistic-processes. Lots of further research is needed, and in larger quantities. The ADHD relation to the arts might seem obvious because the out of the box thinking, hyperfocus, hyperfixation and only being able to follow your strongest passions and interests but it can also be because the rest of the society isn’t built for ARTing or ADHD-people which makes the field of arts so alluring. And maybe more often than we’d like to admit: also a very all consuming — especially if all the ARTistic-processes are based upon neurotypical standards — energy draining (and worst case scenario a death) trap. / Under mitt masterprogram i skådespeleri 2021-23 vid Stockholms konsthögskola myntade jag termen deneurotypicalize (avneurotypikalisera) och en definition av konst som ART för att vägleda mitt nu- och framtida arbete med att försöka avneurotypikalisera skådespeleritekniken och förstå vad the ART of/ADHD Socialamedie-skådespelarkonsten är och kan vara och göra och och om det finns någon skillnad eller borde vara skillnad mellan ett neurotypiskt och neurodiverst sätt att applicera sig och kommunicera med nämnda publik på nämnda plattform(ar)? Allt detta resulterade i över 150 sidor med skrivna ord och mycket mer skriftlig dokumentation; en performanceföreläsning den 2 maj 2023 med en Q&amp;A, flera kortfilmer och sociala medier interaktioner, 3 undersökningar om ADHD-skådespeleri och konst, 3 evenemang på Scenkonstbiennalen (2022); och denna masteruppsats och en forskningskatalogsida med mer allmän dokumentation. ADHD, ART, sociala medier och skådespeleri hänger mer ihop än jag först insåg, kanske för att ADHD-skådespelare har en fördel när det kommer till att kontsta (ARTing) som kan vara, och inte vara, en tillgång under KONSTnärliga processer (ARTistic-processes). Det behövs mycket mer forskning, och i större mängder. ADHD-relationen till konsten kan tyckas uppenbar på grund av out of the box-tänkande, hyperfokus, hyperfixering och bara kunna följa dina starkaste passioner och intressen, men det kan också bero på att resten av samhället inte är byggt för att konsta (ARTing) eller ADHD-människor som gör konstområdet så lockande. Och kanske oftare än vi skulle vilja erkänna också: en väldigt allförbrukande - speciellt om alla konstnärliga processer är baserade på neurotypiska standarder - energitömmande (och värsta scenariot en dödsfalls-) fälla. / <p>Since this is an artistic work there was an IRL examination of my performance lecture on the second of May 2023 and also an examination of this master thesis of 127 pages on the 26th of May 2023 that both were passed by Ulrika Malmgren. And, also a research catalouge page https://www.researchcatalogue.net/view/1398260/1398261 that will be published at the same time as this thesis: all three is a part of Alexander Lindman's IDP at Stockholm University of the Arts. All interlinked; all stand alone.</p>

Optical scattering measurement devices are used to measure light reflection and light scattering from materials, to obtain data of the surface and bulk properties of materials. The measurement data are often used in research and development projects where material requirements are important, also for quality control in manufacturing processes, in different optical simulations and can be used for photorealistic rendering. In this master thesis project conducted at AFRY, a multifunctional team will develop an optical scattering measurement device that aims to collect data more accurately than current devices on the market. This thesis will focus on the mechanical design of the device which consists of the stability and movement of the components, the environment of the measurements and material selection with a focus on performance and sustainability. The optical model that will act as a basis for the development will be a gonioreflectometer consisting of a material sample, sample holder, light source, detector and an environment in which the measurements are conducted. Some of the physical, cognitive and emotional needs of the intended user are efficient use, low risk of misuse, reliable and high precision. A thorough requirement specification was made as a framework for the concept generation. The selected concept provides the movement of the optical components with an angular step enabling the desired optical scattering measurement. The selected stepper motor and gear ratio provides the flexibility of the movement, making it easy for the user to change angular steps of the optical components, enabling both fine and rough measurements. A separating screen was chosen for both concepts in order to avoid light contamination between measurements and the material sample holder resembles a frame that allows for mounting the material sample outside of the device. The mechanical system has a high stability and the material black anodized aluminum further contributes to the sturdiness of the construction. A physical prototype was created to validate the movement, since the movement of the detector and light source will be similar, only the detector movement was prototyped. The prototype showed that the movement of the detector worked in the desired way, hence the construction of the movement is approved. The