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商品(服務)禮券規範與管理之研究 / A Study of Regulation and Control on Product (Service) Gift Certificates張儒臣 Unknown Date (has links)
商品(服務)禮券之應用行之有年,其對業者具有建立顧客詳細資訊、預收現金周轉金與刺激消費者需求等好處;而消費者有時於獲得預售商品憑證時,享有一定折扣之利益,以此增加顧客購買意願,並可將之轉交於他人或日後使用,減少現金攜帶與交易之不便利性,如果交易能夠順利履行,則禮券發行業者與消費者將可達到原預定雙贏目標。
惟相關業者之償付能力與消費者權益之保障,全憑業者自律而缺乏法制保障,而發行業者良莠不齊,交易糾紛時有所聞,例如:水都健康休閒中心、高峰百貨、新糖主義、亞力山大等倒閉事件,消費者均在不知情之情形下,往往僅見銷售時之折扣,而輕忽了預付型交易之風險,最後均造成消費者權益遭受重大損失。
政府為抑制通貨膨脹,防止商業信用擴張,限制公司藉由商品禮券之發售募集資金,乃由行政院於民國62年時,以國家總動員法第18條為依據,發布了商品禮券發售管理辦法,透過主管機關財政部之嚴格控管,對於持券人之保護甚為周密,消費糾紛因而減少甚多,民國77年,政府宣布解嚴,財政部認為商品禮券之發行已無管理之必要,而於民國78年時宣布廢止商品禮券規範管理辦法。
廢止商品禮券發售管理辦法後,業者往往浮濫發行商品(服務)禮券,但業者償付保證責任與消費者權益保障問題欠缺法規保障,致使交易糾紛頻傳,行政院乃指定經濟部依據消費者保護法第17條規定,公告零售業等商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項,而由於各行各業均有發行禮券情形,各主管機關依據上開範本,本諸職權自行公告,主要內容共計「三要八不」,除了履約保證制度外,並進一步規範諸多不利於消費者之不合理定型化契約條款,禁止出現禮券之使用上,例如:不得記載使用期限、餘額不得消費、限制使用地點、範圍、截角無效等不合理之使用限制、發行人得片面解約之條款、預先免除發行人故意及重大過失責任、違反其他法律強制禁止規定或為顯失公平或欺罔之事項、廣告僅供參考等,藉以導正商業秩序及維護消費者權益。
日本為工商業高度發展國家,其在百貨業與服務業中發行與使用預付卡非常頻繁,例如啤酒券、清酒券、贈禮券、商品券等;此種具有預付卡性質之票券與磁卡,日本將之統稱為「前払式証票」或「プリペイドカード」,意為預付式憑證,這些票券上大多明確地標示面值或物品數量。對上述商品,於1989年12月22日(平成元年)訂定「有關預付式憑證的限制等有關的法律」(前払式証票の規制等に関する法律,以下簡稱「預付式憑證規制法」)、施行令(平成2年政令193號)、施行規則(平成2年大藏省令33號)與保證金規則(平成2年大藏令1號)等,相關法制與管理規範周延,應可作為我國未來訂定商品(服務)禮券或預付型交易管理制度之參考。
消費者購買禮券,已預先支付價金予發行業者,禮券性質即等同現金,目前商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項,規定現行商品禮券之發行人履約保證機制有:金融機構提供足額履約保證;市占率至少5%以上同業同級互保;於金融機構開立信託專戶;由商業同業公會連帶保證協定;其他經主管機關許可,並經行政院消費者保護委員會同意之履約保證方式等。惟履約保證制度將增加業者之營運成本,且因禮券使用者不特定,金額與使用期間難以掌握,目前金融機構基於風險性之考量,承作意願有限,且多對發行業者加諸種種限制,均造成制度推動之困難,惟本文以為,發行人之履約保證責任於商品(服務)禮券制度中,實具有舉足輕重之地位,故本文擬分別就履約保證責任及發行成本與適用範圍進行探討,期能對本項議題有所貢獻。
有鑒於禮券發行之金額龐大,唯有健全商品(服務)禮券之管理機制,方可對消費者權益產生保障。本文擬從「落實資訊揭露與說明義務」、「建置消費者保障機制」、「強化政府管理機制」及「推動制定預付型商品(服務)管理法」等方面加以闡述,期能藉由相關管理保障機制之建構,改變國內現有市場生態,塑造嶄新而健康之經營環境。 / Use of the product (service) gift certificate dates back to many years ago. To businesses, the gift certificate has advantages in compiling detailed information about customers, obtaining cash for operations in advance, stimulating consumer demands, etc. To consumers, the gift certificate benefits them by sometimes offering certain discount when they obtain advance booked product certificates, so as to increase their willingness to buy; the certificate may further be transferred to others or used later on, so as to reduce the inconvenience of carrying cash and dealing. In a successful performance of this type of transaction, the certificate issuer and the consumer are going to reach a win-win situation as projected.
