Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux de psychologie sociale du travail consacrés à la compréhension du comportement organisationnel des individus à travers le prisme de la justice et de la discrimination. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux pratiques organisationnelles inhérentes à la justice distributive. Dans un second temps, aux mécanismes psychosociaux individuels et inter-individuels engendrant de la discrimination. Enfin, aux environnements normatifs de travail orientés ou non vers la justice sociale.Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié l’influence respective de différents critères de justice organisationnelle susceptibles d’orienter les décisions de distribution de primes financières ; soit les critères d’égalité, de besoin des subordonnés, et, en termes d’équité, la performance individuelle, la performance collective et l’allégeance. Nous avons observé (sur N = 1135) que chacune des trois variables d’équité prime sur l’égalité et sur le besoin. Nos analyses ont également démontré l’existence d’effets d’interaction entre les divers critères de distribution.Nous avons ensuite examiné (par 7 études) la nature des relations entretenues par divers facteurs psychosociaux que sont l’Orientation à la Dominance Sociale (ODS), la Croyance en un Monde du Travail Juste (CMTJ), la norme d’Allégeance et la Propension à Discriminer (PAD). Nos résultats (sur (N = 975) nous ont permis d’observer leur influence mutuelle ainsi que de déterminer le rôle médiateur de l’Allégeance entre l’Egalitarisme et la PAD, celui de la CMTJ entre l’Egalitarisme et la PAD et entre l’Allégeance et l’ODS, mais également le rôle médiateur de l’ODS entre la CMTJ et la PAD.Enfin, au niveau de l’environnement de travail, il nous a semblé opportun d’évaluer le pouvoir exercé par l’environnement normatif sur les concepts précités. Nous avons, dans ce but, conceptualisé une Matrice Cognitivo-Comportementale de Perpétuation du Système (MCCPS) dont nous avons ensuite, dans une étude, testé la validité. Nos résultats (sur N = 457) démontrent que les salariés travaillant dans un environnement de type AH (i.e. accentuant la hiérarchisation sociale) adhérent davantage à la MCCPS que les salariés travaillant dans un environnement de type RH (i.e. réduisant la hiérarchisation sociale). / This research is in line with the studies of social psychology of work dedicated to the understanding of individuals' organizational behavior through the prism of justice and discrimination. In the first instance, we were interested in the organizational practices related to the distributive justice. In the second part, to the individual and interpersonal psychosocial mechanisms which generate discrimination. Finally, to the normative environments of work oriented or not towards the social justice.In the first study, we analyzed the respective influence of various criteria of organizational justice susceptible to direct the decisions regarding the distribution of financial bonus ; either the equality criteria, subordinates' needs, and, in terms of equity, the individual performance, the collective performance and the allegiance. We have observed (by N = 1135) that each of the three equity variables outweighs the equality and the need.Our analysis have also showed the existence of interaction effects between the various distribution criteria.Then, we examined (by 7 studies) the nature of the relationships maintained by various psychosocial factors that are the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), the Belief in a Just World of Work (BJWW), the Allegiance norm and the propensity to discriminate (PTD). Our results (on (N = 975) have allowed us to observe their mutual influence and also to determinate the mediator role of the Allegiance between the Egalitarianism and the PTD, the one of BJWW between the Egalitarianism and the PTD and between the Allegiance and the SDO, and also the mediator role of the SDO between the BJWW and the PTD.Finally, regarding the work environment, it seemed appropriate to us to assess the power exercised by the normative environment on the concepts aforesaid. We have, for this purpose, conceptualized a Matrix Cognitive-Behavioural of the Perpetuation of the System (MCBPS) about which we then tested its validity in a study. Our results (on N=457) demonstrate that employees who work in a type AH environment (i.e. that accentuate the social hierarchy) adhere more to the MCBPS that the employees who work in a type RH environment (i.e. that decrease the social hierarchy).

