本研究使用Schiffrin (1987) 提出的言談結構（discourse structure）為分析架構，旨在觀察漢語兒童在同儕互動中使用口語中常出現的言談標記「好」和「對」的情形，藉以檢驗其如何反映漢語兒童的溝通技巧以及同儕互動的特性。研究語料來自六位五歲的漢語兒童兩兩之間互動的對話，共237分鐘。 研究發現五歲漢語兒童能掌握言談標記「好」和「對」在三個言談結構的功能，且他們使用此兩個言談標記的不同功能時有所異同。首先，「好」和「對」主要使用於交談順序結構（exchange structure）作為表同意的標記。雖然在成人對話中「好」和「對」皆可用於交談順序結構及語意結構（ideational structure），作為表知曉（acknowledgement）的反饋應答標記和話題轉換（topic transition）標記，但研究結果發現漢語兒童在交談順序結構中只使用「好」作為表知曉的反饋應答標記；在語意結構只用「對」作為話題轉換標記。研究結果顯示五歲漢語兒童在與同儕互動時，已能夠使用反饋標記「好」表現參與對方話題的意願，而他們不使用「對」則可能與「對」作為反饋應答標記時的用法和應答詞（backchannels）相似有關。根據先前研究指出應答詞屬於兒童較晚才習得的溝通技巧（Hess & Johnston, 1988）。此外，五歲漢語兒童亦展現出使用話題轉換標記「對」的能力，顯示他們已知道如何使用言談標記幫助建構言談連貫性（discourse coherence）；而他們選擇使用「對」而非「好」來轉換話題，則可能與「好」的此項功能所隱含的發話者權威性有關（Chen & Liu, 2009），若使用這類帶有發話者權威的言談標記，則可能損害其與同儕間的關係。本研究因而推論漢語兒童在同儕互動中言談標記「好」和「對」各種功能的使用，不僅僅顯示出他們的溝通技巧，同時也反映了同儕互動的特性。 / The thesis aims to investigate Mandarin-speaking children’s use of two frequently appearing discourse markers, hao ‘okay’ and dui ‘right’, when interacting with peers in order to examine how their use of these markers may reflect their communicative skills and the characteristics of peer relation. The data included 237 minutes of 5-year-old Mandarin children’s conversations with friends while playing. Schiffrin’s (1987) model of discourse structures, which includes the exchange structure, the action structure, the ideational structures, the participation frameworks, and the information state, was used for the analysis. The results showed that Mandarin-speaking children used hao in the information state, the exchange structure and the action structure while dui in the information state, the exchange structure and the ideational structure. The functions of hao and dui in the present data demonstrated several similarities and differences. Both markers were used by the children in the exchange structure to show the speaker’s agreement. However, only hao functioned as an acknowledgement marker to indicate the receipt of information in the exchange structure while only dui marking topic transitions in the ideational structure, even though both markers can serve these two functions in adult conversation. Mandarin-speaking children’s use of hao and dui to express agreements, which indicates their collaborative stances, may help them establish alliances with each other (Wang et al., 2010). Moreover, Mandarin-speaking children at age five demonstrated their ability to use hao as an acknowledgement marker to show their intention to participate in their peer’s current talk. In addition, that only hao but not dui served as an acknowledgement marker may result from the similarity between the acknowledging function of dui and that of backchannels, which has been considered among the last acquired communicative skills (Hess & Johnston, 1988). Furthermore, Mandarin 5-year-old children had the ability to use dui as a topic transition marker to establish discourse coherence. Meanwhile, that dui, instead of hao, was chosen by the children as a transition marker may reflect the relatively equal relations between peers, since hao is usually used by a speaker with higher status to control the topics in adult conversation (Chen & Liu, 2009). It is concluded that Mandarin children’s use of the two markers not only demonstrates their communicative skills but also reflects the particular nature of peer interaction.