However, the ability of related businesses to pay and the protection of consumer rights completely depend on self-discipline of businesses and lack legal protection, while there are bad as well as good issuers, and disputes in transactions are frequently reported, such as the bankruptcy scandals of Spa World Health Club, Kaomart, Twin’s Brothers Bakery, and Alexander Health Club. In those cases, consumers, not knowing enough about the companies, tend to only focus on the sales discount without paying attention to risks involved in prepaid transactions, and thus finally sustain huge loss in their rights and interests.
To control the situation of inflation, prevent credit expansion of businesses, and restrain companies’ raising funds by sale of product gift certificates, in 1973 the Executive Yuan promulgated the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates based on Article 18 of the National Total Mobilization Act. Through strict regulation of the competent authority, Ministry of Finance, protection to certificate holders was complete and perfect, and consumer disputes thus decreased significantly. In 1988, the government declared lifting of martial law, when the Ministry of Finance considered it unnecessary to regulate issuance of product gift certificates, and then announced abolishment of the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates in 1989.
After abolishment of the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates, businesses tend to over-issue product (service) gift certificates, but the issues of duty of businesses to guarantee reimbursement and protection of consumer rights still lacked legal resolution, so that disputes in transactions happened repeatedly. Therefore, the Executive Yuan instructed the Ministry of Economic Affairs to announce matters that shall and shall not be stated in standardized retail contracts for product (service) gift certificates pursuant to Article 17 of the Consumer Protection Act. And because issuance of gift certificates happens in every industry sector, each competent authority announces regulations under its own authority according to the above-mentioned sample, of which the main contents include “3 Must’s and 8 No’s” in total, where they not only provide the performance guarantee system, but also regulate many unreasonable provisions in standardized contracts that are unfavorable to consumers, and prohibit them from being included in gift certificates, such as expiration date of use, restriction to use of balance, limitation to location and scope of use, invalidation of detached certificate, clause entitling issuer to unilaterally cancel contract, advance waiver of issuer’s intentional and material negligence liability, clause against other mandatory laws and regulations, matters obviously unfair or deceptive, advertisement as reference only, etc., in order to correct commercial order and safeguard consumer rights.
Japan is a highly industrialized and commercialized country, where its department stores and service providers frequently issue and use prepaid cards, such as beer coupons, sake coupons, gift coupons, and product certificates. These notes and magnetic cards of the nature of prepaid cards are generally called “前払式証票” or “プリペイドカード” in Japan, meaning prepaid certificates, most of which clearly indicate face value or product quantity. Regarding the aforesaid products, in December 22, 1989 (Year 1 of Heisei) Japan established the “Relevant Limitations on Prepaid Certificates Act” (前払式証票の規制等に関する法律, hereinafter called the “Prepaid Certificate Control Act”), its enforcement order (Year 2 of Heisei政Order No. 193), its enforcement rules (Year 2 of Heisei 大藏省 Order No. 33), the performance bond rules (Year 2 of Heisei 大藏 Order No. 1), etc., so pertinent legal systems and control regulations in Japan have been thorough, which should be able to serve as reference for our country to establish the regulatory framework for product (service) gift certificates or prepaid transactions in the future.