Background: Sexual consent is often defined as the voluntary agreement to participate in a sexual act, though the differing definitions across and within countries make legal consensus difficult. In recent years, due to popularization through social media, nonconsensual condom removal, termed stealthing, is becoming common, especially among young adults. Yet, little to no empirical evidence exists on this sexual behavior. Methods: In this exploratory sequential mixed methods approach, we aimed to address the current perception of stealthing among young adults. College students were recruited from general education courses at a medium-sized four- year public university. Focus groups were conducted to understand the current perception of stealthing, including knowledge, perceived influence, and outcome, followed by quantitative assessment of knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy of sexual consent. Results: Results demonstrated central theme of health-decision making with associated themes of consent, which further included subthemes of privacy, trust, and violation, followed by consideration of stealthing as sexual assault and social norm and acceptance of stealthing. Quantitative assessment showed that knowledge and awareness of stealthing remains low, though sex differences exist on the perception of stealthing being considered sexual assault; with higher rates among males as compared to females. Conclusion: The act of stealthing has been popularized in social media. Our results demonstrate that there is a need for health educators to assess the prevalence of such a behavior among young adults and policy makers to assess the legal implications of nonconsensual condom removal.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T20:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2016-08-30T21:12:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T21:12:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gonzalez, Ricardo Alonso.pdf: 5177905 bytes, checksum: 91c4cc381c6ddcf64875d3a8df5a94af (MD5) / Esta tese, fundamentada na Teoria da Ação Planejada, tem o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo que explicasse a influência das atitudes individuais, das normas sociais subjetivas e do controle comportamental percebido na intenção do indivíduo em empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. O esforço discricionário no trabalho pode ser entendido como aquele nível de esforço que se encontra sob o domínio do indivíduo, que excede ao mínimo necessário para se evitar uma repreensão ou mesmo uma demissão, cabendo unicamente ao indivíduo a decisão de exercê-lo. Esse nível de esforço, sob total controle do indivíduo, pode ser motivado por diversos fatores, que possuem como base as crenças. Como fundamento teórico para se determinar esses fatores, buscou-se na Teoria da Ação Planejada os seus antecedentes. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos empíricos como forma de se alcançar ao objetivo pretendido. O primeiro estudo, de natureza qualitativa, evidenciou as crenças salientes relacionadas ao esforço discricionário no trabalho associadas às atitudes individuais, às normas sociais subjetivas e ao controle comportamental percebido referente a tal esforço, evidenciando em ambos os grupos estudados contribuições favoráveis das atitudes, da norma social subjetiva e do controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção de empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. O segundo estudo, de natureza quantitativa, buscou evidenciar o efeito das atitudes individuais, das normas sociais subjetivas e do controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção do indivíduo em empregar esforço discricionário no trabalho. Utilizaram-se duas amostras, uma composta por servidores públicos estaduais e outra por professores de Instituições de Ensino Superior públicas e privadas. Os resultados obtidos por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais apontaram em ambas as amostras significância estatística na relação entre as atitudes, a norma social subjetiva e o controle comportamental percebido sobre a intenção, confirmando a tese de que a intenção pode ser determinada por esses constructos. Dentre outros, indicaram, também, que crenças de natureza social influenciam mais na intenção do que crenças de natureza financeira. Os resultados apontaram que os indivíduos empregam esforço discricionário no trabalho motivados mais por satisfação pessoal, reconhecimento, influência de superiores e colegas, suporte organizacional e outras crenças de natureza social do que por uma expectativa de remuneração financeira ou por estarem sendo monitorados. Tais resultados contribuem com o campo da Administração na medida em que trazem ao debate o esforço discricionário no trabalho e abre espaço para várias possibilidades de pesquisa envolvendo o tema. / This thesis, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, aims to develop a model to explain the influence of individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the individual's intention to employ discretionary work effort. The discretionary work effort can be understood as a level of effort that is under the domain of the individual, which exceeds the minimum necessary to avoid a reprimand or even dismissal, it depends only on the individual's decision to exercise it. This level of effort under full control of the individual, may be motivated by several factors, which are based on the beliefs. As a theoretical basis for determining these factors, it sought the Theory of Planned Behavior. Two empirical studies were developed as a way to achieve the desired goal. The first study, qualitative, highlighted the salient beliefs related to the discretionary work effort associated with individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control. The results showed in both studied groups favorable to contributions of attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the intention to employ discretionary work effort. The second study, quantitative, sought to highlight the effect of individual attitudes, subjective social norms and perceived behavioral control on the intention of the individual to employ discretionary work effort using two samples, one composed of state civil servants and another for teachers of higher public and private education institutions. The results obtained by structural equation modeling showed in both samples statistically significant relationship between attitudes, social subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on the intention, confirming the thesis that the intention may be determined by these constructs. Among others results, it indicates that social beliefs are stronger than finance ones. The results showed that individuals employ discretionary work effort motivated more by personal satisfaction, recognition, influence of superiors and colleagues, organizational support and other social beliefs than by an expectation of financial remuneration or because they are being monitored. These results contribute to the field of management as they bring to the debate the discretionary work effort and opens space to various research possibilities involving the theme.

