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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

中小企業經理級人員之工作特性與工作滿足的關係

傅篤顯, Fu, Du-Xian Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 為導論,分三節,第一節說明研究動機及研究目旳;第二節說明研究問題 及研究假設;第三節則為名詞定義,係將本文所用之有關名詞,予以操作性旳定義 。 第二章 為文獻探討,分三節,第一節說明工作特性的意義、工作特性的測量及研 究工作特性的理論等;第二節說明工作滿足的意義、影響工作滿足的因素、工作滿 足的測量及研究工作滿足的理論等;第三節則說明工作特性的工作滿足的關係。 第三章 為研究方法,計分三節,第一節說明研究對象為何;第二節則說明研究設 計,計有樣本設計、工具設計、操作設計、分析設計等;第三節則說明研究限制。 第四章 為研究結果與統計,計分三節,第一節說明分析方法及各種變數測量結果 ;第二節為結果解釋;第三節為假設驗證等。 第五章 為結論與建議,計分二節,分別為結論與建議。 #2810594 #2810594
82

首長警衛工作滿足之研究

林澤謙, Lin, Tse-chien Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的在探討首長警衛人員之工作滿足,並以人格特質、工作特性為自變項探討其整體關係模式。本研究採問卷調查法,針對首長警衛全體人員192人發放問卷,共回收175份,有效問卷計151份,有效問卷回收率為78.6% 。研究問卷內容包含首長警衛個人基本資料、人格特質量表、工作特性量表及工作滿足量表。問卷調查所得資料運用電腦統計套裝軟體SPSS for Windows 10.0版以描述性統計、因素分析、信度分析、單因子變異素分析、Person積差相關係數、中位數及sheffe多重比較檢定等方法進行分析研究。 本研究主要發現如下: 一、不同性別、年齡、學歷、婚姻狀況、職務序列、首長警衛年資、職務之首長警衛人員,工作滿足有顯著性差異;不同工作類別則無。 二、就人格特質而言,傾向內控人格特質之首長警衛,工作滿足較高;反之,則工作滿足較低。 三、就工作特性而言,工作特性越強,則工作滿足越高;反之則越低。 四、就首長警衛整體滿足而言,滿意度3.09,僅略高於中間值,顯示滿意度尚待提昇。 本研究並依據文獻探討及實證研究結果提出建議,供首長警衛專責單位及未來相關研究之參考。 關鍵詞:首長警衛、工作特性、人格特質、工作滿足 / The purpose of this research is to discuss the working satisfaction of security to high-ranking government officials, and discuss the entire relation model by using personality feature and working feature as independent variable. Total 192 questionnaires were issued to all security to high-ranking government officials, and there were 151 valid questionnaires out of 175 returned questionnaires and the valid questionnaire return rates were 78.6%. The contents of the questionnaire included their personal information, personality inventory, working feature inventory and working satisfaction inventory. The SPSS for Windows 10.0 was applied to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire by descriptive statistic, factor analysis, reliability analysis, one-way ANOVA, Person’s coefficient of production-moment correlation, median and Sheffe's multiple comparison tests. It is discovered that: 1. Different gender, age, education background, marriage status, career sequence, seniority of security, and career Of security to high-ranking government official has significant difference in working satisfaction; different working category does not have difference. 2. In terms of personality feature, security tends to with personality feature of internal control has higher working satisfaction, and vice versa. 3. In terms of working feature, working satisfaction increases with the working feature, and vice versa. 4. In terms of overall satisfaction of security to high-ranking government officials, the satisfaction is 3.09, which is only higher than medium value, and means the satisfaction needs to be improved. This research also addresses suggestion according to literature review and empirical research results as references for department of security to high-ranking government officials and future researches. Keywords: Security to High-ranking Government Officials, Working feature, Personality feature, Working satisfaction
83