本研究旨在探討國民中學校長溝通行為、教師組織信任與教師教學效能之關係，並分析不同個人背景變項在校長溝通行為、教師組織信任與教師教學效能的差異情形，進而探討校長溝通行為、教師組織信任與教師教學效能的相關性及校長溝通行為、教師組織信任對教師教學效能的預測力。 透過問卷調查法，以新北市國民中學教師為對象，共發出627份問卷，問卷內容包括背景變項問卷、校長溝通行為問卷、教師組織信任問卷與教師教學效能問卷。回收有效問卷467份，可用率為74.48％。資料統計分析上使用描述性統計、獨立樣本t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、逐步多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究結論如下： 一、國民中學教師對校長溝通行為、教師組織信任與教師教學效能知覺程度皆屬中 上程度。 二、國民中學教師性別、年齡、擔任職務、學校規模在校長溝通行為方面有差異。 三、國民中學教師性別、年齡、學歷、擔任職務、學校規模在教師組織信任方面有 差異。 四、國民中學教師年齡、學歷、學校規模在教師教學效能上有差異。 五、校長溝通行為、教師組織信任與教師教學效能三者之間具有顯著正相關。 六、校長溝通行為、教師組織信任對教師教學效能具有顯著預測力，以教師組織信 任對教師教學效能之預測力最佳。 / This study aims to investigate the current development of the the principals’ communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness in junior high school, and to analyze the differences in teachers of different backgrounds variables are conscious of the principals' communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness, and to explore the relationship among the three variables; finally, to forecast teachers’ teaching effectiveness through the principals' communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust. Questionnaire survey is adopted and personal background questionnaire, the principals’ communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness questionnaire are included. The questionnaires were distributed to 627 teachers in New Taipei City junior high schools, and 467 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with 74.48% of availability. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The overall situation about the perceptions of junior high school teachers toward principals’ communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness is mid-high level. 2. Junior high school teachers’ percept is obvious difference of principals’ communication behavior in sex, age difference, positions and working school scales. 3. Junior high school teachers’ percept is obvious difference of teachers' organizational trust in sex, age difference, positions and working school scales. 4. Junior high school teachers’ percept is obvious difference of teachers’ teaching effectiveness in age difference, academic backgrounds, and working school scales. 5.There are significant positive correlations among principals’ communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness. 6.There are significant predictive power among principals’ communication behavior, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ teaching effectiveness, and teachers’ organizational trust is the most reliable predictor to the teachers’ teaching effectiveness.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate and identify the present communication gaps between cultures within an organization. For these couple decades, there has been numerous international joint ventures happening in China by the Taiwanese firms in order to reduce cost and to reach both economies of scale and economies of scope. In doing so the international joint venture firm has to hire and employee the local Chinese people where the culture is much different than Taiwanese people. This thesis studies and examines the possible communication issues and problems that could arise due to differences in culture. The qualitative method of interview was conducted in this thesis, composed of 5 Taiwanese managers and 3 Chinese managers inside the organization. The interview consists of 19 questions which were divided into three categories as follows: Communication, differences between ethnicity, and leadership and change. The responses were carefully examined and compared to see whether the difference in culture created some communication issues in the organization. The results from the interviewees and through chart comparison it was clear to conclude that there indeed have been communication issues and problems between the Taiwanese culture and Chinese culture at the workplace. The thesis provides four types of recommendation, including conflict management, internal communication and employee development, management communication strategy for change and strategic employee communication to facilitate major change. This thesis hopes to offer and improve a successful communication change between the different cultures within the organization.

