La harina de pescado es uno de los commodities que lidera las exportaciones del Perú, seguido de países como Dinamarca, Chile, Estados Unidos, Vietnam, entre otros. Dentro los años 2015 al 2019, el incremento de las exportaciones de harina de pescado hacia China ha sido muy relevante, esto se debe a que este producto es una de las fuentes proteicas más importantes a nivel mundial para la alimentación ganadera, por lo que ha tenido una tendencia muy positiva. El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación entre los procesos logísticos y las exportaciones de la harina de pescado dentro de este periodo. Se optó por realizar una investigación cuantitativa. En ella, se tomó la decisión de usar como herramienta a la encuesta, con este instrumento se procedió a encuestar a 30 colaboradores con la experiencia necesaria en el rubro de las principales empresas exportadoras de harina de pescado. Asimismo, para realizar el análisis de las respuestas brindadas, se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS, con el objetivo de poder evaluar las hipótesis que fueron planteadas. De esta forma, se pudo determinar que los procesos logísticos si tienen relación con las exportaciones de harina de pescado como la gestión de inventarios, almacenamiento, compras y transporte. / Fishmeal is one of the commodities that leads Peru's exports, followed by countries such as Denmark, Chile, the United States, Vietnam and others. Within the years 2015 to 2019, the increase in fishmeal exports to China has been very relevant, this is due to the fact that this product is one of the most important protein sources worldwide for livestock feed, so it has had a very positive trend. The objective of the research is to determine the relationship between logistics processes and fishmeal exports within this period, it was decided to carry out a quantitative research, in which the decision was made to use the survey as a tool, with this instrument 30 employees with the necessary experience in the field were surveyed, from the main fishmeal exporters, the leading companies in the market. For this reason, to perform the analysis of the answers provided, the statistical program SPSS was used, in order to be able to evaluate the hypotheses that were raised. In this way, it was possible to determine that the logistics processes are related to fishmeal exports such as inventory management, storage, purchases and transportation. / Tesis

El propósito del presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar los factores que influyen en la compra en el canal digital en tiendas por departamento, en los cuales se resaltaron y se usaron como base cuatro grandes factores expuestos por Martin Lewicki, los cuales son: la arquitectura, la oferta, la información y la comunidad. Estos factores, serán detallados más adelante con el fin de poder identificar cuáles son los que generan mayor influencia en los usuarios de este medio. Asimismo, poder conocer las relaciones que guardan entre los mismos y ver en cuáles las compañías debería ponerle más énfasis para poder generar mayor cantidad de rotación de productos y así generar ganancias. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the factors that influence purchases in the digital channel by department, in which four major factors were highlighted and used as a basis by Martin Lewicki, which are: architecture, supply , information and the community. These factors will be detailed later in order to be able to identify the greatest ones that generate the greatest influence on users of this medium. Likewise, knowing the relationships between them and looking at companies in search engines should put more emphasis on it to generate a greater amount of product rotation and thus generate profits. / Trabajo de investigación

Spekulationsköp i nyproduktion av bostadsrätter förekommer i allt större utsträckning och antalet spekulationsköpare har ökat under senare år. Genom litteraturstudier samt intervjuer och enkäter med såväl byggherrar som spekulationsköpare och mäklare verksamma i nyproduktion har spekulationsmarknaden av nyproducerade bostadsrätter i Stockholms län utretts och kartlagts. Den generella spekulationsköparen är en man mellan 25-35 år med varierande kapitalstyrka som vill tjäna snabba pengar. Områden som är mest attraktiva för spekulationsköpare att investera i är centrala Stockholm och närförorter. Byggherrarna är samstämmiga i att spekulationsköp idag utgör ett problem främst med avseende på företagets affärsrisk. Mäklarna upplever inte spekulationsköp som ett problem. Både byggherrarna och mäklarna ser dock svårigheter i att förhindra spekulationsköp av nyproduktion eftersom det är svårt att identifiera vem som är spekulationsköpare. För att komma tillrätta med problematiken skulle samverkan mellan olika byggherrar och deras kundregister behöva komma till stånd, vilket strider mot befintlig lagstiftning. Efter granskning av köpprocessen i nyproduktion anser författarna att de mest riskfyllda spekulationsköparna kan förhindras genom att senarelägga upplåtelsen till tillträdet och då även låta köparen betala hela köpeskillingen som upplåtelseavgift. Idag