Syftet för denna uppsats är att undersöka centrala aspekter av socialmedicinens professionaliseringsprocess i Sverige under 1900-talets mitt – när socialmedicin under 1950-talet gick från att vara ett kunskapsområde till att bli en medicinsk etablerad ämnesvetenskap hela perioden upp till att det upphöjdes till statusen av en medicinsk specialitet 1974. Materialet som undersöks i denna studie är Socialmedicinsk tidskrift vilken grundades som ett forum för läkare och andra intresserade att diskutera socialmedicinska frågor. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien baserad på begreppet ”gränsdragningsarbete” enligt Thomas F. Gieryns definition, vilket innebär att studera hur gränserna för ett vetenskapligt ämne etableras mot andra vetenskapsfält, hur den särskiljer sig från det ovetenskapliga, samt hur en vetenskap avgränsas mot politiska. Resultaten från undersökningen visar bland annat på att syftet med etablerandet av en vetenskaplig socialmedicin var att skapa klarhet gällande ämnets definition. Men definitionsfrågan kom att omgärdats av oklarhet och delade meningar. Socialmedicinen handlade om de sociala aspekterna i förhållande till hälsa vilket kom att inkludera hela den svenska sjukvården och det svenska välfärdssamhället som studieobjekt för socialmedicinska studier. Detta hade också en inverkan på dels socialmedicinarnas intresse av att utbilda läkarstudenterna i ett socialmedicinskt perspektiv, dels hur socialmedicinens gränser drogs gentemot den politiska sfären med socialmedicinarnas engagemang i formandet av socialpolitiska beslut och det nära samarbetet med det sociala arbetet i Sverige.

Despite the existence of extensive literature regarding risk management, there still seems to be lack of knowledge in identification of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in this area. In this research Grounded Theory is implemented to identify CSFs in Risk Management Systems (RMS). Factor analysis and one-sample t-test are then used to refine and rank the CSFs based on the results of a survey which has been performed among Risk Management practitioners in various types of Swedish corporations. CSFs are defined from three different perspectives: (a) the factors that have influence on the inclination and readiness of corporation for implementing RMS. (b) the factors that are important during the design and implementation of RMS in corporation and can significantly affect the success of RMS design and implementation and (c) the factors that are crucially important to successfully run, maintain and administrate RMS after the closure of the project of RMS design and Implementation. This systematic approach towards understanding the taxonomy of the success dimension in RMS is important for re-enforcing effective risk management practices.

Undersökningen i den här uppsatsen fokuserar på Gunnar Inghe och en del av det arbete han utförde med att etablera och legitimera socialmedicinen i Sverige på 1960-talet. Genom treolika typer av publikationer, Fattiga i folkhemmet – en studie av långvarigt understödda i Stockholm från 1960, Den ofärdiga välfärden från 1967 och två artiklar ur Socialmedicinsk tidskrift från 1959, går det att se hur Inghe använder sig av diverse forum och publikt tilltal för att nå ut med sin socialmedicin. Auktoriteten hos medicinen och naturvetenskapen visade sig stark när det kom till politik, ny vetenskap och sociala frågor. Socialmedicinen som nytt ämne behövde därför hävda sig inom dessa områden.Åren efter andra världskriget får socialmedicinen allt större plats när det kommer till att ge grund till politiska förändringar i samhället och välfärden. Hur denna etablering och legitimering visade sig i praktiken kan säga oss mycket om tidigare föreställningar inom såväl medicinen, samhället och det sociala. Inghes publikationer studeras ur tre återkommande teman, det vetenskapliga idealet, det sociala medborgarskapet och det publika. Det första temat berör hur gränsdragandet mellan vetenskap, politik och samhället förändras med socialmedicinen. Temat för det sociala medborgarskapet tar upp hur skapandet och definitionen av olika kategorier formar samhället och dess medborgare. Innehållet i publikationerna tolkas utifrån de två första temana och deras utformning utifrån temat om det publika, hur utformning och tilltal spelar roll för att väcka intresse och legitimitet.