Consumers purchase gift certificates by paying issuers the price in advance, so gift certificates equal cash in nature. Currently the matters that shall and shall not be stated in standardized contracts for product (service) gift certificates provide the existing performance guarantee mechanisms for issuers of product gift certificates as follows: financial institutions providing sufficient performance guarantee; similar businesses with a market share of 5% or above in the same trade insuring one another; opening special trust accounts with financial institutions; trade associations signing joint guarantee agreements; and other means of performance guarantee approved by the competent authorities and agreed by the Consumer Protection Commission of the Executive Yuan. However, the performance guarantee system will increase operating costs of businesses, the users of gift certificates cannot be specified, the amount and time of use are hard to control, and the financial institutions today are reluctant to undertake it in consideration of risks and often impose various limitations on issuers. The above reasons all make it difficult to promote the system. However, this paper argues that the performance guarantee responsibility of the issuer indeed plays a crucial role in the product (service) gift certificate system, so this paper plans to separately study performance guarantee responsibility and issuance costs and the applicable scope, expecting to make contribution to this issue.
Given the huge amount of issuance of gift certificates, only reinforcing the regulatory mechanism of product (service) gift certificates can protect consumer rights. This paper plans to argue from the perspectives of “implementing duty of information disclosure and explanation,” “constructing consumer protection mechanism,” “enhancing government regulatory mechanism” and “promoting establishment of the Prepaid Product (Service) Control Act,” with a hope to change the current domestic market landscape by building related regulatory and protection mechanisms, in order to form a new and healthy business environment.
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大陸預售商品房按揭制度之研究─以履約保證制度為中心 / The Study on Mortgage System for Pre-Sale of Commercial Housing in Mainland Chin─Focus on Escrowa張芳正, Chang, Gang Chen Unknown Date (has links)
近年來大陸經濟放緩,導致爛尾樓問題頻傳。造成爛尾樓的原因除經濟大環境之外,很大程度應歸咎於大陸預售商品房按揭制度的不健全。本文就大陸按揭制度及其相關爭議進行分析後,認為大陸預售商品房按揭制度的不健全,係因法規多半為原則性規定,加上各管理機關對法規執行落實不足。
為解決對大陸預售商品房按揭制度中爛尾樓,及預售屋購屋者保障不足問題,本研究即針對已臻成熟台、港在預售屋交易安全保障制度深入探討,總結有:履約保證制度的施行,興建資金的專款專戶,專戶款項支付需由第三方履約監管單位掌控,以及購屋者在完工交屋前支付之自備款比例低等特點,此恰為大陸現行預售商品房按揭制度不足之處。
爰此,本文建議得參考台、港的預售制度,進行以下近期措施以改善現行大陸預售商品房按揭制度之缺失:修法明定預售款專戶相關規範並嚴格落實執行,以及調降購屋者預售資金支付比例。就中長期措施而言,本文認為最佳的調整建議為:全面檢討修正大陸預售制度相關法律與行政規範,試行台灣現行預售屋強制履約保證機制,確保預售屋完工機率,以符合交易各方當事人之權益。 / In recent years, China’s economic slowdown leads to endless problems of unfinished buildings. Besides economic climate, imperfect mortgage system for pre-sale commercial housing in Mainland China largely contributes to these problems. After the analysis of mortgage system in China and contentious issues thereof, the thesis finds that imperfect mortgage system is due to only established principles rather than specific regulations in relevant legal systems and limited law enforcement by administrative authorities.
To solve issues on unfinished buildings and insufficient protection for house buyers, the thesis studies well established and comprehensive transaction security system on pre-sale commercial housing in Taiwan and Hong Kong, and their advantages are thus concluded as: the enforcement of Escrow system, the establishment of special financial account earmarked for the building fund, the control of the payment for the earmarked building fund, and the reduction of a down payment before handover. These advantages reflect the inadequacies of current mortgage system in China.
In light of this, the thesis suggests the following short-term measures with reference to pre-sale systems in Taiwan and Hong Kong, including: stipulating rules as to special pre-sale financial account, enforcing those rules strictly and reducing the portion of down payment. In mid - to - long – term goal, the suggested best strategies herein are to comprehensively review and amend relevant laws, regulations, decrees and policies and launch current mandated Escrow system in Taiwan. By those strategies, the closing of pre-sale housing can be ensured to meet interests of all parties involved in the transaction.