The concept of branding has been developed mainly in the perspectives of product and corporate. Nowadays, there is an emerging trend and attention to be made on the concept of branding cites. As thought from the perspective of product, the promotion of city has been considered mainly from tourism point of view. Nevertheless, there is increasing number of researchers have started to consider the city branding more broadly and from the perspective of corporate branding. Furthermore, since the importance of communication, especially among different stakeholders, has been emphasized in corporate branding literatures, few literatures in city branding have started to mention the linkage between corporate branding and city branding in this aspect. This paper is then focused on the stakeholder communication strategies in both corporate and city branding, with the identification of major stakeholder in city branding: the local residents/service providers. Then potential stakeholder communication strategies for city branding are developed from the corporate branding literatures and discussed with primary research results from the Design District Helsinki project. In addition, possible application to Taipei City is also discussed.

論文摘要 本研究旨於探討國內五百大企業危機溝通管理概況，透過問卷調方式，針對台灣五百大企業公關業務負責人進行實證調查，並將危機溝通管理過程分為預防與準備階段以及回應階段，分從議題管理、關係管理、溝通機制設立、形象修復策略使用、選取形象修復策略之考量因素、形象修復策略息之傳遞形式、以及公關從業人員溝通自主性等面向，探討國內五百大企業危機溝通管理概況。 研究結果顯示，就危機溝通預防與準備階段的議題管理而言，國內五百大企業負責公關業務的部門，有高達九成以上平時有蒐集組織或產業的相關議題或報導資訊。另外，有近八成比例的企業有專人負責執行議題偵測任務，主要利用平面媒體（報紙、專業期刊或一般期刊雜誌）作為議題偵測的來源管道。其次，就關係管理面向而言，國內五百大企業最重視的利益關係人為「顧客」，其次為「政府主管單位」與「投資者」。企業公關業務負責人，大多表示組織與利益關係人間的關係良好。在溝通機制設立上，國內五百大企業有近六成比例設有書面或具備成文的危機管理政策，另有近七成比例設有危機管理小組的溝通機制，小組成員多由組織中各部門所組成，公關業務負責人也多半身任危機管理小組成員。在設有危機管理小組機制的企業中，有近七成比例設立可供危機管理小組運作的危機管理中心，以及多數在平時握有一份最新媒體名單。 研究結果亦發現，國內五百大企業有近九成五比例設有媒體發言人，配置以1位媒體發言人為主，其中主要以公關業務負責人或執行總裁擔任。整體而言，國內五百大企業的媒體發言人，有近五成比例曾受過媒體應對之訓練。 在危機溝通回應階段方面，研究結果指出，國內五百大企業不論面對天然災害、惡意破壞、科技型、消費者使用不當、管理失當或價值扭曲等不同危機類型，較常採用「提供資訊」與「哀兵策略」等形象修復策略。另外，「建構新議題」、「承認/道歉」、「逃避責任」與「否認」策略，是企業面對危機事件時較不常使用的策略。研究結果顯示，相較於由外在環境所引發的危機類型，企業在面對由組織內部所引發的危機類型時，傾向採取「進行修正行動」、「形式上致意」、與「承認/道歉」等形象修復策略。 另外，在選取形象修復策略之考量因素方面，研究結果顯示，公關業務負責人大多同意Coombs（1995）所提的四個考量因素：危機類型、危機損害程度、證據真實度、組織過去表現。換言之，此四因素是影響企業在實際危機事件中，決定選取何種形象修復策略的重要考量因素。有關形象修復策略訊息之傳遞形式上，國內五百大企業多能達成「一致性」、「易得性」等訊息傳遞形式要求。不過，相較於組織在「一致性」與「易得性」等訊息傳遞形式上的表現，企業在訊息傳遞形式中有關「迅速性」的實際表現則屬較弱一環。最後，就公關從業人員溝通自主性而言，國內五百大企業公關業務負責人，多半具有溝通自主性，其與組織內部的法務人員在危機溝通回應階段的互動概況良好。 本研究進一步觀察企業特性與危機溝通管理的關聯性，發現企業的營收排名、員工人數、有無獨立關部門等特性，與組織危機溝通管理預防與準備之關聯。研究結果顯示，營收排名愈前、員工人數愈多的大型企業，不論是對議題偵測的重視程度、或對危機溝通機制設立，都顯示較高比例的重視情形。再者，設有獨立公關部門的企業，在以下面向上也呈現高度成效：1)提昇與其最重視利益關係人的關係管理，2)形象修復策略訊息傳遞形式的表現，顯示公關專業的確有助於提升企業危機溝通管理成效。 / none / 目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究的重要性 3 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 危機溝通管理的意義與重要性 9 第二節 危機溝通的預防與準備 15 第三節 危機溝通的回應 29 第四節 企業特性與危機溝通管理的可能關聯性 51 第五節 研究架構與研究問題 53 第三章 研究方法 58 第一節 研究對象 58 第二節 測量工具與測量變項 58 第三節 施測程序 66 第四章 資料分析與研究發現 69 第一節 樣本基本資料 69 第二節 組織在危機溝通預防與準備階段的管理概況 74 第三節 組織在危機溝通回應階段的管理概況 88 第四節 企業特性與危機溝通管理的關聯性 99 第五章 結論 112 第一節 研究發現 112 第二節 研究限制與建議 119 參考文獻 123 附錄 131