Abstract This thesis includes three separate empirical studies on economic demography and health economics. The first study explores the effect of alcohol consumption on divorce across 23 OECD countries during the period 1960–2010. We find strong evidence that alcohol consumption is a major socioeconomic factor which influences divorces in these countries. We find robust evidence on the relationship between alcohol consumption and divorce rates both in the short and long run. In addition, using worldwide survey data on values we explore whether the change in values with respect to marriage, and moral values can explain our findings. It is noteworthy, that alcohol consumption has a significant effect on divorces even after controlling for moral values. The second and third studies concentrate on the economics of suicide. In the second study, we explore the effects of unemployment on the well-being of the regional population with disaggregated suicide data across gender and age in Finland during 1991–2011. Our findings suggest that the increased job insecurity is associated with higher number of suicides than what is expected in good economic times. The effect is significant especially for the prime working-age (35–64 years old) male suicides. The second main contribution of this study is to relate the concept of social norm to unemployment. We show that in high unemployment areas the association between job loss and suicide mortality is not as severe as in low unemployment areas. An implication is that the burden of unemployment is reduced when it becomes socially more common and acceptable. The goal of the third study is to provide evidence on the effects of economic crises on suicides in 21 OECD countries over the period between 1970 and 2011. In conclusion, this study shows that over 60 000 suicides are attributable to the economic/financial crises since 1970. Two main findings emerged from the data. First, the impact of the most recent global financial crisis (2008) on suicides was not particularly stronger than that of the previous major economic/financial crises. Second, stock market crashes and banking crises are the most severe economic crises in terms of excess suicides when calculated on population-level data. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta empiirisestä tutkimuksesta. Tutkimukset keskittyvät väestötason kysymyksiin avioerojen määrään vaikuttavien sosioekonomisten tekijöiden, sekä makrotaloudellisten tekijöiden ja itsemurhien välisen yhteyden näkökulmasta. Ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkoholin kulutuksen vaikutusta avioerojen määrään 23 OECD-maassa vuosina 1960–2010. Tutkimuksessa havaitaan alkoholin kulutuksen olevan yksi merkittävimmistä avioeroihin vaikuttavista sosioekonomisista tekijöistä sekä lyhyellä että pitkällä aikavälillä tarkasteltuna. Tutkimuksen mukaan alkoholin kulutuksella näyttäisi olevan vaikutusta avioerojen lukumäärään myös silloin, kun moraaliarvoissa tapahtuneet muutokset on huomioitu. Toinen ja kolmas tutkimus keskittyvät itsemurhien taloustieteeseen. Toisessa tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työttömyyden vaikutuksia hyvinvointiin. Aineistona käytetään maakuntatason sukupuoli- ja ikäryhmäjaoteltua aineistoa itsemurhakuolleisuudesta Suomessa vuosina 1991–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan kasvava epävarmuus työpaikan pysyvyydestä voi johtaa korkeampiin itsemurhalukuihin kuin mitä olisi odotettavissa parempina taloudellisina aikoina. Tämä tulos näyttäytyy erityisesti työikäisten miesten keskuudessa. Toinen tutkimuksen päätuloksista liittyy sosiaalisten normien näkymiseen siinä, miten työttömyys vaikuttaa itsemurhakuolleisuuteen. Tulokset osoittavat, että korkeamman työttömyyden alueilla työn menettämisen ja itsemurhakuolleisuuden välinen yhteys ei ole niin voimakas kuin matalamman työttömyyden alueilla. Sosiaalisten normien vaikutus näyttäisi suojaavan ihmisiä itsemurhakuolleisuudelta niissä tapauksissa, jolloin työttömyys on yleisempää. Kolmas tutkimus tarjoaa tietoa talouskriisien vaikutuksista itsemurhiin 21 OECD-maassa vuosina 1970–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan yli 60 tuhannen itsemurhan voidaan katsoa olevan yhteydessä talouskriiseihin vuodesta 1970 lähtien. Löydökset osoittavat, etteivät viimeisimmän globaalin finassikriisin vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen poikenneet merkittävästi aikaisempiin laajoihin kriiseihin verrattuna. Lisäksi pankki- ja osakemarkkinakriiseillä näyttäisi olevan muita talouskriisejä vakavammat vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen väestötasolla tarkasteltuna.