Šiuolaikinės visuomenės raidos procese siekiant ugdyti demokratinę, dorovingą asmenybę ir garantuoti kartų tęstinumą, aktuali empatijos ugdymo patirtis, kaip šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje ji yra suprantama, kokia yra vaikų empatijos ugdymo praktika istorinėje ir šiuolaikinėje šeimoje, kaip šiuolaikinės visuomenės kontekste dabartiniai šeimos narių kartų tarpusavio santykiai ir sąveikavimo ypatumai įtakoja atjautos ugdymą. Tyrimu siekta atskleisti vaikų empatijos ugdymo tradicijų kaitą kintant visuomenės vertybinėms nuostatoms. Išsiaiškinti, kaip vaikai, tėvai, seneliai ir mokyklų ekspertai supranta empatiją, nustatyti empatijos ugdymo praktika istorinėje ir šiuolaikinėje šeimoje. Atskleisti įvairių kartų ir šeimos narių sąveikavimo ypatumus ir jų sąsajas su empatijos ugdymu. Išanalizuoti mokyklos ekspertų požiūrį į empatijos ugdymą šeimoje ir mokykloje. Atlikus tyrimo rezultatų analizę paaiškėjo, jog atjauta suvokiama ne teoriškai, o kaip būtina veikla, kurią reikia atlikti bendruomenės nariui tam tikroje gyvenimo situacijoje, iškilus būtinybei: suteikiama savanoriška pagalba, jautrus reagavimas į kitų išgyvenimus – šeimų nariai ir ekspertai empatiją sieja su altruizmu ir pagalba. Empatiškas požiūris į įvairius aplinkos objektus ir tinkamus atjautos ugdymo būdus siejasi su žmogaus amžiaus tarpsniais, kartų ir šeimų narių tarpusavio bendravimo ypatumais. Pastebėta tendencija, jog istorinėse šeimose ir bendruomenėse puoselėtos tradicijos populiarinamos visuomenės informavimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper aimed to disclose traditions’ change of children's empathy-raising, while public values and attitudes are changing. Investigated representatives of three generations of 60 families living in Vilnius city and district and 10 experts working in city and district schools interviewed. There are analyzed understanding of empathy in our days society, practice of empathy rising in the historical and modern families, influence empathy rising of relationship and interaction features of different generations’ families members. The analysis results revealed that empathy approach to a variety of environment objects and ways and good teaching techniques of empathy-raising associated with human age groups, generations and interaction features of family members. Children and both groups of adults’ empathy commonly associate with condolence. Different age groups express empathy to different objects and prefer different empathy rising teaching techniques. Generally analogous empathy rising teaching techniques used in historical and modern families, but the context is adapted to modern society. Relationship and interaction of three generations family members are not discontinuous and allow transferring of existing traditions.

This thesis, Space, Curriculum Space and Morality, focuses on the two roles of the school, i.e. developing identities and transmitting knowledge. The latest curriculum reform commissions the teachers to transform the fundamental values of the curriculum to the separate subjects. The principal object of the school subjects is to contribute to the implementation of the curriculum goals, namely to educate and promote democratic citizens. Since the new course syllabi lack guidelines about subject content and method, the intention of this work it is to analyse in what way the teachers’ fill this curriculum space, which subject content the teachers choose in order to connect the curriculum goals to the course syllabi goals and, to the practical teaching of geography as a school subject. The understanding of the teachers’ choice of subject content is the overall aim of this thesis. The thesis can be placed within a curriculum theory tradition that regards education and its content as situated in a field of tension ultimately determined by social and political forces engaged in struggle. Within this tradition, an approach has been developed which examines the educational content of the school subjects as contingent. A curriculum historical analysis – supplemented by a text analysis of textbooks, a number of observations (81) of geography lessons in upper secondary school and the following qualitative interviews with geography teachers – shows that the teachers’ choice of content can be understood and explained by the strong selective traditions which have formed within the subject during 150 years. These selective traditions together form a school subject discourse which implies that the moral dimension is lost as the subject content is characterized by an essentialistic approach. The consequences of the findings can be discussed in relation to what content is excluded in the school geography education. Some examples are a gender perspective, issues regarding equality, ethnicity, solidarity, social justice and sustainable development. The issues that the school geography excludes contain ethical and moral considerations. If these issues were presented, they would relate to the fundamental values and the promotion of democracy, issues given strong prominence in the curriculum.