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台灣地區旅行業風險管理與保險之研究陳淑娟, Chen,Shu Chuan Unknown Date (has links)
企業處於現今的經濟環境,其所面臨之風險是多變的,若無防範於未然,倒閉危機將可能發生之結果。尤旅行業屬於高度競爭之產業,業者為求永續經營與維護消費者之權益,更應對可能衍生之風險,落實風險管理。
本研究以風險管理觀點出發,分析旅行業如何辨識並衡量其可能面臨之風險,選擇其風險控制之工具,後續進一步針對旅行業者倒閉風險之風險分散機制探討。旅行業除了投保商業履約保證保險外,另外研究自我保證之可行性。
本研究認為若旅行業採用自我保證方式來取代商業性履約保證保險,將可解決旅行業、銀行與保險公司三方爭議,並享有低費率之履約保證,且同時兼顧消費者之權益。實務上,若要將自我保證付諸實行,仍是有待主管機關、業者、學者研議解決有關法源依據、自我保證基金不足以因應賠款之情事及監督管理辦法等問題。 / Under the current economic environment, enterprises face capricious type of risks. In the absence of preventive measures, enterprises might face the risk of insolvency. This is especially true with the travel business because it is in a highly competitive industry. In order to achieve sustainable operation and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the travel business is advised to implement risk management concept for the risks it is likely to derive.
From the point of view of the risk management, the study analyzes the method to identify and measure the risks that the travel industry is likely to face, and it also helps to choose the risk control tools. Furthermore, the study discusses the risk diversification mechanism for insolvency. Besides purchasing the commercial performance bond, the study also analyses the possibility of self-insurance.
The study believes that by implementing self-insurance instead of the commercial performance bond, the travel industry will not only solve the tripartite dispute among the industry, banks and insurance companies would also benefit from the lower rates. At the same time, it also takes account of consumers’ interests.
In order to put self-insurance into practice, we still require the regulator, industry and academics to resolve the legal issues, insolvency problem of self-guarantee fund, management issues, and the supervision measures to such problems.
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商品(服務)禮券相關法律問題之研究鍾薰嫺 Unknown Date (has links)
預付型消費普遍潛藏著消費之風險,常常可見企業經營者在自身財務出現危機時,以大量折扣方式促銷,消費者在不知情之情形下,往往僅見銷售時之折扣,而輕忽了預付型消費之風險,在各種預付型消費中,尤以商品(服務)禮券所吸取之利益為最大。
我國舊時依據國家總動員法第十八條,以財政部為主管機關,曾經發布「商品禮券規範管理辦法」,規範之內容均著重於對禮券發行量之控管,對於禮券之發行採取核准制,限制須公司符合一定之規模時,始得發行禮券,發行之數額並應受其營業額之限制,不得濫行發行。