隨著環保運動的推展，環境影響評估制度也應運而生。然而長期以來，環評制度的發展多著重在開發行為的環境影響評估，其進行的時間點太晚、無法整體考量社經環境、缺乏累積性影響評估，也使環評制度難以發揮保護環境的效果。近年來受到重視的政策環評，則是將環評層次提升到政府的政策、計畫與方案，其評估的重點，在於整合的角度、多面向的關心並評估策略對整體國家發展的影響，過程中廣納各種意見，與公共政策緊密相關，以達到環境、經濟及社會永續發展的目標。相較於開發環評，政策環評過程中的民眾參與更加重要。然而，過去國內在政策環評的相關研究中，鮮少針對民眾參與進行研究。 本文以民眾參與為基礎，從規劃理論及審議式民主觀點中所重視的「溝通」為出發，探討各理論的理念，期望能以其為借鏡，爲我國政策環評民眾參與途徑尋得新的啟發。同時，全面檢視我國政策環評制度及實施個案，檢討制度缺失及民眾參與情形，以對我國制度提出建言。 經過檢討後發現，我國政策環評發展已超過十年，相關法令規則雖經過多次檢討修正並與世界先進國家發展趨勢相近，但實務執行案例有限，在民眾參與及社會反應情形上的評估，亦未落實，尚難見民眾參與在政策環評過程中的效果；而政策環評不論在評估時點、範疇、適用範圍或細節程度等，均與開發環評有所差異，兩者適用之民眾參與程序亦不應等同視之。本文借鏡審議式民主的落實方式，及行政程序法所賦予民眾表示意見的權利，嘗試將公民會議及聽證制度與政策環評流程結合，透過制度設計，讓一般民眾也能參與環評程序並實質對環評結果產生影響。實際作法為： 一、在政策、計畫或方案構想提出之際，即舉辦公民會議，提供公眾議題的相關資訊及討論場域。 二、結合行政程序法中「計畫確定程序之聽證」的舉行，使民眾意見透過政策環評程序納於決策之中。 最後，本文建議，未來在制度修正方面，應要能突破政策環評適用的侷限性，擴大其適用範圍，提早其進行的時間點；並且強化民眾參與機制，使其意見能在各階段發聲，納入決策，同時加強重視價值思考及追蹤管理，以使政策環評機制能更加完備。 / With the promotion of the environmental movement, environmental impact assessment (EIA) system also began to develop. However, the EIA system primarily emphasized the development process, and because the EIA was often conducted too late in the project cycle for the socio-economic environment to be considered on a larger scale, the lack of cumulative impact assessment makes it difficult for the EIA system to be effective for environmental protection. Strategic environmental assessment (SEA), which has received much attention in recent years, applies the EIA process to government policies, plans and programs. The focus of its evaluation is integrated perspectives, multi-oriented care, and the impacts of SEA on the overall national development. Integrated consideration of opinions and close association with public policies in the SEA process contribute to continuing environmental, economic, and social sustainable development. Therefore, public participation in SEA is more important than which in EIA. However, few domestic researches on public participation in SEA have been done in the past. This paper is based on public participation and written from the perspective of communication which is valued by planning theories and deliberative democracy. Through exploring the various theories, this paper intends to find a new way for which the public in Taiwan can opt to participate in the SEA. At the same time, the paper does a comprehensive review of the domestic SEA system and the implemented cases and evaluates the shortcomings of the system and the public participation in the cases to offer suggestions for the improvement of the system. Following the review, this paper finds that while the domestic SEA system has been developed for more than a decade and the related laws and regulations have been reviewed and revised numerous times to catch up with the world trend, cases of implementation of the SEA are few, and public participation and assessment of social responses have not yet been fully carried out. Moreover, since the EIA and SEA are different in terms of assessment timing, scope, or detail level, the EIA and the SEA should adopt different procedures of public participation. Referring to the practice of deliberative democracy and the Administrative Procedure Act which gives people the right to express their views, this paper attempts to combine a consensus conference, the hearing policy, and the SEA process to allow the general public to participate in the SEA process and influence decision-making. The implementations are described as the following: First, when a concept of a policy, plan or program is proposed, a consensus conference should be held promptly to provide the public with information and a forum. Second, combine the SEA and hearing with planned procedures to include the public’s feedback in decision-making. Finally, this paper suggests that when the government amends the system in the future, it should break the limitations of the SEA, expand its scope of application, conduct the SEA early in project planning, and strengthen the public participation mechanisms to include the public’s opinions at each stage of the process and in decision-making. Meanwhile, consideration of values and monitoring are strengthened to make the mechanisms more complete.