There has been a long debate about values and science. Especially about the appropriateness of the value-free ideal. The impact of values on science is crucial if science is to maintain its credibility as an undisputed source of knowledge. In this work, I analyze the impact of values in science based on a work by Heather Douglas and try to clarify the difference between epistemic and non-epistemic values and the relevance of the value-free ideal. My conclusion is that Douglas' claims about the inappropriateness of the value-free ideal do not hold and should be rejected. I propose instead a reformulation of the value-free ideal based on the justification of knowledge. / Det har varit en lång debatt om värderingar och vetenskap. Särskilt om lämpligheten av det värdefria idealet. Värdegrundens inverkan på vetenskapen är avgörande om vetenskapen ska behålla sin trovärdighet som en oomtvistad kunskapskälla. I detta arbete analyserar jag värderingarnas inverkan i vetenskapen utifrån ett verk av Heather Douglas och försöker klargöra skillnaden mellan epistemiska och icke-epistemiska värderingar samt relevansen av det värdefria idealet. Min slutsats är att Douglas påståenden om det värdefria idealets olämplighet inte håller och börförkastas. Jag föreslår istället en omformulering av det värdefria idealet som bygger på kunskapensrättfärdigande.

Sjuksköterskeutbildningen har förändrats med utvecklandet av omvårdnadsvetenskap och med det har även sjuksköterskans yrkeskompetens utvecklats. Socialstyrelsens Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska beskriver de kompetensområden sjuksköterskans yrkesgrund vilar på. Syftet med denna enkätstudie är att undersöka vilka uppfattningar studenter som nyligen påbörjat sjuksköterskeutbildningen har om omvårdnad och vilka aspekter i sjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning de anser vara viktigast. Resultatet visar att studenterna till stor del definierade omvårdnad som en hjälpande och omhändertagande aktivitet. De ansåg att de vetenskapliga och omvårdnadsteoretiska delarna var de minst viktiga i sjuksköterskans kompetensområde medan egenskaper som förmåga att kunna lyssna skattades högt. Ointresset för omvårdnadens vetenskapliga delar utgör ett problem för omvårdnadsvetenskapens fortsatta utveckling och leder till att vissa delar av Socialstyrelsens Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska blir svåra att uppnå. / The nursing education has changed with the development of nursing science which means that nursing competence also has developed. The document Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska published by the National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) describes the qualifications that registered nurses must have. The aim of the questionnaire study at hand is to examine the perceptions of nursing that nursing students hold as they first enter their education and which aspects of the nursing competence they hold as most important. The findings indicate that the students mostly define nursing as a helping and nurturing activity. They considered nursing science and theoretical models in nursing as the least important while characteristics like ability to listen was considered more important. The lack of interest in the scientific aspects of nursing constitutes a problem for the development of the nursing science as well as the nursing profession.

Målet har varit att undersöka hur grafiska formgivare kan använda sig av matematisk kod i form av fraktala system för att skapa inspirerande grid. Genom att titta på befintliga fraktala mönster och sedan anpassa vissa av dem till gridsystem skapades under designprocessen ett antal olika fraktala grid. Hur väl dessa gridsystem fungerade testades i en skisskalender - en fickkalender för formgivare med plats att skissa. För att kontrollera och verifiera de resultat som kom fram under designprocesssen jämfördes de med åsikter från en fokusgrupp bestående av grafiska formgivare. Slutsatsen blev att fraktala gridsystem inspirerar grafiska formgivare att skapa dynamiska och harmoniska layouter. Och att de fraktala gridsystemen kan läggas till under kategorin konstruerade grid.