機關安全警衛人員工作壓力 工作滿足與離職傾向之研究 -以中央政府機關為例-

洪文端, HUNG,WEN-TUAN Unknown Date (has links)
近年來就國際情形而言,自美國九一一恐怖攻擊事件以來國際恐怖份子揚言對以美國為首之西方國家及支持美國打擊恐怖主義之世界各國展開恐怖攻擊,我國亦不例外;及我國的民主開始起飛,社會充滿活力與生命力,政治、經濟等環境變化極為快速,社會日趨開放,人民自由民主意識高漲,尤其自民國八十五年第九任總統、副總統直接民選後,各項社會民生、政治議題衝擊社會,而為全國政治核心及政治菁英聚集之所在的中央機關,亦成為民眾陳情請願及抗爭等活動匯集之場所,也成為眾所矚目之焦點。由此吾人可明確瞭解,當前中央政府機關遭受驚擾、危害之可能性已是來自於國內、外各種難以事先預知之原因。政府機關安全維護任務執行之良窳,不僅攸關機關之安全亦包括政府首長之人身安全,對於政策之制定、推動與執行,乃至國家政局之穩定均有重大的影響,所以如何維護國家機關的安全,確保中央政府能正常運行,確實是當前極為重要之國家安全問題。因此筆者希望藉此研究探討擔任政府機關安全警衛人員之工作壓力、工作滿足與離職傾向之情形,並以實際從事執行中央政府機關安全維護警衛人員為研究對象,運用問卷調查之研究方法進行實證研究,本研究實證研究結果如下: 一、工作壓力不會因性別、年齡、教育程度、婚姻狀況的不同而有顯 著差異存在,僅「職務身分」、「服務年資」二項有顯著差異存在。 二、工作滿足會因性別、年齡、職務身分、教育程度、服務年資、婚姻狀況的不同而有顯著差異存在。 三、離職傾向會因年齡、教育程度、服務年資、婚姻狀況的不同而有顯著差異存在,僅「性別」、「職務身分」二項無顯著差異存在。 四、工作壓力與離職傾向有低度正相關存在,工作壓力越大,離職傾向越高。 五、工作滿足與離職傾向有中度負相關存在,工作滿足越高,離職傾向越低。 / According to the international situation in recent years, terrorists claim that they are going to attack the western countries which support the United States of America to counter terrorism since 9-11, even Taiwan can not be neutral in the war. Taiwan’s democracy just start to grow up, our society is full of energy and vitality, politics and economics change rapidly, the society is much more open day by day and people’s consciousness of free and democracy is much higher than before. Especially after the 9th president election on 1996, all the discussion of living and politics are rampant in our society. The central government organizations where are the nucleus of our politics and the converging place of political elites become the popular objects for people to present a petition and protest ,they also become the hot point of spotlights. So we can understand clearly that the possibilities of disturbing and harming our government are high because indigenous or for issues that we cannot predict in advance. Executing security mission of government, to protect government safety and senior officers safety has strong effect in making, setting, executing the national police and keeping the steady of country’s political situation. How to maintain the safety of government to ensure that government can work normally is extremely important. This study is to probe the work pressure, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of security guard of government. It uses security guard of government as study objects and use survey to do research. The conclusions of the study are as the follows : 1. Work pressure has no obvious difference due to sex, age, level of education, marriage. Only job title and years of experience in serving government have obvious difference. 2. Job satisfaction has obvious difference due to sex, age, job title, level of education, years of experience in serving government, and marriage. 3. Turnover intention has obvious difference due to age, level of education, years of experience in serving government, and marriage. Only due to sex and job title, it has no obvious difference. 4. There is low obvious positive correlation between work pressure and turnover intention. People with higher degree of work pressure have higher degree of turnover intention. 5.There is middle obvious negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention. People with higher degree of job satisfaction have lower degree of turnover intention.
84

桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員工作壓力、工作滿意與離職傾向之研究

劉建宏, Liu,Jeng-Hong Unknown Date (has links)
一個組織行政人員穩定性關係著組織效能的良窳,因此教師兼行政人員的穩定性以及離職情形對學校效能有著重大的影響,再加上工作壓力及工作滿意與離職與否息息相關,因此本研究旨在探究目前桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員行政職務平均任期以及教師兼行政人員工作壓力、工作滿意和離職傾向的關係。最後作出結論和建議供教育行政機關、學校行政主管、教師兼行政人員及未來相關研究之參考。 本研究調查表資料以桃園縣89學年度(含)以前成立之國民中學進行普查,共計發出46份調查表,回收40份,回收率為87%,有效的調查表計33份,可用率為83%。問卷調查也以上述46所桃園縣國民中學之教師兼行政人員為資料分析對象,從桃園縣13鄉鎮市抽出33所國民中學之全部教師兼行政人員,抽取樣本共有463人,問卷回收433份,回收率為94%,有效問卷計410份,可用率為95%。在資料分析上,問卷調查資料主要用描述統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、典型相關分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、多元及逐步迴歸分析、因素分析等方法。 本研究獲致以下結論: 一、桃園縣國民中學學校規模越大,教師兼行政人員平均任期越長,教師 兼行政人員離職率越低。 二、桃園縣國民中學學校歷史短,主任及組長的平均任期較長;學校歷史 短,組長平均任期較長。學校歷史長,主任及組長的離職率較高;學 校歷史長,組長離職率較高。 三、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員工作壓力感受屬於中等程度,以工作 負荷壓力最高;工作滿意感受屬於中等程度,以主管領導滿意最高; 離職傾向屬於中等程度。 四、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員在整體工作壓力感受上,30歲以下顯 著大於41歲-50歲、任教5年以下顯著大於任教16-25年、未婚顯著大 於已婚、訓導(學務)處組長顯著大於教務(教導)處主任、行政年 資5年以下顯著大於行政年資6-15年、設校50年以上顯著大於設校10- 20年、20-30年、30-40年及40-50年、研究所碩士以上顯著小於師 大、師院或大學教育系畢業及一般大學院校畢業。 五、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員在整體工作滿意感受上,51歲以上顯 著大於31歲-40歲、任教26年以上顯著大於任教5年以下及6-15年、學 校規模73班以上顯著大於13-36班、設校20-30年顯著高於設校10年以 下、30-40年、40-50年及50年以上。 六、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員的離職傾向,30歲以下顯著大於41 歲-50歲及51歲以上、任教5年以下顯著大於任教16-25年及26年以 上、未婚顯著大於已婚、教務(教導)處組長及訓導(學務)處組長 顯著大於輔導室主任、行政年資5年以下顯著大於行政年資6-15年、 學校規模13-36班及37-72班顯著大於73班以上。 七、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作壓力與離職傾向關係呈顯著 正相關。 八、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作滿意與離職傾向關係呈顯著 負相關。 九、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員整體工作滿意與整體工作壓力關係呈 負相關。 十、桃園縣國民中學教師兼行政人員工作壓力的角色衝突層面對離職傾向 最具預測力。 根據研究結論,本研究的建議如下: 一、辦理教師兼行政人員職前研習及輔導制度,適時給予鼓勵、獎勵及關 懷。 二、爭取經費改善學校環境設備。 三、同性質業務合併,減少不必要的公文。 四、適量地交辦工作,減少不必要的行政程序和規定。 五、鼓勵教師兼行政人員進修學位。 六、學習壓力調適,建立良好人際關係。 關鍵字:教師兼行政人員、工作壓力、工作滿意、離職傾向 / Administrative personnel have a critical impact to the overall success of the organization; therefore, the stability and turnover situation of those teachers who also perform administrative functions (referred as administrative teachers) is very important to the school itself. In addition, the work pressure and job satisfaction have close relationship to the turnover rate, so the goal of this dissertation is to study the correlations among those length of service, work pressure, job satisfaction and turnover frequency of these teachers. Also a set of conclusions and suggestions were proposed for future study reference for education administrations, school’s management board and those administrative teachers. The survey of this dissertation was distributed to those junior high schools established prior than YR2000; total of 46 copies were sent out and received 40 back (87% of return rate) with 33 sets of completions (83%).The survey population was based on those administrative teachers among those 46 schools; sampling size was 463 teachers with 433 returns (94%) and 410 effective results (95%).For the data analytical tools: descriptive statistics,T-test,one-way-ANOVA,canonical correlation,Pearson product-mo- ment correlation,multiple regression analysis,stepwise multiple regression analysis , factor analysis were utilized. The conclusions are as follows: I. The larger the size of Taoyuan junior high schools, the length of service (LOS) is longer for those administrative teachers, and the turnover rate is lower. II. With Taoyuan junior high schools’ history being not long, the LOS of Directors and Supervisors was longer. For older schools, the LOS of Supervisors is longer, but with higher turnover rate of Directors and Supervsiors. III. The pressure level of those administrative teachers is Medium and the work load pressure tends to be the highest. The job satisfaction is Medium, and the leadership satisfaction is the highest, while the turnover tendency tends to be Medium. IV. For the overall work pressure level of those administrative teachers: 30 yrs old > 41-50 yrs old; LOS under 5 yrs > 16-25 yrs; single > married; student affairs supervisor > academic affairs Director; administrative LOS under 5 yrs > 6-15 yrs; school history longer than 50 yrs > 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 yrs; master degree and above < university (college) degree V. For overall job satisfaction (for administrative teachers): age of 51 and above > 31-40; LOS greater than 26 yrs > 5/under and 6-15 yrs; school size 73 classes and more > 13-36 classes; school’s history with 20 to 30 yrs > 10 yrs and below, 30-40 yrs, 40-50 yrs, and 50 yrs above. VI. For overall turnover tendency: 30 yrs and below > 41-50 yrs old and above; LOS under 5 yrs > 16-25 and 26 yrs and above; single > married; academic affairs supervisors and student affairs supervisor > counseling director; administrative LOS under 5 yrs > 6-15 yrs; school size with 13-36 classes and 37-72 classes > 73 classes. VII. Overall work pressure and turnover tendency have a positive correlation. VIII. Overall job satisfaction and turnover tendency have a negative correlation. IX. Overall job satisfaction and overall work pressure have a negative correlation. X. The job role conflict situation could be used as an indictor of future turnover tendency. Based on the conclusions of the study, the suggestions of this dissertation are as follows: I. Set up training and counseling system for administrative teachers; provide sufficient encouragement, rewards and care. II. Apply for more funds to improve the overall school environment and facilities. III. Combine similar businesses to reduce unnecessary paperwork. IV. Set up appropriate job-assigning process to reduce administrative procedures. V. Encourage continuous learning (ex. pursuing for higher degree) VI. Learn to adjust pressure and to build up good communication skills. KEY WORDS: administrative teachers, work pressure, job satisfaction, turnover tendency
85