本篇論文主要在探討漢語幼兒同儕的假裝遊戲中的後設溝通，研究問題如下：1. 孩童在社會性的假裝遊戲(social pretend play)中，會使用哪些後設溝通策略？ 2.當幼兒在建構共享意義(shared meaning)時，哪一個後設溝通策略會是最成功的？參與本研究的兩位女孩同分別為四歲及五歲，總共在她們的托兒所進行兩次錄影。本研究採用Giffin在1984年發表的後設溝通策略架構，總共包含七個分類：(1)直接演出 (enactment), (2) 另有動機的話語 (ulterior conversation), (3) 強調(underscoring), (4) 說故事(storytelling), (5) 提示(prompting), (6) 不言明的建構(implicit pretend structuring), and (7) 直接言明 (overt proposals to pretend)。另外，本研究再加入第八個分類：直接接受 (simple acceptance)。研究發現孩童在他們的社會性假裝遊戲中，最常使用的策略是提示(prompting)，接下來為另有動機的話語 (ulterior conversation)、直接演出 (enactment)、不言明的建構(implicit pretend structuring)。而使用時最可以成功建構分享意義的後設溝通策略已成功率高到低分別為直接接受(Simple acceptance)、強調(underscoring)、另有動機的話語(ulterior conversation)、提示(prompting)以及不言明的建構(implicit pretending structuring)。 / The purpose of the present study was to examine how young children metacommunicate to construct shared meaning in social pretend play. The two research questions were: a) what are the metacommunication strategies used in children’s social pretend play with peers? and b) when children work to construct shared meaning, which metacommunication strategy leads to a higher success rate for shared meaning construction? The study included two female participants, Dora and Sally, who were four and five years old respectively. Two recording sessions were conducted during break times at their day care center. The resulting natural speech data was transcribed for further analysis using the CHILDES format. Analysis was conducted using Giffin’s framework of metacommunication strategies, which defines seven categories: (1) enactment, (2) ulterior conversation, (3) underscoring, (4) storytelling, (5) prompting, (6) implicit pretend structuring, and (7) overt proposals to pretend. An eighth category, simple acceptance, was added for the present study. The results showed that the two participants engaged in a large amount of social pretend play, and metacommunication was found to be an on-going process, with one shared meaning developing gradually into the next. Prompting was the most frequently used metacommunication strategy during the play, followed by ulterior conversation, enactment, and implicit pretend structuring. In respect to the second research question, it was found that the metacommunication strategy with the highest rate of success in constructing shared meaning was simple acceptance (the newly added category), followed by underscoring, ulterior conversation, prompting, and implicit pretend structuring. It could be seen from the children’s social pretend play that the participants were developing their cognitive competence (e.g. symbolic thinking), linguistic competence (e.g. attending to others’ speech, producing logical and coherent responses), and social competence (e.g. taking turns, taking perspectives, trying to understand others’ emotions). Studying peer interactions is crucial for understanding what factors are universal in children’s thinking and development, and future studies with larger samples and with participants from more divergent backgrounds are needed in order to advance systematic research on the issues concerned.