The following report is aimed to compare how teachers and students experience teaching when it comes to the subject of religion named Religionskunskap 1 in Swedish upper secondary education (high school), and particular teaching about the relationship between science and religion which is to be a part of the subject regarding to the curriculum. The report uses the method of a digital survey and is focusing on whether the two perspectives science and religion are given an equal amount of time during teaching, if the books and other material used during teaching gives an unbiased version of both perspectives, if the teaching regarding science and religion is neutral in total and if teachers and students find it worrying if the teaching regarding science and religions are not unbiased. The findings are to be compared to a theory which is explained with a report written by Masoud Kamali about how the Swedish society separates ”us” from ”them” and how school is a part of the reproducing of hierarchies from the majority society. The findings shows that students in much higher rate than teachers experience that science is given more time in class, and that the students more often refer to the diversity of the Swedish society and therefor the teaching regarding science and religion must be unbiased, even though both teachers and students refer to Sweden as a secular country where science has a very strong position. To fully understand the results further research must be done. Since the findings show that students and teachers experience differ we may have a problem with teachers reproducing hierarchies that separates ”us” from ”them”, and to complete the findings one probably need to use another method than a survey, preferably to sit down and interview teachers for a longer period of time to get to the core of the problem.

One of the most important prerequisites in the drug development is to attain a reproducible and robust product in terms of its nature, and its chemical and physical properties. This can be challenging, since the crystalline form of drugs and excipients can be directly transformed into the amorphous one during normal pharmaceutical processing, referred to as process-induced amorphisation or process-induced disorder. The intention of this thesis was to address the mechanisms causing disorder during powder flow and milling and, in association with this, to evaluate, the ability of Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify and characterize process-induced disorder. The amorphisation mechanisms were controlled by stress energy distribution during processing, which in turn was regulated by a series of process parameters. Compression and shearing stress caused by sliding were stress types that acted on the particles during powder flow and ball milling process. However, sliding was the most important inter-particulate contact process giving rise to amorphisation and the transformation was proposed to be caused by vitrification. The plastic stiffness and elastic stiffness of the milling-induced particles were similar to a two-state particle model, however the moisture sorption characteristics of these particles were different. Thus the milled particles could not be described solely by a two-state particle model with amorphous and crystalline domains.  Raman spectroscopy proved to be an appropriate and effective technique in the quantification of the apparent amorphous content of milled lactose powder. The disordered content below 1% could be quantified with Raman spectroscopy. AFM was a useful approach to characterize disorder on the particle surfaces. In summary, this thesis has provided insight into the mechanisms involved in process-induced amorphisation of pharmaceutical powders and presented new approaches for quantification and characterization of disordered content by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.

This paper presents a contextual analysis of Joseph Wright of Derby's “scientific series” which contains three paintings with science motifs. The purpose of the essay is to analyze how the contemporary context has been expressed in the paintings with regard to the relationship between religion and science. This is done with a theoretical starting point in the concepts of nomos and anomy. Together this starting point and method create a basis for a broader understanding of these three paintings with a focus on religion and science. My conclusion is that these three paintings express the tense relationship between religion and science that was current in England during the 18th century (and is still found today), and that each painting provides information about the changes that arose in the nomos in correlation to the progress of science. Much research has been made on these three paintings separately, studying these paintings together, however, opens up for many new interpretations.

During Sweden's economic crisis in the early 1990s a governmental committe of prominent economic and political experts were gathered to produce an analysis of and suggestions to the solution of that crisis. The committe produced a report that became widely commented in the media and in parliment. The report anc the reception of it gives us insights in how the boundaries between social science and politics are created an how new fields of expertise is added to a science. This thesis uses a constructivist approach to explore how the techniques of the economic science were made into credible means of knowöedge production outside of the field where it traditionally holds epistemological authority. Working from the assumption that language does things to the objects that it describes I claim that the episode investigated in this thesis was shaped by the committee's ability to define the economic crissi and thus making it into a knowable object. The cultural space of the episode was shaped by the actor's moves to enrol the committiee's report rather than examining it, making the credibility contest stacked in favour of the committee's concept of the social order.