在商品發售管理辦法廢除後,我國對於商品禮券一向採取市場自律之方式,惟市場自律後十幾年,當初制定商品發售管理辦法的理由,仍然發生,多家企業經營者在其所印製之使用簡則上,憑勢其經濟上強勢地位,訂定對於自身有利之契約條款,更甚者,以大量發行禮券為名,行詐騙吸金之實,由此可見,對於商品禮券採市場自律之方法顯然是不足的。
消保會已注意到類似此等預付型消費所帶來風險,因此由商品(服務)禮券開始規範,預備施行履約保證制度,再擴大至其他預付型消費制度,以降低預付型消費之危險,保護消費者之權益。消保會所預定公佈之「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」共計有「三要八不」,其中除了履約保證之外,並進一步針對禮券發行人與持有人間,常見之不公條款加以規範,諸如使用期限、禁止找零條款、片面變更契約權利、廣告僅供參考等諸多對於消費者不利之不合理定型化契約條款,均已禁止其出現於禮券之使用簡則上。
日本法與美國之各州法,對於商品(服務)禮券均以法律位階定有相當之規範。就日本法而言,係以「預付式證票規制法」為規範依據,主要針對所有預付型消費,並有發行證票或其他類似性質之自然人或法人加以規範,著重在行政機關對於禮券發行人之控制,發行人在發行前須向主管機關報備發行之數額、已發行未兌現之禮券數額等。此外,並將禮券發行分為二種,一為自家發行,一為第三人發行,在第三人發行之禮券,並且須經主管機關核可始得發行。
至於美國州法之規定,大多數均係針對使用期限與服務費用等契約內容加以規範,並且特別要求發行人對於類似之契約條款,均必須踐行相當程度之揭示義務,使消費者在購買禮券之時,得以清楚知悉條款之相關內容。但美國之各州法尚未要求發行人發行禮券時,必須經過主管機關之核准。
我國對於商品禮券之規範,則與日本法及美國法有部分相同之處。消保會審議通過之定型化契約應記載事項與不得記載事項,並未要求發行人之資格與發行數量須事先經過許可,因此與日本法規範不同,但與日本法相同之處在於要求發行人提供履約保證;除了履約保證之外,定型化契約應記載事項與不得記載事項禁止禮券上記載使用期限、禁止收取服務費用,則與美國多數州法相同。
在此波對於禮券管制之浪潮中,引起最大爭議的,無非係要求禮券發行人提供履約保證制度。目前「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」所提出之履約保證制度共有四種,分別為信託專戶、金融機構保證、同業相互擔保與同業禮券聯保,禮券發行人可由其中選擇一種作為發行禮券之履約保證。
要求禮券發行人提供履約保證制度,並非我國所首創,日本預付式證票規制法為了保障消費者之權益,規定在符合一定情形下,發行人須將未兌換禮券之一部分提存,以作為禮券持有人之保證。美國法雖未做相同之規定,但因美國定有統一未請求財產法(UUPA),將禮券納入被推定拋棄財產之範圍,即禮券自發行之日起經過三年,持券人若未向發行人或其指定之人主張權利者,發行人因發行禮券所得之利益,須繳回州政府之共同基金,換言之,發行人本身並不得享受未兌換禮券之利益。
履約保證提出之初,引起企業經營者相當大之反彈,但擺在眼前的事實是,企業經營者一家又一家的做起「印禮券,換現金」的吸金行為,然後不當擴張營業,在經營不善之下,拍拍屁股走路,將所有之現金放在自己口袋,卻犧牲了弱勢的消費者,若任由此情形持續下去,契約正義何在?
本文認為,履約保證實行之初,短期內或許會增加企業經營者之經營成本,但就宏觀之角度而言,必使消費者之權益因受到保障,而更提高禮券的商業信用,使其流通及接受度大增,長期下來對於禮券發行人而言,亦不可謂不利。除此之外,無論採行何種方式進行履約保證,正本清源之道,仍應由禮券發行之數量控制加以著手。蓋禮券之發行對於發行人而言,係屬負債,因此公司之發行禮券,更須衡量發行人之營業情形,審慎為之,以降低自身之營業風險,對於商業信用亦不致無限制之大幅擴張。
禮券已儼然成為吾人生活範圍之一部分,透過禮券的購買贈送於人,對於送禮人而言,可以省卻挑禮物之麻煩,對於受贈人而言,則可藉此選擇自身喜愛之禮物,可謂一舉數得,但若因為禮券之使用受到限制,甚至無法使用,勢必降低消費者購買禮券之意願。「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」之公佈,或許在施行之初,可能對於發行人有若干不便之處,惟就長期看來,此卻可間接更增強禮券之流通性與信用性,企業經營者若能夠體現此點,必可創造其與消費者間之雙贏局面。
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政府採購履約保證金之研究朱玉葉 Unknown Date (has links)
履約保證金為政府採購契約重要的擔保工具,依據現行政府採購法規範,履約保證金繳納方式包括:現金、金融機構簽發之本票或支票、保付支票、郵政匯票、無記名政府公債、設定質權之金融機構定期存款單、銀行開發或保兌之不可撤銷擔保信用狀、銀行之書面連帶保證及保險公司連帶保證保險單等。由於這些不同的繳納方式,分別涉及不同的法律規範層面,在制度設計上是否可以達到以履約保證金為上位概念之等值擔保?而實務運作中如何有效減少履約保證金所衍生之採購爭議?委實有深入研究之必要。 / 為能對政府採購履約保證金有較為完整之了解,本論文首先將參考前稽察條例、現行政府採購法規、主管機關解釋函令等,並配合實務見解及學說文獻資料的整理,分別從履約保證金之制度沿革、規範內容、擔保功能及法律性質等面向進行討論;其次,則經由搜集法院實務中有關履約保證金所衍生之爭議案例,嘗試將爭議問題類型化並分別進行問題探討,藉以釐清履約保證金不同繳納方式在實務運作上的差異,期能達成整合各項擔保工具等值性之研究目的。此外,有鑑於目前保證保險在國內政府採購領域窒礙難行之困境,本文亦將採比較法的角度,另以專章討論美國政府採購履約擔保制度中,有關保證狀(surety bond)的使用情形,藉以提供國內保證保險比較的基礎,以期有助於健全國內履約保證金制度的發展與運作。