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / After more than 60 years of civil rights and anti-racist laws, there are still differences in the labor market between men and women and between whites and blacks. In the case of Brazil, where until recently there was no official recognition of racism and even today of sexism, new expressions of prejudice have existed since the abolition of slavery. These "new" prejudices have the mark of discrimination, that is, of restricting spaces and access to individuals and minority groups in power relations. The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of the corporate social responsibility standard on the participation of black women (brown and black) in the Sergipe transformation industry through the RAIS (Annual Social Information Ratio) database of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) for the periods 2007/2008 and 2013/2014. From the descriptive statistical analysis of the data, it was noted in relation to gender discrimination a tendency for male predominance in the sector of the Sergipe transformation industry: 73% of the formal ties of male workers versus 28% of employment for women. As for racial discrimination, the presence of brown workers (72%) in the Sergipe manufacturing industry was predominant in all periods studied. While the black / race category, both men and women, was less representative, with percentages of 6% for black men and 1.3% for black women in 2007, 5.4% and 1.3% in 2008, 5.9% and 1.4% in 2013 and 6.5% and 1.8% in 2014. These data indicate that not only the female sex is the one with the lowest industrial sector presence, but Is the black color that has the lowest percentage of inclusion in the Sergipe industrial sector. The data analyzed show that the formal ties of black women are those with substantially lower wages (R $ 766.96) than white women (R $ 993.24), brown women (R $ 828.48) and Formal ties of white men (R $ 1640.86), pardos (R $ 1,168.85) and black men (R $ 1091.96). This scenario changed little in the analyzed period. The main conclusions are: (a) The Sergipe manufacturing industry is predominantly male and brown; B) White men receive the highest wages followed by brown and black men, white, brown and black women who receive the lowest salaries in relation to the other groups; And c) The corporate social responsibility standard focuses only tangentially on combating discrimination in the Sergipe labor market. / Passados mais de 60 anos de conquistas dos direitos civis e da criação de leis antirracistas e antissexistas, ainda há diferenças no mercado de trabalho entre homens e mulheres e entre brancos e negros. No caso do Brasil, onde até pouco tempo atrás não havia reconhecimento oficial do racismo e ainda hoje do sexismo, novas expressões de preconceito grassam desde a abolição da escravatura. Esses “novos” preconceitos têm a marca da discriminação, ou seja, de restringir espaços e acessos a indivíduos e grupos minoritários nas relações de poder. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar os impactos da norma de responsabilidade social empresarial sobre a participação de mulheres negras (pardas e pretas) na indústria de transformação sergipana por meio da base de dados RAIS (Relação Anual de Informações Sociais) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) nos períodos de 2007/2008 e 2013/2014. A partir da análise estatística descritiva dos dados, notou-se em relação à discriminação de gênero uma tendência a predominância masculina no setor da indústria de transformação sergipana: 73% dos vínculos formais de trabalhadores masculinos contra 28% de emprego para as mulheres. Quanto à discriminação racial, existe um predomínio da presença de trabalhadores pardos (72%) na indústria de transformação sergipana, em todos os períodos estudados. Ao passo que, a categoria de raça/cor preta, tanto masculina como feminina, foi a que apresentou menor representatividade, com percentuais de 6% para os homens pretos e 1,3% para as mulheres pretas em 2007, 5,4% e 1,3% em 2008, 5,9% e 1,4% em 2013 e 6,5% e 1,8% em 2014. Esses dados indicam que não apenas o sexo feminino é aquele com menor presença no setor industrial, mas é o da cor preta que possui os menores percentuais de inclusão no setor industrial sergipano. Chama atenção nos dados analisados, os vínculos formais das mulheres pretas são os que apresentam as remunerações substancialmente mais baixas (R$ 766,96) em relação às brancas (R$ 993,24), pardas (R$ 828,48) e aos vínculos formais dos homens brancos (R$ 1640,86), pardos (R$ 1.168,85) e pretos (R$ 1091,96). Este cenário pouco se alterou no período analisado. As principais conclusões são: a) A indústria de transformação sergipana é predominantemente masculina e parda; b) Os homens brancos recebem os maiores salários seguidos dos homens pardos e pretos, das mulheres brancas, pardas e pretas que recebem os menores salários em relação aos demais grupos; e c) A norma de responsabilidade social empresarial incide apenas tangencialmente no combate a discriminação no mercado de trabalho sergipano.