betalas omkring 10 procent av den totala köpeskillingen som upplåtelseavgift upp till 6 månader innan tillträdet. Detta innebär att dagens köpare av nyproduktion inte behöver erlägga hela köpesumman förrän tillträde men kan ändå överlåta bostadsrätten till annan från upplåtelsen innan tillträde. Detta öppnar upp för handel med hög avkastning till låg insats. / Speculative buying of newly constructed condominiums has turned to be more common and the number of speculative buyers has increased in recent years. Through literature studies, surveys and interviews with developers as well as speculative buyers and real estate brokers within sales of new housing development, the speculation market of newly built condominiums in Stockholm have been investigated. In general, the most frequent speculation buyer is a man between 25-35 years with variable capital strength who want to make quick and easy money. Areas that are most attractive for speculative buyers to invest in are central Stockholm and the inner suburbs. The developers are unanimous in that speculative buying today is a problem mainly with respect to the company's business risk. The brokers do not experience speculative buying as a problem. Both developers and brokers see, however, difficulties in preventing speculative buying of new construction due to that it is difficult to identify who is a speculative buyer. To deal with the problem the developers would have to interact and share customer records, which is contrary to existing law. After examination of the buying process of new construction, the authors consider that the most risky speculative buyers can be prevented by delaying the concession and at that point also allow the buyer to pay the full purchase price fee. Today, buyers pay around 10 percent of the total purchase price as a concession fee up to 6 months before access. This means that today's buyers of new construction does not need to pay the entire purchase price until the access but can still sell the apartment to another person after the concession and before the access. This opens up for trade of high yield with a low effort.

El comercio electrónico ha ido evolucionando alrededor del mundo, cambiando el entorno comercial de las tiendas tradicionales. La competencia ya no se limita a los servicios que brinda una tienda física, sino que se ha vuelto necesario incursionar en el mundo digital. Asimismo, los productos comestibles en línea están en la categoría con mayor evolución en el mundo. Sin embargo, en Perú no se la ha logrado explotar debido al poco estudio de los factores que influyen en la decisión de compra. Partiendo de esta realidad, la presente investigación busca determinar qué factores externos en el comportamiento del consumidor influyen en la decisión de compra de productos comestibles en supermercados en línea. Para ello, se revisó bibliografía sobre la venta de alimentos en supermercados en línea y sobre los factores del comportamiento del consumidor. Además, se obtuvo información cualitativa mediante entrevistas a expertos y tres focus groups, para conocer la percepción acerca de este canal de comercialización. Respecto al análisis cuantitativo, se realizó encuestas con el objetivo de conocer qué factores en el comportamiento del consumidor influyen en la decisión de una compra de productos comestibles en supermercados en línea. Finalmente, se identifican características de la mujer moderna, entre las edades de 26 a 35 años, de la generación Millennial, de los niveles socioeconómicos B y C de Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, como resultado del análisis, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones en relación a la influencia de los factores externos en la decisión de compra de productos comestibles en un supermercado en línea. / In recent years, e commerce progress has evolved around the world, changing the commercial environment of traditional stores. The competition is no longer limited to the services provided by a physical store but it is necessary to enter the digital world. In that sense, the online food products sector is the category with the greatest evolution in the world. However, in Peru this sector has not been exploited due to the little study of external factors that influence in the purchase decision. Based on this, the present investigation seeks to determine which external factors of consumer behavior influence the decision to buy grocery products in online supermarkets. Therefore, bibliography was reviewed based on the sale of food in online supermarkets and based on the factors of consumer behavior. In addition, qualitative information was obtained through interviews with experts and three focus groups, this to know the perception about this commercialization channel. Regarding the quantitative analysis, surveys were carried out as planned in order to know the factors of consumer behavior that influence the decision to purchase grocery products in online supermarkets. Finally, characteristics of modern women are identified, between the ages of 26 to 35 years, of the Millennial generation of the NSE B and C of Metropolitan Lima. Likewise, as a result of the analysis, the conclusions and recommendations are presented in relation to the influence of external factors in the decision to buy grocery products in an online supermarket. / Tesis