This text is an essay relating to a situation I was involved in where two different cultures caused a conflict in one of the pupils. The pupil was supposed to perform a swimming test and the parents wanted him/her to use full body clothing which the pupil had not done before. Because of this, the pupil suddenly was in conflict with herself/himself and I (the author) found myself in a situation where I felt torn between the purpose as an educator and the cultural values of the pupil. The purpose of my essay is to find an approach to the values of pupils and parents which sometimes affect my way of work. Our school curriculum states that we must prevent differences of gender but at the same time respect the culture of the individual. Several times I find myself trapped between cultural values from the pupil´s family situation and our educational purpose. How do I deal with this? How does switching between two cultures affect the pupil? The concept and perspectives that I am going to reflect on are interculturality, multi culturalism and I will also discuss heritage, environment, traditions, identity and the importance of the family. I will review myself and my own reflections. I will reflect upon how I use fronesis, my practical wisdom which I have gathered through experience. What can I improve when I use my professionalism within the cultural areas? Writing this essay, I still feel torn between the different missions. I always feel the need to act with the pupil´s best interest at heart. If this means I counteract gender patterns, so be it. In my opinion the culture doesn´t really matter because all individuals have the same value. The school simply cannot teach the pupils ethics and then not act accordingly themselves. / Den här texten är en essä och den utgår från en egen upplevd situation där två olika kulturer ger upphov till en konflikt hos en elev. Eleven ska utföra ett simtest och föräldrarna vill att hen skulle simma i heltäckande, vilket hen inte gjort tidigare. Det gjorde att eleven hamnade i en konflikt med sig själv och jag (författaren) hamnade i en situation där jag känner mig klämd mellan vad vårt uppdrag säger och elevens kulturella värderingar. Syftet med mitt arbete är att hitta ett förhållningssätt till elever och föräldrars värderingar som ibland påverkar mitt arbetssätt. I våra styrdokument står det att vi ska motverka könsskillnader, men samtidigt respektera individens kultur. Flera gånger ställs jag mellan vårt uppdrag och de kulturella värderingarna eleven har med sig hemifrån. Hur bemöter jag det? Hur upplever eleven det är att pendla mellan två olika kulturer? Begrepp och perspektiv jag kommer att reflekterar kring är interkulturalitet, mångkulturalitet och jag kommer även föra en diskussion kring arv, miljö, traditioner, identitet och familjens betydelse. Jag kommer granska mig själv och mitt eget reflekterande. Jag kommer använda mig av min fronesis, min praktiska klokhet som jag samlat på mig genom all erfarenhet. Vad är det jag kan bli bättre på i utförandet av min praktiska yrkeskompetens inom det kulturella området? Något jag kommit fram till i den här essän är, att känslan av att vara klämd mellan uppdragen kvarstår. Jag känner att jag alltid måste handla utifrån elevens bästa. Om det gör att jag motverkar att jag utjämnar könsmönster får det vara så. I mina ögon spelar kulturen ingen roll, alla individer är värda lika mycket, Vi i skolan kan inte lära ut värdegrunden till eleven, och sedan själva göra tvärtemot.

