面對全球化市場與激烈競爭壓力下，企業如何維持生存及永續經營的長期競爭優勢，與提升股東的價值，己經成為企業追求的目標及使命。 全球重要的商業模式流通活動，其中以零售業為面對最終消費者的主要經營業者，而隨著消費者生活型態的多元化、銷售模式的突破與創新，以及市場競爭的愈趨激烈，也逐漸有了嶄新的面貌，更帶來了企業營運策略上的挑戰。零售業將如何透過轉型與創新，掌握市場新商機? 本研究透過個案R公司，曾經是一個近百年經營歷史的美國前二大消費性電子類產品零售商，擁有自有品牌,代理及加盟店總數曾經高達7000多家,零售點幾乎遍佈全美各州.公司業績曾超過美金60 億美元,(約NT 1,800億元),其企業形象與產品服務等,曾為美國消費者認為是新科技創新與零售產業之標竿。 本研究經由探討及分析個案公司過去不同時期的營運策略及商業模式運用，歷程如何極大化其競爭力領先市場競爭者。　然而面對消費性電子產品市場不段變遷、新科技及網際網路創新之商業營運模式下，個案公司如何面臨重大經營挑戰而下市。科技的發達，帶來消費行為的改變，不論是實體零售業者、或是線上業者，都必須與時俱進才能保持競爭力。未來，業者若不加緊腳步，整合虛實通路行銷、產品及服務的需求，及適時的調整營運模式與策略，恐怕會在業績上重大衝擊。希望由此個案研究結論, 能給相關企業未來參考進而有所助益。 關鍵詞：零售業、營運策略、商業模式、競爭力 / In the face of global market and intense competition, how to maintain the long-term competitive advantage of survival and sustainable management, and to enhance the value of shareholders, has become the pursuit of business goals and mission. The world's major business model of circulation activities, of which the retail industry to face the ultimate consumer of the main business, and with the diversification of consumer lifestyle, sales model breakthrough and innovation, and the increasingly fierce market competition, But also gradually have a new look, but also brought the business strategy on the challenges. How will the retail industry manage new business opportunities through transformation and innovation? This study, through Case R- Company, was a top consumer electronics retailer in the United States for nearly a century, with its own brands, agents and franchises totaling more than 7,000 retail outlets in almost all states. The company's performance has exceeded US $ 6 billion (about NT $ 180 billion), its corporate image and product services, etc., was the US consumer think is the new technology innovation and retail industry benchmark. This study explores and analyzes the use of business strategies and business models in the past different periods of time, and how the process maximizes its competitive leading market competitors. However, the face of consumer electronics market is not changing, new technology and Internet innovation business model, the case of how companies face major business challenges and market. The development of technology, bringing changes in consumer behavior, whether physical retailers, or online industry, must keep pace with the times to remain competitive. In the future, if the industry does not step up the pace, the integration of the actual situation of marketing, product and service needs, and timely adjustment of business models and strategies, should have major impacts of the performance. Hope that the case study conclusions, to the future reference to the relevant enterprises and then help. Keywords: Retail, Operational Strategy, Business Model, Competitiveness