國外大廠下單、台灣公司ODM設計製造這樣的模式在近十幾年在不同的消費性電子產包含手機、電視機上盒及筆記型電腦等等為台灣創造了驚人的產值。過去比較常見的方式是由國外大廠定規格，而由台灣公司設計產品，但因為上市時機 ( Time to Market ) 的壓力，國外大廠愈來愈願意分享客戶及技術上的資訊與台灣公司建立伙伴關係，利用協同設計的方式來加速產品的設計開發。 本研究即透過個案研究的方式去了解國外的手機品牌大廠如何與台灣ODM公司協同開發新產品及如何去進行跨公司的專案管理。本研究發現包含： 一、在協同設計方面 1. 技術開發的不確定性會影響協同設計合作模式選擇及國外大廠所投入的資源多寡，當技術開發的不確定性愈高，則雙方協同設計合作會愈加密切；若技術不確定性低，則國外大廠在協同合作上所需投入的資源會較少。 2. 在進行協同合作前，企業會有完整的前置動作進行伙伴評估及選擇。 二、在新產品開發流程及管理上 1. 架構性的開發流程有助於協同開發伙伴雙方彼此了解開發現況及完成協同開發工作。 2. 企業內部雖講求以市場需求為導向的專案開發，但其新產品開發流程設計上，消費者對產品的回饋常未能在設計早期被納入評估。 3. 完整的新產品開發流程會考量保持適度的彈性而不致於僵化。 4. DFSS流程與既有流程的整合有利於DFSS的推行。 三、在上下游溝通模式及媒介上 5. 在協同開發模式下，上下游溝通模式的選擇同時考慮內部技術的保護與外部資訊分享。 6. 有效的資訊及溝通科技是達成成功協同開發的重要因素。 / Due to the decrease of market price of cell phones and reduction of product life cycle, more and more branded cell phone companies seek ODM vendors to develop new products. In order to speed up the develop time of new product and leverage experiences from branded companies to ODM vendors, product development collaboration present a common way in this industry. However, product development collaboration cross companies bring more challenges over in-house design. The object of this research is to introduce how a global branded company to collaborate with ODM companies. The paper cites the different kinds of collaboration and new product development (NPD) process cross companies from case study. In order to integrate ODM companies into NPD, the global branded company should overcome the barriers as the unmatched NPD process of counterparts and the limitation of communication due to the far locations of companies. The following aspects were analysed to understand the collaboration: the NPD process under collaboration condition, the project management over companies, and the communication medium used for inside and outside communication. The result of the study shows global branded companies effectively use internal resources by implementing flexible NPD process for different kind of collaborations Various information and communication technology (ICT) can reduce the barriers of communication cross companies.