夫妻分隔兩地員警的家人關係、婚姻滿意度及工作投入與工作滿足之研究 / A study of police marital status especially in a long distance regarding their family relationship, marriage satisfaction, work dedication and satisfaction from Taipei City police perspective.

黃柏鐘, Chung, Po Huang Unknown Date (has links)
臺北市政治、經濟、文化、社會的多元發展與變遷,使得治安、交通狀況日趨複雜,加諸於警察人員之工作與責任有增無減,相較他單位之警察人員實在是保母難為,又因從警人員多為中南部子弟,需兩地奔波,無法兼顧家庭,致臺北市政府警察局員警大量外流返鄉。為瞭解組織氛圍與工作環境及兩地婚姻之特性,對於警察人員之影響為何?本研究採深入訪談法,以現任12位臺北市政府警察局員警做深度訪談的質性研究,期能瞭解夫妻分隔兩地員警的家人關係、婚姻滿意度、工作投入及工作滿足之問題,並尋求對策,提供相關單位參考。 本研究發現: 一、夫妻分隔兩地成因如下:單位裁撤、強制移撥、畢業分發、生涯規劃、宗教因素。 二、婚姻滿意度與家人關係:兩地分離致隔地相思、藉分擔家務拉近距離、因分隔兩地使親密關係略減致感情變淡、員警身處異鄉孤單寂寞易受酒色誘惑、婆媳磨合相處不睦使員警左右為難、員警配偶慈母兼嚴父獨挑教養大樑等。 三、工作投入與工作滿足:服從上司領導、同事情誼血濃於水、遇有干涉取締每多掣肘、心事重重苦悶難訴、升遷無望歸心似箭、寄情工作忘卻煩憂等。 依本研究發現;提出以下建議: 一、婚姻及家人關係部分:鼓勵員警多元學習利用獨處時間充實自我、推展朝氣蓬勃健康活力的休閒活動、正常休假使員警與家人能定期團聚、舉辦家庭日活動請親人北上參觀員警工作與生活情形、警察宿舍之配發把兩地婚姻者列為首要考量之一、增設都市加給提升生活品質。 二、工作滿足與投入部分:建立公平合理的升遷管道以提昇士氣、落實專業分工簡化派出所業務、建立長治久安的各項政策、設立社工專責諮商輔導機制、健全人事制度。
86