研究生從事成衣業二十載，目睹近年來成衣業遭遇困境、或歇業、或出走、或多角化經營，大大削減其在國際上之競爭力。本論文試圖研究成衣業之競爭優勢，並建立競爭力指標，尋找出指標間相對之重要性，以做為未來發展之模式。 本研究發現成衣業之競爭力有行銷能力、製造能力、研發能力、人事及組織能力，其相對權重分別為：0.315、0.275、0.258、0.152。其最重要者為行銷能力，依次為製造能力、研發能力、最後為人事及組織能力。而在行銷力方面，最重要者為品質、價格，其次為商情資訊蒐集反應顧客需求，掌握自主性國際行銷管道及提供多樣化商品能力。製造能力指標相對重要性為原料供應充裕及配合度最重要，快速反應交期短、生產高附加價值商品之能力少量多款之生產能力，自動縫製電腦輔助系統應用，先進製衣技術之應用較不重要。研發能力指標以開發新產品最重要，設計新產品次之，而管理資訊系統之開發較不重要。人事及組織能力指標相對重要性其差異不大，分別為設計行銷人員水準，人才培訓教育及合理化管理能力。 針對以上指標相對重要性比較台灣及大陸之競爭力，顯示台灣已喪失價格之競爭力，因此兩岸成衣業者應依據比較利益原則進行垂直分工，亦即台灣善用技術、人才、管理、設計能力、資金、行銷技巧的絕對優勢在台灣接單，在大陸加工，結合大陸廉價勞力、原料、優惠措施共同發展以創造彼此的最大利益。以上之先決條件必須是台灣繼續發展成衣業，致力於產業結構之調整及升級。

競爭力一詞常被運用於國家、組織或績效評比表現的效標，近年來被用於探討個體在環境中因應競爭的能力或表現。過去研究顯示具有個人競爭力的大學生或職場員工，有較好的生活適應。本研究之目的在瞭解國中階段個人競爭力之內涵，編製國中生個人競爭力量表以作為測量工具，了解國中生個人競爭力之現況，和分析不同背景變項之國中生其個人競爭力的差異，並進一步探討個人競爭力與生活適應之關係。 本研究先以文獻探討、訪談和問卷收集資料以了解國中生個人競爭力之內涵，並經預試分析後，正式施測以台北縣市429位國中生為研究對象進行問卷調查，研究結果發現：(1)國中生個人競爭力之內涵包括：自我管理、人際相處能力、解決問題能力、家庭資源、競爭態度和與人為善等六個因素。（2）台北地區國中生個人競爭力為中上程度，不同性別和年級之國中生其個人競爭力沒有差異。（3）國中生個人競爭力與生活適應有顯著高相關。（4）從個人競爭力對生活適應各向度之預測分析結果發現，自我管理對自我定向、社會適應、學習適應、自我意識、工作適應和自我勝任等生活適應向度具有最高的預測力；人際相處能力對人際關係之生活適應有最高的預測力；家庭資源對家庭適應具有最高的預測力。依據研究結果及發現，本研究對國中生個人、家長和教育與諮商輔導人員提出培養個人競爭力之建議。 / The word “competitiveness” was usually used to determine the characterizations for efficiency evaluation of countries, organizations. In recent years, the word is used to investigate presentation or capability of people in competitive circumstance. Past reports featured that college students or employee with better competence will be more adjustment in daily life. The purpose of this research is to understand the immanence of personal competitiveness at junior high school age and to offer a tool as scale to formulate junior high school students’ competence, difference in competitiveness between personal background variables, and to discuss the relationship between personal competence and life adjustment. In beginning of this research, literature review, interview, questionnaire were used to understand the immanence of junior high school students’ personal competitiveness. After pre-testing, 429 junior high school students in Taipei city and Taipei county completed questionnaire investigation. The results in this research are concluded as follows: (1) the immanence of junior high school students contains: self-management, interpersonal skills, problem solving skills, family resource, competence attitude and with good intensions toward others, etc. (2) personal competitiveness of junior high school students in Taipei area is above average, no difference between distinction gender or grade. (3) significantly positive relationship between junior high school students’ personal competitiveness and life adjustment. (4) different factors of junior high school students’ personal competitiveness can predict different situation of life adjustment. According to the conclusions, this research provide several suggestions for students, parents, educators and counselors in junior high school.