Le présent mémoire définira ce qu’on entend par modernité et postmodernité, tout en juxtaposant ces concepts philosophiques au cinéma pratiqué par le documentariste Pierre Perrault. Les modernistes influencés par les Lumières ont toujours considéré les progrès scientifiques comme des avancées nécessaires à l’atteinte d’une béatitude universelle. Pour eux, le salut des sociétés nécessite un passage du côté de la science, du rationalisme. Le problème avec une telle démarche est que tout discours qui se dissocie de la rationalité est immédiatement annihilé au profit d’une (sur)dominance du progrès. Il ne s’agit pas de dire que la modernité est à proscrire – loin de là! –, mais il serait temps d’envisager une remise en question de certaines de ses caractéristiques. La postmodernité, réflexion critique popularisée par Jean-François Lyotard, s’évertue à trouver des pistes de solution pour pallier à cette problématique. Elle est une critique de la domination exagérée des sciences dans la compréhension de notre monde. Il existe pourtant d’autres façons de l’appréhender, tels les mythes et les croyances. Ces récits irrationnels cachent souvent en eux des valeurs importantes (qu’elles soient d’ordre moral, écologique ou spirituel). Or, l’œuvre de Perrault regorge de ces petites histoires communautaires. Les deux films choisis pour notre travail – Le goût de la farine (1977) et Le pays de la terre sans arbre ou le Mouchouânipi (1980) – en sont l’exemple prégnant. Chacun d’eux présente des traditions autochtones (celles des Innus) opposées à la dictature du progrès. Et cette même opposition permet au réalisateur de forger un discours critique sur une modernité prête à tout pour effacer les coutumes uniques. Le cinéaste agit ainsi en postmoderniste, offrant une réflexion salutaire sur les pires excès véhiculés par les tenants du progrès. / This dissertation, juxtaposing modernity and postmodernity to Pierre Perrault’s documentary movies, will define what we understand from those philosophic concepts. Influenced with Les Lumières, modernists have always considered necessary to put forward scientific technology progress to reach universal beatitude. For them, science is the key to society’s salute and rationalism. The problem with this process is that all thinking dissociating from rationality brings its immediate annihilation by progress and “over-progress” domination. Far from us to say that modernity needs to be forbidden but maybe it would be time to call into question some of these concepts. Popularized by Jean-François Lyotard, postmodernity criticizes the exaggerated science domination into trying to understand our world and wants to find solutions to counter the problem. Yet, there are other ways to apprehend this world of ours, like myths and believes. These irrational stories often reveal important moral, ecologic or spiritual values. The works of Perrault abound with community stories to refer to and we have chosen two pictures that are obvious examples. Le goût de la farine (1977) and Le pays de la terre sans arbre ou le Mouchouânipi (1980) present Innus’ traditions opposed to progress dictatorship. This same opposition allows the movie director to create a critical thinking about this modernity (in brief, a postmodernist thinking).

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The diploma thesis deals with the education and traditions in the municipality of Horní Střítež in a comprehensive context. It presents an image of rural life and factors influencing the development of the village and contemporary life of the residents. Alongside principal education concepts, the thesis draws on an extensive context of findings from other academic disciplines. The first part of the thesis describes the historical context of the events that shaped the development of the municipality. Chapters mapping, in more detail, the current events, with particular emphasis on the role of education in the rural family and in the community, the school system and leisure time follow, highlighting the benefits of the traditional conception of life in the country. Theoretical and methodological aspects as well as the ethical aspect are relevant in the application of the qualitative research method. Key words: Education, traditions, leisure time, hobbies, socialisation, family, community, cooperation, participation.

of thesis children's knowledges of words accociated with Christmas The thesis is concerned with Christmas traditions, particularly from the point of view of children. The thesis presents the evolution of Christmas celebrations, some of the traditions, and it also compares certain Christmas songs and carols, and thus demonstrates the evolution of Christmas related vocabulary. Furthermore, the thesis also presents a brief overview of the evolution of children's vocabulary. In the practical part, the thesis attempts to answer the question of which Christmas related words children aged 9 - 12 years are familiar with. For the purpose of this practical research, the author of the thesis created a questionnaire containing 10 specific Christmas related words that children were asked to explain. The research results show that children seem to have a relatively good passive knowledge of commonly used words associated with Christmas, but in many cases they find it difficult to actively demonstrate this knowledge, i.e. to define, explain those words. In general, the girls describe the meaning of words better than boys. Children attending religious schools have apparently greater knowledge of words associated with religious meaning of Christmas than children from state schools. Comparison of age do not show...