電視新聞主播工作倦怠成因與影響 / The Cases and the Influences of burnout for news anchors

林書煒, Lin, Shu Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的在探討,外表光鮮亮麗的電視新聞主播在工作中所面臨的工作倦怠現象,並探討哪些因素可能使電視新聞主播產生工作倦怠感與工作壓力?本研究以半結構式訪問法,共訪問國內十二位電視新聞主播,從主播的個人特質、媒體組織及社會情境三個層面,探討電視新聞主播工作倦怠的成因,並嘗試分析工作倦怠對主播的工作表現及職業生涯規劃的影響。 研究發現,新聞主播的工作倦怠現象是普遍性的存在,其工作倦怠感會受到個人、組織、工作特性與媒體環境變化等因素的影響,其中工作角色職務的不同也會影響主播的工作倦怠程度。 本研究主要發現如下: (一)新聞主播的工作壓力大,工作倦怠感並非單純個人問題,組織支持很重要。 (二)新聞團隊的合作與組織溝通很重要。 (三)新聞主播的工作倦怠感,會因工作職務角色區分而有不同。 (四)台灣的新聞主播角色面臨轉型的重要階段、外界觀感影響主播自我認知。 關鍵字:新聞主播、電視新聞、工作倦怠、工作壓力 / This research mainly conducts the job burnout phenomenon of anchors with glittery outfits, and also conducts the causes of job stress and job burnout of anchors. This research adopts semi-structured interview method, interviewed twelve domestic anchorpersons to figure out the causes of job burnout of anchors in three levels, including personal characteristics, media organizations, and social situation, this research also tries to analyze how the job burnout influence anchors’ performance and career planning. This research finds out that job burnout phenomenon is common among anchorpersons, which is influenced by individuals, organizations, working characters, and the changing media environment, in which working character and identity is also influential to the level of anchors’ tiredness. Findings of this research: 1. Anchorpersons have great job stress, job burnout is not a simple individual problem, it is also important gaining support from organization. 2. It is very important having communication inside organization and teamwork. 3. Job burnout of anchors could be different due to working characters. 4. Anchorpersons in Taiwan now facing an important stage of transforming, external impression influences the self-recognition of anchors. Keywords: anchor、television news、 job burnout、 job stress
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真正的「自由選擇」?—以婦女部分工時工作者為例 / A real “ Free Choice”? — Women in Part-time Jobs

黃琬玲 Unknown Date (has links)
「部分工時工作」被視為是平衡婦女工作-家庭的策略之一。我國政府亦有意透過提倡部分工時工作來提升女性勞動參與率。在此一政策思維下,需更進一步探討,影響我國婦女選擇部分工時工作的因素為何?再者,部分工時工作是否能夠真正「促進」婦女就業?抑或是形成婦女就業的「陷阱」? Hakim的偏好理論認為,現今婦女已經可以依據個人的自由意願選擇工作;且選擇從事部分工時工作的婦女,其偏好扮演家中照顧者的角色,對工作並無投入的熱忱。本研究發現,Hakim所稱的“home-centered”婦女,依據其所擁有的社會環境資源不同,會影響其執行個人偏好的能力,而使其工作-家庭傾向呈現異質性。且“home-centered”婦女大多並不認同傳統的家務角色,性別分工通常是在環境限制因素與父權體制下所形成。 我國現有的部分工時工作,大多缺乏工時彈性與勞動條件的平等待遇。在婦女教育程度普遍提升下,低就業品質的部分工時工作,不但無法滿足我國婦女的工作需求,亦可能使婦女落入低度就業的情形。政府應移除部分工時制度中的性別觀念,尊重勞工「個人」的工作與家庭需求,避免在性別迷思中,使部分工時工作成為女性就業的「陷阱」。 / “Part-time Job” has been seen as a solution for women to find a balance between their work and family. Government also wants to increase the labor participant rate of women by promoting them with part-time jobs. However, we need to figure out that what factors cause women to choose part-time job, and does part-time job really “improve” women’s employment or becomes an employment “trap” for them? Hakim’s “Preference Theory” refers that women could choose their works as their wills nowadays, and who choose part-time jobs prefer to play the role of “home” and lack of passion for work. This research finds out that women who Hakim called “home-centered” have heterogeneity with their work-home orientations. The ability to execute one’s preference depends on one’s possession of social resources, and “home-centered” do not identify themselves with the traditional “home role” for women. The gender division usually formed under the limitation in society and patriarchy. Most part of part-time jobs in Taiwan are inflexible in working hours and unequal labor standards. With the trend that women with higher education, the low employment quality of part-time jobs could not fulfill their expectations for work or they would get into underemployment situation. Government should remove the gender concept in promoting part-time work and consider the “personal” work-family needs to avoid part-time job becoming an employment trap for women under the myth of gender.
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論工作物責任之「欠缺」與責任歸屬 —基於歸責原理之探討 / A Study on Premises Liability:What's Defect and Who's Responsible ーBased on Its Principle