未來企業競爭優勢的來源必須來自於本身的核心競爭力及必須建構新的核心競爭力，國內外專家學者對於核心競爭力的意義和來源以及探討核心核心競爭力的發展的過程已有一些研究，但是當外在環境改變時，企業如何能夠繼續運用原有的核心競爭力及如何建構新的核心競爭力方面的研究卻較少。因此，本論文就以擁有創新研發、製造技術、速度、規模與彈性的Intel公司為例，針對面對現有的競爭廠商及當未來環境的發展及應用延伸到寬頻、無線通訊及資訊家電等多元應用領域時，Intel如何延伸原有的核心競爭力和適當維持與運用其資源與能力來建構新的核心競爭力而能夠延伸成為其新的長期核心競爭力並爭取到進入新的市場的機會，創造新的競爭優勢。本研究歸納的研究發現如下　: 　　一、企業的研發單位可以把研發經費放在推動技術的商業化上來累積資源和增加及鞏固企業內部的核心競爭力。 　　二、核心競爭力的延伸可以從未來的角度看產品和技術，而不是根據以往的經驗看待下個世代的產品或技術。 　　三、運用產業規格的制定和繼續不斷的投資才能鞏固和建立企業的核心競爭力，也才有機會延伸企業原有的核心競爭力到下一個新市場來制定新的規格。 　　四、產品規格的市場因素是影響核心技術開發創造成功的重要因素。 　　五、核心競爭力具有延展性，核心競爭力的創造與累積在於企業內部資源的有效運用與共享。 　　六、核心競爭力的建立靠著長時間學習的累積多過發明的躍進。 　　七、企業領導者的願景和價值觀，企業的管理制度和組織文化對延伸企業的核心競爭力有很大的影響。 　　八、路徑相依度高，知識的擴散與移轉將變得更容易。 　　九、面對未來的新產業，成立新事業部門是建構新的核心競爭力的重要方法。 　　研究結果發現，Intel能夠成功適當地運用企業原有的內部核心競爭力（資產能力和管理制度）並能夠建構新的核心競爭力而能夠有能力延伸到新的網路無線通訊市場領域。Intel的企業優勢主要為能夠繼續投資創新研發在晶圓廠和半導體製程，領先競爭對手的研發製程技術，擁有經濟規模而有產業規格制定的能力來主導市場，能夠提供完整平台解決方案的能力，‘Intel Inside’行銷策略的成功，領導者和管理制度及企業文化價值觀的結合。當外部環境朝向無線網路通訊新領域發展時，Intel仍然繼續投資新的研發技術以開發新產品並降低成本，並且運用行銷策略聯盟、併購及轉投資新技術和成立新事業部的方式來建構及延伸其核心競爭力而進入新的無線網路通訊領域。 　　在微處理器市場的競爭，Intel是先佔廠商，採用的是大幅躍進在製程、速度及效能表現上大幅超越競爭對手的方式。而面對已有先佔廠商且許多新規格仍未明確的無線通訊網路市場，Intel是利用自行研發和外部取得新技術加上原有的研發創新製程技術以及配合原有的內部核心競爭力繼續建構成為新的核心競爭力而延伸到新的市場。 / The source of future corporate competitive advantages must come from their own existing core competence and also from building new core competences. Some scholars have already explored the meaning, source and process of the core competence, but when the outside environment changes, few scholars have studied how a corporation continually uses its original core competence and how it builds new core competences. Therefore, this thesis is a case study of Intel Corporation, which is a corporation with innovation R&D, manufacturing technology, speed, scale and flexibility. This thesis will focus on how Intel extends its original core competence, leverages resources and capability to build new, long-lasting core competences, thus seizing the opportunity of entering new markets facing today's competitive environment and future potential markets, including broadband, wireless communication and IA field. We could summarize this thesis to the following findings: 　　1. The corporation's R&D department may spend their R&D expenditures on the commercialization of technology in order to accumulate resources and also to increase and strengthen the corporation's inner core competence. 　　2. The extension of the core competence can help forecast the next generation of product and technology by a future perspective instead of past experience. 　　3. The establishment of the industry standards and continuous investment can help build and strengthen the corporation's core competence, and as a result, gives the corporation the chance to extend original core competences to the next new market and set up new industry standards. 　　4. The market factor of the product specification is a key success factor of core technology development. 　　5. Core competence is extensive, and the creation and accumulation of the core competence is based on effective leverage and sharing of corporate inner resources. 　　6. The building of the core competence is based more on the accumulation of long time learning than leapfrog inventions. 　　7. The vision and values of the corporate leader, the management style and the organizational culture all have great effect on extending the corporation's core competence. 　　8. The higher the extent of path dependence, the easier the knowledge spreading and transferring. 　　9. In the new future business, forming a new business group is an important method of building new core competence. 　　This thesis finds that Intel not only is able to successfully use its original core competence, it is also able to build new core competences enabling Intel to expand its market realm to broadband and wireless communication fields. Intel's corporate advantages mainly lie in continuous investment of IC and wafer manufacturing technologies; leading R&D and manufacturing processes; scale of economy; the establishment of industry standards therefore giving Intel the ability to dominate the industry; the capability of providing a total solution platform; the success of the “Intel Inside” marketing strategy; and the perfect combination of leader vision/value, management systems and corporate culture. When the outside environment changes and wireless communication seems to be the next gold mine, Intel continues to invest in new technology and new product development, cut down costs, extending core competences and entering new markets using various means including strategic alliances, merge & acquisitions, investing in new technology fields, and forming new business units or groups. 　　Intel is a first-mover and a dominant firm in the CPU market, and it stays on the edge by substantially staying ahead of competitors in manufacturing technologies, speed and efficiency performances. While facing the new wireless communication market, which already has a dominant firm but not yet a dominant industry standard, Intel chooses to use internally developed inventions and externally obtained technology, in coordination with existing advantages in manufacturing processes and original core competences, thus extend to the new markets.