The aim of this master thesis is to describe the origin, development and current state of the highland games in Scotland, the Czech Republic and around the world. The emphasis is put on the description of the origin of the highland games within the clan society, subsequent marginalisation of the highland traditions and its "rebirth". The work also deals with the development of the modern highland games from the end of the 18th century to the present. The description of the current highland games' disciplines is also included. At the end of the thesis the culture identity is defined and it is applied on the phenomenon of the highland games. Key words: highland games, clans, the Highlands, disciplines at the highland games, cultural identity, traditions

Syftet med denna studie är att få inblick i musikers syn på traditionens och genrens påverkan och betydelse för det egna musicerandet. Jag har under min studietid blivit intresserad av att ta reda på hur genrer påverkar musikers musicerande och vilken betydelse det har för musikens utförande. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, vilket innebär att musicerande ses som en social aktivitet, där kunskap finns i kommunikation och de redskap som har växt fram i samhället. Datamaterialet består av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra aktiva musiker. Resultatet visar att distinktionen genrer emellan inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara särskilt stor. Litteraturen i bakgrunden visar emellertid det motsatta. I litteraturen framställs jazzmusiker som gehörsmusiker som inte behöver ta så stor hänsyn till notbilden medan klassiska musiker anammar den med perfektionism. I min studie visar det sig att jazz- och klassiska musiker är lika beroende av traditionen, men hur verk tolkas och bearbetas är individuellt beroende av situation. Det visar sig vidare i studien att begreppet musikalisk frihet har olika betydelse för jazzmusiker än vad det har för klassiska musiker, det är upp till var och en att definiera vilken betydelse den musikaliska friheten har gentemot genren. När informanterna definierar sin respektive genre, förklarar de klassiska musikerna att klassisk musik förvisso är notbunden och studeras inom strikta ramar, men därmed inte sagt att musikerna måste definieras av sin genre, inte nödvändigtvis. En klassik musiker anses också vara experimentell gehörsmusiker, skriva sin egen musik eller improvisera på flera olika sätt. / The purpose of this study is to get an insight into what kind of influence and meaning traditions and genres has on musicians. I have, during my period of study, developed an interest in finding out how genres and traditions affect musician´s musical performances. The study originates from a socio-cultural perspective, which means that playing music is considered as a social activity where a great deal of knowledge comes from communication with other people. The data consists of qualitative interviews with four musicians. The result shows that the distinction between genres is not necessarily great. The background literature however proves the opposite. In the literature, jazz musicians are described as having a good musical ear; they do not pay that close attention to the written note, whilst classical musicians do the opposite. My study shows that jazz musicians and classical musicians are both equally dependent upon tradition, but the way they interpret music is individual and depends upon the situation. Furthermore, the study shows that the term musical freedom has a different meaning for a jazz musician than it has for a classical musician, but it is still up to musicians to define it for themselves within his or her genre. When the interviewees were asked to define their genre, the classical musicians answered that classical music is supposed to be played strictly the way it appears on sheet music within a clear framework, but genre does not always automatically shape a musician nor how they think as individuals.  A classical musician can, according to the result, also experiment and with a good musical ear compose their own music and improvise in many different ways.

Nesta tese buscou-se esboçar um cenário das ocupações ceramistas pré-coloniais, entre 600 e 1.400 DC, na região da Amazônia brasileira. Através do banco de dados georreferenciado foram realizadas análises correlacionando diferentes aspectos que compõem o sítio arqueológico, possibilitando a identificação de mudanças ou continuidades de determinadas sociedades em escala regional. Ao final percebeu-se que algumas áreas possuíam maior trânsito de pessoas e ideias do que outras regiões, refletindo em diferentes níveis de variabilidade observadas no contexto arqueológico. / This thesis sought to outline a scenario of precolonial ceramic occupations, between 600 and 1400 AD in the Brazilian Amazon region. Through the georeferenced database, analyzes were carried out correlating different aspects that make up the archaeological site, allowing the identification of changes or continuities of certain societies on a regional scale. At the end it was realized that some areas had greater movement of people and ideas than other regions, reflecting different levels of variability observed in the archaeological context.