張谷瑛, Chang, Guyin Unknown Date (has links)
我國之工作物責任規範於民法第191條,其責任主體、客觀構成要件與體例設計,與民法繼受對象之德國法規範迥異。故於引進德國法制作為解釋基礎時常生扞搹,復因國民政府自南京輾轉遷徙來臺,立法資料逸失,致學說與實務工作者於討論民法第191條之規定時,難以覓得歸責原理,其規範目的與構成要件內涵亦無從定位,個案法律適用上也呈現見解紛歧的狀態。 例如不少實務見解認為須引起損害的起火、進水、短路點為工作物之「重要成分」,才能適用第191條規定;或例如工作物有占有人、承攬人之際,有力學說與部分實務見解亦認為工作物所有人此時無庸負第191條之責任,被害人須向占有人或承攬人另尋覓請求權基礎主張權利。然而,前揭見解就被害人向工作物所有人求償增加了法律所無之限制,論理上不無自相矛盾,甚與第191條之規範文義及理由相悖之情形,是否適當,實非無疑。又損害發生之歷程中若介入自然力,如臺灣常見的地震、颱風及隨之而來的土石崩落、土石流、洪泛,或介入了第三人之行為,此種情況下之工作物責任之範圍是否應予調整?實務上亦無穩定之見解,而令人無所適從。 本文擬觀察亦以德國民法為承襲對象,惟針對工作物責任制定出獨特體例之日本民法第717條,借鏡日本民法工作物責任之規範內容、日本學說及實務就構成要件與責任範圍調整提出之見解,探悉我民法第191條規定之歸責原理,並據以開展第191條之構成要件釋義、責任範圍調整可能性,過程中以我國相關民事訴訟案例之實務判決為素材,就其等事實認定之觀察角度及法律見解之邏輯演繹,進行檢討與提出可能之發展方向。
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首次從學校轉渡至工作者的生活適應 / Life Adaptation of the job-searcher transferred from school to work