Le présent travail développe une approche sociocognitive de la Perspective Temporelle Future (PTF), tel que ce construit est mesuré par l’échelle ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser la normativité de ce construit et d’explorer les dimensions liées à l’expérience du temps psychologique futur. Une démarche de triangulation a été menée dans une double perspective : produire une analyse multi-niveaux de la normativité associée à la PTF et développer une réflexion théorico-méthodologique concernant la mesure de ce construit. Une première série d’études expérimentales mobilisant l’approche sociocognitive des normes sociales (Dubois, 2003) démontre une valorisation importante de la PTF dans des contextes évaluatifs. Une seconde série d’études utilisant une méthodologie mixte (paradigmes des juges et construits socio-représentationnels) analyse les dynamiques normatives de la PTF dans des situations socialement marquées (i.e. contexte de santé). Enfin, une recherche socio-représentationnelle par entretien étudie l’expérience du temps psychologique futur en tant que forme d’expérience sociale (Jodelet, 2006). En envisageant la PTF sous différentes perspectives sociocognitives, ces travaux apportent une contribution au domaine de recherche du rapport au temps (mesure de la PTF et fonctionnements idéologiques). D’autre part, ce travail pose les bases d’une approche sociocognitive de la PTF en tant que norme sociale. / The present work develops a sociocognitive approach of Future Time Perspective (FTP), as this construct is measured by the ZTPI scale (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The aim of this thesis is the analysis of this construct’s normativity and the exploration of the dimensions related to future psychological time experience. A triangulation approach has been conducted in a double perspective: its aim is to produce a multi-level analysis of normativity associated to FTP as well as to develop a theoretical and methodological thought on this construct’s measurement. A first series of experimental studies using the sociocognitive approach to social norms (Dubois, 2003) reveals an important value of FTP in evaluative contexts. A second series of studies using mixt methodology (judge paradigms and socio-representational constructs) analyses FTP’s normative dynamics in socially relevant situations (i.e. health context). Finally, a socio-representational research with interviews focuses on future psychological time experience as a form of social experience (Jodelet, 2006). Considering FTP under several sociocognitive perspectives, this thesis contributes towards the research field on relation to time (FTP measurement and ideological logics). This work lays also the foundation of a sociocognitive approach of FTP as a social norm.

No description available.

Framväxten av sociala mediers etablering i samhället har bidragit till att individers dagliga användning har ökat. Det har resulterat i att användarbeteenden har förändrats och att sociala medieplattformar numera kan användas för att främja karriären. En plattform som används för att framställa en professionell identitet inför andra är den sociala nätverksplattformen LinkedIn. Dock har det framkommit att det är svårare för universitetsstudenter att framställa en professionell identitet på plattformen, vilket påverkar möjligheten att bli upptäckt av rekryterare. Studien har därför ämnat att undersöka och skildra mötet i förstadiet av en rekryteringsprocess mellan universitetsstudenter och rekryterare på LinkedIn. Syftet har varit att rama in det förväntade rollagerandet på plattformen och besvara frågeställningen: “Vilka faktorer ligger till grund för universitetsstudenters professionella identitetsskapande i mötet med rekryterare på LinkedIn?”. Studien har av den anledningen tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och utfört sju semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav fyra med universitetsstudenter samt tre med rekryterare. Dessutom har ett teoretiskt ramverk för identitetsskapande tillämpats med syftet att undersöka de faktorer som ligger till grund för universitetsstudenternas professionella identitetsskapande i mötet med rekryterare på LinkedIn. I studiens resultat kunde fyra faktorer identifieras och skildras. Faktorerna är: konstruktion av framställning på front-stage, osäkerhet i framställningen, den idealiserade framställningen samt den sociala normen. Det råder olika uppfattningar mellan rekryterare och universitetsstudenters gällande den professionella framställningen som förväntas av universitetsstudenter och som berör ideal, sociala normer, stigman och okända observatörer på LinkedIn. / The emergence and establishment of social media in society have increased individuals' daily use. As a result, user behaviors have changed, and social media platforms allow individuals to advance their careers. One platform used to present a professional identity is the social networking platform LinkedIn. However, it has appeared to be more difficult for university students to present a professional identity on the platform, which affects the possibility of being discovered by recruiters. Therefore, the study aims to investigate and describe the meeting between university students and recruiters on LinkedIn in the pre-stage of a recruitment process. The purpose has been to frame the expected role-playing on the platform and answer the question: "What factors underlie university students' professional identity creation in the meeting with recruiters on LinkedIn?". For this reason, the study has applied a qualitative research strategy and conducted seven semi-structured interviews, four with university students and three with recruiters. In addition, the study applied a theoretical framework for identity creation. The purpose was to examine the factors that form the foundation of university students' professional identity creation in the meeting with recruiters on LinkedIn. The study identified and described four factors. The factors are the creation of front-stage presentation, uncertainty in the presentation, the idealized presentation, and the social norm. In addition, there are various perceptions between university students and recruiters of the professional presentation expected of university students, which affects the ideals, social norms, stigma, and the unknown audience on LinkedIn.