文學可否作為跨文化的橋樑？本研究以跨文化溝通理論為基礎，從文化教學的角度切入，探討華語教學中的現代文學課，並以文化教學之概念進行現代文學教學設計和實踐。研究問題主要有三：(一)跨文化華語教學中的現代文學課有什麼特殊性？(二)適合華語學習者的現代文學文本為何？(三)現代文學如何融入跨文化華語教學？本研究的主要內容分為兩部分，採取內容分析法進行教材分析，使用行動研究進行教學實踐，研究設計參考ADDIE教學設計模式，進行分析、設計、發展、實施和評鑑。 教材分析部分，觀察台灣使用和出版的華語教材中的現代文學內容，分析其中的優點和不足。研究者發現台灣華語教材中的現代文學教材數量較少，且少有更新，教材內容對於華語學習者的針對性較不足，也未很好地提煉文本中的文化內容。研究者進一步提出篩選現代文學文本的三項考量：經典性、普遍性和文化主題，並從母語者的國文教科書中初步選出六篇合適的現代文學文本，分別為：〈差不多先生傳〉、〈孔乙己〉、〈背影〉、〈愛〉、〈鄉愁〉和〈聲音鐘〉，進一步結合Moran(2001)提出的五維文化分類分析其中的文化內容，編寫教材。 教學設計部分，本研究認為華語教學中的現代文學課應向文化教學靠攏，針對文本中的文化主題設計教學內容，引導學習者理解文化知識並進行跨文化分享。本研究參考Moran(2001)提出之融入文化教學的體驗式學習循環，將閱讀現代文學文本當作文化體驗，分階段進行描述、闡釋和跨文化分享。研究者使用自編教材進行兩次教學實踐，課程性質為華語中心的選修文化課，挑選六篇文本進入課程，並選擇〈愛〉作為教學範例，深入討論教案設計及課堂反應。本研究教學實踐的研究結論有四：一是文化討論應注重核心主題，二是重視知名作品與文化之連結，三是注意現代文學知識之建立，四是考量學習者之多元背景。 本研究作為文化教學結合現代文學教學之嘗試，認為面向華語學習者的現代文學教材和教學設計有其針對性和特殊性，應注重文本中的文化主題，進行跨文化的主題討論。本研究為華語教學中的現代文學教學提供讀寫教學之外的選擇，即是以文化主題為核心，進行跨文化華語教學。

面對全球化浪潮，各個產業供應鏈不斷被迫縮短，規模小的製造商、品牌商遭遇併購，貿易商在這樣的過程中，遭遇去中間化，而企業的轉型迫在眉睫。本研究旨在探討在「去中間化」危機中，企業轉型是否成為貿易商能在這波浪潮生存並且創造企業新高峰的重要因素，而貿易商如何透過內部的組織結構調整，建立新的內、外部溝通方式，以專案管理的形式與客戶維繫關係並發揮內部員工的最大效益，來完成企業轉型，再透過提供整個產業鏈其他製造商及品牌商在營運上的解決方案形式，提升企業自身價值。研究主要透過深度訪談已經營台灣自行車零組件及成車廠為業務的貿易商L公司，了解其在近四十年來，如何從貿易商的全盛時期，隨著大環境改變而轉向衰退，二代企業家決心進行企業轉型，從貿易商轉型為企業解決方案提供商，成為製造商與品牌商之間重要的價值提供者，贏得雙方的信任，奠定自身在產業鏈中的地位。研究結果指出貿易商在進行企業轉型時，透過內部的組織架構調整，從功能式組織架構調整為專案式組織架構，最後以矩陣式組織架構作為組織運作最有效率的形式。進而調整組織溝通，內部的垂直溝通轉變為水平溝通，而外部的正式溝通也增加了非正式溝通，提升效率達成客戶的需求，獲得新的市場機會。後續建議台灣貿易商在進行企業轉型時，可以透過成立子公司來將業務進行區隔，並將轉型後的企業解決方案擴展至各個產業，讓企業在更妥善的轉型規劃下，能更永續並且長期的經營。