曾儀芬 Unknown Date (has links)
個體的生涯決定受到社會價值之型塑甚鉅,聯考制度將學生分發至不同類組、學校、和科系就讀,更影響其日後的就業選擇與適應,故擬進行本研究。本研究的目的在於: 1.想了解學生在選填志願時受到家庭與社會價值觀的影響,並進而決定其工作領域和性質之事實。 2.想了解首次從學校轉渡至工作三年內之青年的生活安排與適應。 3.以分析深度訪談的文稿來呈現本研究主題。 在方法上,本研究採用質性研究的方法,強調實踐行動理論的不確定本質,重視當事人的主體與自我對話;閱讀者在閱讀時,已將個人置放在新的角度,創造新意。 研究對象是15個生涯故事的主角,包括不同的教育程度、學校、科系、職業種類、工作期間長短、和居住型態,女生9人,男生6人。 研究歷程方面,在邀定受訪對象後,編製訪談原則,由研究者擔任訪談者。訪談過程全程錄音,並謄寫成逐字稿,並撰寫過程紀錄文稿。經由受訪者勘誤、修正後,再由研究者進行資料分析。 研究發現如下: 1.以對工作滿意程度與投入程度將受訪者分成四個類型。 【型一】滿意並願意投入工作─充滿熱忱和抱負:fu01、fu03、mg04、mg06、mu08、fg12。 【型二】不滿意但願意投入工作─寄託於它的附加價值:fu05、mu09、mu13、ms15。 【型三】滿意但不願投入工作─深深的無力感:fu07、fu10。 【型四】不滿意也不願投入工作─不得不做:fu02、fu11、ms14。 2.大部分受訪者是以順服社會規範的現實性原則,如:出路寬廣、經濟限制、分數落點、和其他來決定校系,進而影響往後將從事的工作,在我國文化氛圍下,並沒有太多人的生涯發展能吻合「真如自我」的理想型,他們對自己生涯的決定仍然「不由自主」。 3.青年轉換到工作者角色之後,他們都服膺社會規範期許自己要成熟獨立,認為未成年是需要脫離的狀態,但不論真正的成熟是否已經呈現,或用何種方式呈現,Scheer & Palkovitz(1994)表示他們都將有較為成熟和負責的行為。獨立是必須的,但成熟沒有時間表,「從學生轉渡為工作者」的事件可說是發展過程中的有力觸媒。 4.首次轉渡到工作的青年仍然符合集體主義,因為他們與家人同住是非常自然合理的事情,離鄉背井來到都市工作才使得青年衍生出不同的居住型態。家庭對有些人而言,自己一個人的家也是完整的家,他們或者自行選擇在外居住,或為累積個人經濟資源而與家人同住,可以看見個人主義精神。家庭對另外一些人而言,家庭就是有家人的組合,能集合完整的家庭成員才稱得上圓滿。有人選擇以結婚後的新家庭來銜接原生家庭;有人則傾向留一段空白給自己,直到進入婚姻或承接養家責任為止。不論他們居住安排的型態與考量為何,只是孝心與孝行的形式不同,孝順的情感聯繫還存留在人心。 5.不論在外居住的動機是出於主動或被動,要適應一個以個人為生活主體的居住型態,都將把青年拋入一個必須自理與自處的學習情境。透過這樣的經驗歷程,他們有機會逐漸發展出個人處理生活事項與家人關係的獨特模式,以及與孤單、寂寞相處的方式。 6.目前新成為工作者未久,即使屬於個人的時間、空間能與工作釐清界線,但餘裕仍嫌不足,所以強健體魄的活動首先被犧牲掉;而休閒的目的性也強過於個人興趣之培養和維持。看來,認知與行動之間的距離仍然遙遠。 7.父母和子女若能取得「讓子女放手去闖」的共識,使青年的生命自主權和平移轉到自己手上,這是善意回應關係轉變的開始,具有較高的家庭支持的功能。此外,對家庭責任的重新建構也是人格自主的一部份吧!本研究的受訪者大部分都能用彈性的眼光來看待家人關係,允許不完美的存在。 8.從受訪者的心理意向中得知,成功滿意的戀愛往往指向結婚的目的。認為婚姻是必然的結果,完整人生階段無庸置疑的做法;另一部份人將焦點放在達到結婚的過程,表示充實個人的生存能力,以及在不易尋覓真心相待的愛情市場中審慎判斷,才是他們看待感情時最看重的部分在無法找到契合伴侶以前,不結婚也是值得考量的生活型態。 / The career decision of an individual is deeply shaped by the social value. The National Entrance Examination classifies students to different group, school, and major, which even will influence their further occupation choice and adjustment. The purposes in the present essay are the following : 1. To investigate whether students are influenced by their parents’ wishes and the society’s values while choosing a major. And that effect their field and quality of work decision too. 2. To comprehend, and to understand the life arrangement and adjustment of the youth transferred from school to work in three years. 3. Through analyzing the “ in-depth interview “, to testify the topic. The present study was qualitative in nature, which emphasize practicing the” uncertainty “ of the action research, pay much attention to the clients main body and self-conversation. While reading the materials, the readers have put themselves into a new point of view, and produce new creation. The study was consisted of 15 subjects with their own career story. Including of different education degree, school, major, occupation, working period, and life pattern.9 females, 6 males. Study procedures contained : Inviting subjects to be the volunteers of the study, then conduct the interviewing guiding principles. The research is also the interviewer. Recording each interview, and wrote it down word by word according to the tape. The researcher analyzed the information after the subjects corrected the written materials. There were several findings as following: 1. Distributed the interviewees into four types by satisfaction of job and involvement of job. Type1: full of enthusiasm and ambition. Type 2: desire for the addictive value better. Type 3: deeply powerless to alter. Type 4: There isn’t any other choice. 2. The leading force for most interviewees to shape their career was based on the pragmatic principle which was consistent to the social value. Such as: job opportunity, job security, and pay. Other factors were : weather the job required a lot of physical, mental strength, and pressure. Seldom of them can break the social values, committing to their ideal career. 3. While the youth turn their social role to a formal worker, they expect themselves be independent and mature. The event ” being a formal worker “ is a powerful vehicle of one’s character development. 4. Most of the youth transferring to work feel it’s nature to live with their parents together, except those who move to a big city and earn their living. Some of them feel a single person can be a complete family, and they cherish the period they can live along. And others think of a home is a composition of family, and they admire to live with their parents until marriage. No matter out of which opinion, young people show filial obedience with different expression. 5. Living along without parents make young people face a new situation. They have the opportunity to learn conducting life errands by themselves, balancing the interpersonal relationship, and getting along with oneself. 6. Newly being a worker in a office, many young people must pay a lot of time learning working skills. It leads to giving up time exercising. Many interviewees spend their leisure time relaxing, rather than develop or maintain their interests. 7. Many interviewees feel when they being a formal worker, their parents will respect them for independent. They can self-dominant in many aspects. The tension between parents and children become more alleviate. Many of them can admit imperfect relationship between parents and children do exist. 8. As for the ideas on love affair, all interviewees think of successful love will lead to marriage. But some of them feel marriage is very necessary, they can’t satisfy their life stage without marriage. The others emphasize the process of personal growth more. They accept to live a single life when not meeting a soul partner.
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新聞從業人員工作倦怠現象研究--以台北市平面媒體路線記者為例 / Burnout research in journalism