There are directives for how public procurement should be conducted, in terms of quality,price, non-discrimination, transparency, equal treatment, reasonable requirements and how environmental, social and labor law considerations should be taken into account. Public procurement must also solve societal problems with the aim of achieving the global goals, but despite these guidelines, environmental ethical problems still remain for how a purchaser should prioritize and evaluate between the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The purpose was to investigate whether environmental ethics could make a significant contribution in highlighting and understanding the environmental ethical challenges, conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces and provide answers to how public procurement should ethically value different tenders in order to be able to choose the supplier that makes the greatest social, ecological and economic benefit to society with the aim of achieving the global goals. The conclusion is that doctor Olle Torpman's environmental ethical sub-issues make the ethical challenges, as conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces visible and comprehensible. The application of the ethics of sustainable development, specified by professor Mikael Stenmark, solves the environmental ethics problems and shows that an environmental ethics theory makes a significant contribution when it comes to providing answers to how public procurement should ethically value the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The procurement authority has been commissioned by the government to amend the law on public procurement so that it is in line with the new climate law. I hope that this thesis can provide an environmental ethical perspective on public procurement. Keywords: sustainable purchases, sustainable public procurement, environmental ethics, evaluate sustainability in purchasing, sustainable development goals, public procurement shall solve societal problems.

[pt] Com a dinâmica da economia mundial e a crescente competitividade nos mercados, a área de compras ganha relevância e torna temas como risco de fornecimento, redução de custos, características do mercado fornecedor, parcerias estratégicas, entre outros, presentes no dia a dia das empresas. Neste cenário, uma estratégia de compras bem definida faz diferença. O desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de compras é complexo, pois as empresas lidam com uma grande variedade de itens e serviços, muitos fornecedores, bem como situações de compras heterogêneas e, por esses motivos, precisam de ferramentas analíticas avançadas para desenvolver estratégias eficazes. Devido a isso, existem várias metodologias que suportam este processo, como Análise SWOT, Cinco Forças de Porter e Portfólio de Compras. Apesar de ser relevante o portfólio de compras no desenvolvimento das estratégias, pouco se conhece sobre a real aderência dos mesmos na prática. Essa dissertação traz conceitos da literatura acadêmica sobre os portfólios de compras e apresenta um estudo de caso prático, sobre a utilização do mesmo no desenvolvimento da estratégia, dentro de uma grande empresa do setor de mineração. Com este trabalho pretende-se esclarecer para a literatura como o modelo de portfólio de compras é utilizado para o desenvolvimento de estratégias na prática, identificando as adaptações necessárias para torná-los aderentes a uma situação real. Também pretende-se identificar se existe alguma oportunidade de aperfeiçoamento do portfólio de compras utilizado pela organização corporativa estudada. / [en] With the dynamics of global economy and the increasing market competitiveness, procurement becomes more relevant making subjects like supply risk, cost reduction, supplier market characteristics, strategic partnerships, among others, present in the business day life. In scenario like this, a good purchasing strategy makes the difference. Developing a purchasing strategy is complex as companies deal with a great variety of items and services, as well as diversified purchasing situations, therefore, it is required to have advanced analytical tools in order to develop efficient strategies. Based on this, several methodologies support this process such as SWOT Analysis, the Porter s Five Forces and the Purchasing Portfolio. Despite the relevance of purchasing portfolio use in strategies development, there is little knowledge regarding its practical use. This dissertation brings concepts over the purchasing portfolio, presenting a practical case study on its use for strategy development within a big mining company. This work goal is to seek literature clearance of how Purchasing Portfolio is use in practical strategy development; identifying variation needs to adapt them into real situations. Furthermore, we expect to identify if there is any new improvement opportunity for the Purchasing Portfolio used in the corporate organization studied.