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第三方支付與跨境支付管理業務的發展及因應策略-以台灣金融業為例 / The Development and Strategies to Cope with Third-Party Payment and Cross-border Payment Managing Services:A Case Study of Financial Industry of Taiwan吳俊德 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著科技進步,支付工具越來越多元化,第三方支付在中美已發展成熟。面對第三方支付平台的崛起,並由主管機關主導開放非銀行業辦理代收代付及儲值業務。本研究以文獻分析法及制度比較法,從台灣金融業者的角度比較第三方支付中信託及履約保證機制所產生的影響,發現信託較履約保證機制為佳;而就制度而言,我國對第三方支付平台儲值款項在消費者權益保障最為嚴謹。銀行在承擔第三方支付業者倒閉風險的同時,亦可選擇自行發展第三方支付業務。
由於國內線上交易市場競爭激烈,為活絡網購市場,網購業者以引進中國網友至台灣網路特約商店消費為目標。本研究分析我國發展跨境代收轉付金流服務之方向,並以玉山銀行為案例,認為在國際第三方支付市場上,以合作取代競爭是值得採行的策略。同時結合台灣優質廠商,應是台灣未來金融業者與第三方支付業者可搶進的利基。
再者,第三方支付產業市場競爭激烈,與金融業產生競爭關係,尤其第三方支付平台所提供理財與放款服務十分具有市場競爭力。但是基於法規要求及各項互補產生的附加價值,產生合作關係,金融業者應審慎選擇與第三方支付業者競爭或合作。根據本研究調查目前我國銀行與第三方支付業者競爭或合作概況,同樣發現為競合關係。
最後,為提升金融業之競爭力,建議應強化電子商務技術能力,善用目前據點優勢,重視客戶反饋及增加創新服務,並積極爭取具有綜效之異業結盟,以爭取賽局有利條件。另建議主管機關為進一步保障消費者,短期宜修改《電子支付機構管理條例》相關子法,中長期宜研擬修改《信託法》。為解決跨境交易監理及課稅問題,則可利用跨境支付管理業務。 / As technology advances, payment systems grow diversity. Third-party payment has matured in China and USA. Facing the rise of third-party payment platform, and opening lead by the authority, what stategies should Taiwan's financial industry choose? The research has analyzed and compared Trust with Escrow in third-party payment, and found that Trust is a better way. As far as legal system is concerned, Taiwan values most on consumer protection. Since banks bear the risk of third-party payment company bankruptcy, they can also choose to develop their own third-party payment services.
Due to fierce competition in the domestic online market, online shopping companies dedicate to attract Internet users in China. The research has illustrated the development of cross-border payment managing service, and taken E. Sun Bank as an example. The research explored that financial institution and third-party payment company should cooperate rather than competite in the international market. Combined with high-quality manufacturers, Taiwan's financial institutions and the third-party payment companies could get more profit.