林信昌, Lin, Sing-Chung Unknown Date (has links)
有關「工作倦怠」的研究,最早在1974年由紐約臨床心理學家Freudenberger提出。在過去文獻中所述及之工作倦怠現象,大部分屬於心理學研究領域,探討了倦怠的意義、性質、成因、症狀與影響結果,藉由分析工作倦怠的形成過程及造成因素,進而提出預防及克服倦怠的處理方法。 早期工作倦怠的研究對象多半針對「助人工作」領域,如諮商輔導員、社會工作者等,隨後始加入其它專業領域,如教師、圃書館員及其它經常接觸他人的不同職業,有關工作倦怠的情形也開始廣泛受到研究人員關注(Chou, 1991; Maslach, 1982b; Pines, 1993),如perlman & Hartman(1982)就認為工作倦怠現象其實普遍存在各種職業領域。因此,本研究關心的問題是:新聞從業人員是否如同其它職業領域亦面臨工作倦怠的困擾。 Endres(1988)與Cook & Banks(1993)初步證實新聞從業人員的確面臨工作倦怠。為瞭解新聞從業人員的工作倦怠現況,本研究採取Maslach的看法,從情緒耗盡、缺乏人性、個人成就感低落三個面向探討,並定義工作倦怠為「新聞工作者個人在與環境互動及因應過程中,未能有效處理工作壓力,因過度負荷而顯現出情緒耗竭、缺乏人性、低個人成就感的心理狀態」。 Cook & BankS進一步研究影響報社新聞從業人員的工作倦怠相關因素,檢驗報社大小、工作類型、年齡、性別、收入、工作年資、教育程度與工作倦怠之間的關係。不過,此項研究僅由人口背景變項探索工作倦怠,顯然無法完全彰顯新聞工作本身特性和新聞工作情境對工作倦怠的影響。 Caputo(1991)回顧過去文獻後指出,工作倦怠的因素可能來自工作環境和個人背景兩者。黃臺生、黃新福、張世杰(民83)根據國內實證研究論文,將影響工作倦怠的因素歸納為個人、工作、組織三者。 因此,本研究除了探討個人層面的人口背景變項對工作倦怠的影響外,並探討組織及新聞工作特性是否影響新聞從業人員的工作倦怠。 在個人層面,本研究探討了人口背景變項,包括性別、年齡、教育程度、教育背景、婚姻狀況、新聞工作年資等變項。在新聞工作特性與組織環境因素層面,本研究探討工作壓力來源因素,包括新聞工作特性、工作條件、人際關係、組織結構與氣氛、報業環境變遷等變項,以瞭解新聞記者工作倦怠現象與新聞行業及新聞組織相關的因素。 此外,發生工作倦怠的員工因無法成功處理工作壓力,會引發士氣低落、高度怠工及高流動率。此種情形若長久持續,通常的反應就是變換工作,或甚至轉業(Malach, l978;李美燕,民84)。從此點來看,工作倦怠的結果可能影響新聞從業人員的離職意願,甚或影響新聞從業人員對工作的「專業承諾」。因此,本研究亦探討了工作倦怠是否影響新聞從業人員對新聞專業的承諾。 根據研究問題與目的,文獻部份探討了新聞從業人員工作倦怠的本質與意義、癥候、形成過程、造成工作怠的相關因素、及工作倦怠的影響與結果。本研究除了以問卷調查研究相關問題,並就調查結果訪問實務工作者,探詢研究發現在實務上的原因與意義。 本研究發現,新聞從業人員工作倦怠情況並不嚴重,工作倦怠的程度僅介於「有時如此」與「甚少如此」之間。整體而言,研究發現,個人人口背景變項(性別、教育背景、年齡、教育程度、新聞工作年資、婚姻狀況等)均與新聞從業人員工作倦怠程度無顯著相關。不過,年齡較輕、年資較淺、未婚的新聞從業人員個人成就感有較為低落的傾向。 而在工作倦怠與及其它變項相關程度力面,研究發現工作壓力感受愈強烈者,其工作倦怠的感受亦愈強烈。且新聞工作特性、工作條件、組織結構與氣氛、人際關係等方面感受到較為強烈的工作壓力者,倦怠感亦較強烈。另外,本研究亦發現,工作倦怠感受愈強烈者,其專業承諾、大眾服務、工作承諾感受愈弱。 而關於工作倦怠變項的最佳預測變項力面,研究發現,在控制相同個人人口背景變項下,工作壓力變項可以有效預測工作倦怠,其中又以新聞工作特性的壓力來源最能解釋工作倦怠的變異量。

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