scope was delimited in consensus with the project members and supervisors due to the time frame, hence there is future work on the device that should be accounted for. In conclusion, the purpose of the project was fulfilled after delimiting the goals and a conceptual solution was created that fulfilled the requirements of the project. / Optiska mätinstrument används för att mäta ljusreflektion och ljusspridning från material, för att erhålla data om materialets yt- och bulkegenskaper. Mätdata används ofta i forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt där materialkrav är viktiga, även för kvalitetskontroll i tillverkningsprocesser, i olika optiska simuleringar och kan användas för fotorealistisk rendering. I detta examensarbete, genomfört på AFRY, kommer ett multifunktionellt team att utveckla en optisk spridningsmätningsenhet som syftar till att samla in data mer noggrant. Denna avhandling kommer att fokusera på den mekaniska designen av enheten som består av stabiliteten och rörelsen av komponenterna, mätmiljön och materialval med fokus på prestanda och hållbarhet. Den optiska modellen som kommer att ligga till grund för utvecklingen kommer att vara en gonioreflektometer bestående av ett materialprov, provhållare, ljuskälla, detektor och en miljö där mätningarna genomförs. Några av de fysiska, kognitiva och emotionella behoven hos den avsedda användaren är effektiv användning, låg risk för felanvändning, pålitlighet och hög precision. En noggrann kravspecifikation gjordes som en ram för konceptgenereringen. Det valda konceptet möjliggör rörelse av de optiska komponenterna med ett vinkelsteg som tillåter den önskade optiska spridningsmätningen. Den valda stegmotorn och utväxlingen ger flexibilitet i rörelsen, detta bidrar till att det är enkelt för användaren att ändra vinkelstegen för de optiska komponenterna, vilket tillåter både fina och grova mätningar. En avskiljningsskärm valdes för att undvika ljuskontaminering mellan mätningarna och materialprovhållaren liknar en ram där materialprovet monteras utanför enheten. Det mekaniska systemet har en hög stabilitet och materialet svart anodiserad aluminium bidrar till konstruktionens robusthet. En fysisk prototyp skapades för att validera rörelsen, eftersom rörelsen av detektorn och ljuskällan kommer att vara liknande, återskapades endast detektorns rörelse. Prototypen visade att detektorns rörelse fungerade på önskat sätt, därmed godkänns konstruktionen av rörelsen. Projektets mål avgränsades i samförstånd med projektmedlemmarna och handledarna på grund av tidsramen, därmed finns det framtida arbete för mätinstrumentet som bör beaktas. Sammanfattningsvis uppfylldes projektets syfte efter att målen avgränsats och en konceptuell lösning skapades som uppfyllde projektets krav.

Information technology evidence consists of a mix of representations of various applications of digital electronic equipment, and can be brought to the fore in all contexts that result in legal decisions. The occurrence of such evidence in legal proceedings, and other legal decision-making, is a phenomenon previously not researched within legal science in Sweden. The thesis examines some of the consequences resulting from the occurrence of information technology evidence within Swedish practical legal and judicial decision-making. The thesis has three main focal points. The first consists of a broad identification of legal problems that information technology evidence entails. The second focal point examines the legal terminology associated with information technology evidence. The third focal point consists of identifying sources of error pertaining to information technology evidence from the adjudicator’s point of view. The examination utilizes a Swedish legal viewpoint from a perspective of the public trust in courts. Conclusions include a number of legal problems in several areas, primarily in regards to the knowledge of the adjudicator, the qualification of different means of evidence and the consequences of representational evidence upon its evaluation. In order to properly evaluate information technology evidence, judges are – to a greater extent than for other types of evidence – in need of (objective) knowledge supplementary to that provided by parties and their witnesses and experts. Furthermore, the current Swedish evidence terminology has been identified as a complex of problems in and of itself. The thesis includes suggestions on certain additions to this terminology. Several sources of error have been identified as being attributable to different procedures associated with the handling of information technology evidence, in particular in relation to computer forensic investigations. There is a general need for future research focused on matters regarding both standards of proof for and evaluation of information technology evidence. In addition, a need for deeper legal scientific studies aimed at evidence theory has been identified, inter alia regarding the extent to which frequency theories are applicable in respect to information technology evidence. The need for related further discussions on future emerging areas such as negative evidence and predictive evidence are foreseen.