In addition, third-party payment industry is a highly competitive market, resulting in a competitive relationship with the financial industry . In particular, financial managing and loan services provided by third-party payment are very attractive. However, financial institutions and the third-party payment companies are forced to cooperate because of regulatory requirements and the value added by complement. Financial institutions should evalute carefully. According to the result of present study, it is co-opetition in this relationship.
To enhance the competitiveness, the research suggests that financial institutions strengthen the ability of e-commerce technology, make good use of the advantages of the branches, pay attention to customer feedback, establish innovative services, and actively seek alliance which makes synergy. On the other hand, the research recommend authority amend law. In order to supervise cross-border transactions and taxation, authority could use cross-border payments managing service.
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預售屋交易機制對消費者之安全保障—兼論新型態之使用權銷售 / The protection of trading mechanism of Pre-sale housing for the customers-The new mode for the sales of usufruct楊克成, Yang, Kecheng Unknown Date (has links)
因預售屋交易具有交易標的不可預見性、多重複雜法律關係等特性,故於實務上常引發諸多爭訟,本文針對預售屋交易依下列主題進行深入研究:
一、解析預售屋交易型態
傳統的預售屋交易模式,契約當事人主要為建商與消費者,並以此為中心,對外與地主、貸款銀行、代銷公司及營造廠等產生連結,本文將整理分析學說及實務判決之相關見解,藉以對預售屋交易契約為定性,並與鄰近日本地區之預售屋交易模式進行比較研究。又自信託法公布後,實務上建商為因應融資銀行之要求,於預售屋交易機制上引入信託架構,對原有法律關係架構產生如何之影響與變化,並檢討信託機制對消費者權益保障之實質助益。
二、案例紛爭類型化與司法審查之檢討
為瞭解預售屋之實際糾紛,藉由蒐集整理法院案例,將常見紛爭歸納為「審閱期間」、「廣告不實」、「面積與找補爭議」及「房屋瑕疵與拒絕給付價金」四大類型,分析相關判決對各爭點之法律見解,並檢討法院判決能否有效發揮司法審查之作用,以期未來在進行預售屋交易時能避免並預防類似之訟爭再度發生。
三、定型化契約條款之規制
我國對預售屋定型化契約條款之行政管制,主要以內政部所公告「預售屋買賣定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項」,作為企業經營者與消費者訂定契約之依據。惟隨著實行後仍發生諸多預售屋交易糾紛,因而分別於98年及99年二度修正,故本文將以新修正之應記載事項及不得記載事項內容為討論範圍,且針對修正後條款如履約保證機制等規定,在實務運作上恐將發生之爭議問題為探討,進而提出再修正之建議。
四、新型態使用權銷售之探討
隨著多元化之發展,預售屋銷售不再僅侷限於傳統預售房屋所有權之概念,亦發展出地上權房屋、使用權房屋之案例,本文擬以實際建案「京站使用權」為研究對象,分析使用權產生之背景,探討其交易架構、當事人間之法律關係及契約條款內容,以比較與傳統預售屋銷售之差異處,並深究消費者面對此種新型態預售屋時應注意之相關事項,另新型態預售模式中所採行之交易機制,可否採行適用於傳統之預售屋交易型態。