Bestämmelsen om tvångsinlösen i 22 kap. 1 § ABL är tvingande, vilket innebär att avsteg från vad som föreskrivs inte får göras genom bolagsordningen. Mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens avgörande i NJA 2011 s. 429, synes bestämmelsens tvingande natur vara än mer vidsträckt. I förevarande fall ansågs nämligen ett aktieägaravtal, varigenom en majoritetsägare avstått från sin rätt att påkalla tvångsinlösen, sakna aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Domstolen framhöll emellertid att sådana aktieägaravtal som huvudregel binder parterna. Författarna är av uppfattningen att blotta förekomsten av tvångsinlöseninstitutet utgör en inskränkning av principen om avtalsfrihet. Därutöver innebär Högsta domstolens avgörande att den välgrundade principen inskränks ytterligare. I förevarande uppsats utreds huruvida den sistnämnda inskränkningen är motiverad. Därutöver utreds även hur ett eventuellt avtalsbrott och en därtill inträdande skadeståndsskyldighet förhåller sig till det faktum att avtalsvillkoret saknar aktiebolagsrättslig relevans. Inledningsvis anser författarna att inskränkningen av avtalsfriheten som följer av NJA 2011 s. 429 är motiverad. Vidare har författarna konstaterat att skadeståndsskyldighet kan aktualiseras de lege lata eftersom parterna torde vara obligationsrättsligt bundna mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens uttalande i NJA 2011 s. 429. Yttermera är författarna av uppfattningen att ett föreliggande skadeståndsansvar inte kan begränsas genom tillämpning av adekvansläran eller normskyddsläran. De lege ferenda anser författarna att ett aktieägaravtal som inskränker tvångsinlösenrätten inte bör tillerkännas obligationsrättslig verkan. Detta främst mot bakgrund av att det är en orimlig följd att ett avtal som inte kan göras gällande gentemot bolaget trots allt kan föranleda obligationsrättslig bundenhet och skadeståndsansvar. / The provision in chapter 22. 1 § of the Swedish companies act regarding compulsory purchases and sales of shares is imperative, meaning that derogations from the provision not is allowed through a company’s articles of association. The imperative nature of the provision has been further strengthened through the Swedish Supreme Court ruling NJA 2011 s. 429. In the mentioned case, a shareholders’ agreement in which a party has waived its right to claim a compulsory purchase, was found to lack affect in relation to the company. However, the court stressed that shareholders’ agreements, in principle, are valid and enforceable between the contractual parties, i.e. the shareholders. The authors’ opinion is that the mere existence of compulsory purchases and sales of shares constitute an infringement of the freedom of contract. Moreover, the mentioned court ruling entails an extension of the already existing infringement of this freedom. This thesis examines whether this, later infringement, is motivated. Furthermore, this thesis examines how a breach of a shareholders’ agreement – and liability to pay damages – relates to the fact that the contractual term that has been breached lacks affect toward the company.  According to the authors, the infringement of the freedom of contract derived from the mentioned court ruling is motivated. Furthermore, the authors have concluded that liability to pay damages may arise de lege lata, due to the fact that the contractual parties ought to be bound by the shareholders’ agreement according to the mentioned court ruling. In the authors’ opinion, the methods used to limit liability are not capable of doing so in this case. The authors suggest, de lege ferenda, that a term of a shareholder’s agreement where a party refrains from his right to claim a compulsory purchase or sales of shares not shall be binding between the parties.