公司發生訴訟將影響其價值與財務狀況，亦影響未來償債能力。本研究係探討公司的事前訴訟風險(ex-ante litigation risk)是否影響銀行對其之貸款條件，進而探討宗教信仰是否降低銀行對於訴訟風險的敏感度。本研究發現，當公司面臨較高的事前訴訟風險時，銀行將要求較高的貸款利率，同時主貸銀行持有較高貸款比例且參與貸款的銀行數量較少。此外，由於宗教信仰能抑止管理階層的不道德行為及提昇財報品質，故本研究以公司總部所在地之信仰宗教人數比例作為衡量宗教的代理變數。實證結果發現，公司若位於宗教程度較高的地區，能降低事前訴訟風險對於銀行貸款條件的影響，進而獲得較低的貸款利率、較大的貸款金額，並增加參與貸款的銀行數量。 / Lawsuits may deteriorate defendant firms’ financial position and lower their firms’ value. Moreover, it reduces the recovery rate in the event of default. This study examines whether banks price their borrowers’ ex-ante litigation risk in syndicated loan market and further investigates whether the relation between ex-ante litigation risk is conditioned on religiosity. The results suggest that banks tend to price in firms with higher ex-ante litigation risk by charging higher spread, and form more concentrated syndicate. In addition, strong religious social norm is seen as a mechanism to constrain managerial opportunism and improve financial reporting quality. Using the proportion of adherents where firms’ headquarters locate as a proxy for religious adherence, I find that the association between ex-ante litigation risk and syndicated loan features is alleviated. Firms with higher ex-ante litigation risk are associated with lower loan spreads, larger loan amounts and greater number of total lenders if borrowers are headquartered in areas with strong religious social norms.

In Feldstudien konnte häufig mittels der Low–Cost Hypothese gezeigt werden, dass normatives Verhalten von den dafür aufzuwendenden Kosten abhängt. Doch hängt die Durchsetzung einer Norm ebenfalls von der Höhe der Kosten ab? Die Gültigkeit der Low – Cost Hypothese bei diesen kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung ist bislang im Feld wenig erforscht. In unserer Studie wird die Durchsetzung sozialer Normen anhand nachbarschaftlicher Kontrollen analysiert. Es werden Daten einer postalischen Befragung von 631 Personen in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2001 ausgewertet: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Befürwortung sozialer Kontrollen und der Bereitschaft, soziale Kontrollen tatsächlich an sich zu erdulden, wird mit steigenden Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen schwächer. Zudem lässt sich die Logik der Low – Cost Hypothese auf andere soziologische Konstrukte übertragen: Die Wirkung von Kriminalitätsfurcht und Autoritarismus ist umso weniger handlungsrelevant, je höher die Kosten der zu erduldenden Kontrollhandlungen sind. Diese Befunde demonstrieren die Gültigkeit der Low–Cost Hypothese im Zusammenhang mit kollektiven Gütern zweiter Ordnung. / In field studies, there is evidence that the occurrence of normative behaviour is dependent on its costs. This effect is known as the low cost hypothesis. However, is the enforcement of social norms as well dependent on its costs? So far, there has been little research on the validity of the low – cost hypothesis for so called second order collective goods. In our work, the enforcement of social norms is studied by means of analyzing social control in neighbourhoods. We use data of a mail survey conducted in 2001 in Leipzig, Germany, with 631 respondents: Correlations between approval of social control and willingness to tolerate social control personally decrease with increasing costs to tolerate these control activities. Additionally, the logic of low – cost is transferable to other sociological constructs: The effect of fear of crime and authoritarianism is the less relevant for tolerating social control activities, the higher the costs for these control activities. These empirical findings confirm the low cost hypothesis for the production of second order collective goods.