五、預售屋安全交易機制之再建構
最後藉由歸納分析上述各項議題,考量預售屋交易特性所產生之交易風險,擬由價金返還保障與建立續建機制之角度,提出預售屋安全交易機制之再建構。又基於實務上建商常使用顯失公平之定型化契約條款,而有加以導正之必要,將從司法審查與行政規制之面向,針對現有常見之糾紛類型,評析既存判決之適法性及妥當性,並對預售屋定型化契約應記載事項及不得記載事項之內容,提示具體之修正條款,達到加強消費者安全保障之目的,以期能尋求契約自由與消費者保護間之衡平。
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工程契約之履行與擔保— 以保證廠商及監督付款之實務問題為核心 / A Study of Fulfillment and Guarantee of The Construction Contract: Focusing on Guarantee Supplier and Supervised Payment System潘怡廷 Unknown Date (has links)
營建工程契約不同於一般傳統之承攬契約,在於其履約期長、所牽涉之標的金額龐大,有其專業性要求且風險性高之特性,因此工程契約所衍生之履約爭議往往十分常見,基於工程契約之特性,為了確保權益之實現,因而發展出許多工程契約之擔保類型,除了一般常見之工程履約保證金以及銀行出具之履約保證書之履約擔保方式外,透過約定由第三人實際接續施作工程,以完成業主之完工利益,乃工程契約特殊之擔保類型之一,最常見之情形乃保證廠商之約定以及監督付款之協議。
然而,保證廠商性質上乃民法上之保證人,基於保證廠商單務契約之性質,原則上保證廠商並無任何法定之權利得向業主請求給付工程款,僅得基於求償權之規定,向承包商請求相關之費用,但是因承包商於此等情形已無資力甚或是不知去向,保證廠商往往要求約定業主將原應給付予承包商之工程款讓與予承包商,否則不願接續繼續施作。因此實務上保證廠商與業主間,往往約定將承包商權利移轉予保證廠商或將工程契約之一切權利義務移轉予保證廠商之條款,但是此等條款之效力如何以及所衍生之效力,在實務上迭生爭議。
工程實務所發展出的監督付款協議,係指大型工程承包商將工程部分分包予其他廠商之時,若承包商資金週轉發生問題,而分包商不願繼續履約時,為了確保廠商繼續施作,業主、承包商及分包商其中二方或全體共同協議,由分包商接續施作工程,而將業主應給付予承包商之工程款監督付款予分包商。然而,在法院實務上,業主時常主張監督付款之協議並未使分包商取得對於業主之工程款直接請求權,而主張拒絕給付工程款予分包商。此等監督付款之協議內容應如何解釋較為合理,以及監督付款之分包商權利是否獲得足夠之保障,均為重要之議題。
本文將整理法院實務所觀察到的保證廠商以及監督付款協議之重要判決並類型化,比較各種類型與法律概念之釐清,逐一檢視各案中法院對於保證廠商以及監督付款之定性是否妥適,並分析當事人間之法律關係。嘗試就涉及承包商之債權人若受讓工程款債權或是進行強制執行之扣押時之四方權利義務衝突 (在承包商之債權人、業主、保證廠商/監督付款之分包商彼此之間,權利之衝突應該如何判斷?)之爭議,綜合保證廠商及監督付款之法律定性、各工程款之法律性質之判斷,提出符合我國法理之解釋,並就我國法律所欠缺之部分,提出可供參考的修正方向,希冀能對於我國工程契約以及擔保法制提供若干貢獻。
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定型化違約金條款之法律問題歐陽勝嘉 Unknown Date (has links)
於契約成立以後,債權人得按約定內容請求債務人依約履行其義務。若義務不能履行時,法律賦予債權人依債務不履行之規定請求損害賠償之權限。然而損害賠償原則上僅用於填補財產上損害,無法擴及所有值得保護之非財產法益。縱然損害為財產上損害,損害數額之計算與證明經常為雙方當事人所爭執。因此,違約金經常成為當事人簡化損害計算及確保契約履行之工具。
惟自定型化契約條款廣泛使用以來,條款使用人經常濫用其形成契約內容之優勢地位以成就其絕對利益。在許多情況下,定型化違約金條款已然偏離其制度之初衷,成為條款使用人於對價關係外牟取不正利益之工具。如何杜絕定型化違約金條款之濫用,在現代契約法中業已成為不可忽視之重要議題。
本文先從違約金之法律性質出發,參酌德國學說及實務見解確定我國違約金制度之基本內涵,並澄清其相互間之關係。除瞭解國內外法制之內涵外,並藉此確定各種性質之違約金條款間之制度目的及法律規範之模範類型,探求定型化契約條款效力審查之基礎。隨後再分別針對在工程契約、消費者金融契約以及預售屋交易契約中所常見之違約金條款予以類型化分析,透過雙方當事人之利益衡量定性系爭條款之法律性質,並據以歸納出條款效力控制之標準。並期望透過本文之研究,能夠為法院實務與範本制訂提供具體可行之建議。
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