本研究主要根據文獻分析法,分析台灣飲食文化隨著經濟發展的成功案例。定 義未來發展成為具備台灣特色與國際級餐飲服務的競爭優勢。 台灣餐飲市場先天具備了形成國際美食的地理與文化條件,兼容並蓄了中國各 省份的美食精華以及深受日式料理的影響,隨著經濟發展與富裕程度而逐漸產 生美食需求的變化,不斷的提升服務品質與標準,形成台灣料理的獨特性與多 樣性,遂成為精緻美食與國際美食的基礎。 研究發現台灣經濟發展趨於成熟而形成兩極化消費情勢的必然關係,隨著富裕 程度與時間推移而呈現越來越多樣化與精緻化的消費形態,消費者需求的不再 只是美味、不再只是便宜、更要吃得健康、吃的舒適、吃的有品味。因此由滿 足物質性需求轉化而成為滿足心理需求為主的消費趨勢。個案公司的分析中發 現成功經營關鍵在於差異化的策略:特別突出的空間佈置、具有豐富人際網絡 的股東結構、年輕有活力的經營團隊、新鮮且多樣化的食材、營造出客戶的歸 屬感。 再根據兩岸經濟情勢與未來發展趨勢,進行市場定位與市場分析以及預測未來 需求,選擇符合台灣特色、國際競爭力且與美食市場發展軌跡相吻合的競爭策 略。針對人口富裕程度與特定比例的目標客戶、選擇具有發展利基的競爭優勢, 按整個服務價值鏈的變化調整營運模式,著重在整體服務品質的提升包括:服 務人員的整體素質與服務內涵、健康環保的取向、與服務內容及服務品質匹配 的合理價位。差異化的策略則是選擇具有獨特地位的地點,而獲得特殊地點的 能力也是本營運計畫特別需要具備的競爭優勢。以上提出適合目前在台灣、未 來在中國執行的高階市場營運計畫,單店期初投資金額新臺幣三億元整,期中 投資新臺幣一億五千萬元整,以總投資金額新臺幣四億五千萬元整來評估是一 個非常好的投資案,預計十八個月回收,十年內部報酬率 31.6%。 大 治 ㈻㊫學 l a C n h / Analyzing the relevant literature and operations of successful restaurants in Taiwan, this study develops a business model and strategies for first-­‐class restaurant featured by Taiwan cuisines and with international competitiveness. Taiwan poses unique position to develop a base for fine and delicate food culture. First, it has immigrants from different provinces from China, which bring different type of dishes to Taiwan. Second, with the impact of Japan, local chefs have developed the capability to prepare Japanese dishes. Third, gradually increased income levels have made local people to demand better quality food that stimulated chefs devoting to innovation, either in materials or dishes. And lastly, because of the accessing to international information, local consumers have become more sophisticated and generated competition among restaurants. We find that the consumers in Taiwan represent M-­‐form, with on end demanding high-­‐end service and another end demanding low-­‐priced services. However, at either end, food variety, healthy, tasty and pleasant eating environment have become critical. This means that satisfying psychological need, instead of physiological need, is the focus of restaurant services. The propose business model, therefore, has the following differentiation characteristics: unique location and interior decoration, investors with extensive personal networks, a energetic management team, fresh and variety food ingredients, and generating consumers’ identity. Taking into account the economic developments of Taiwan and China, in addition to the differentiation characteristics listed above, we develop strategies for running a high-­‐class restaurant with the potential to roll out to China. The strategies include the following: the combination of target customers, the competitive strengths to support niche strategy, adjusting operation model by adapting to the changes in value-­‐chain, tailor-­‐made services and enhancing the capability of service personnel, and price flexibility for different types of consumers. A restaurant with our design will need investment of NT$450million, and the return is very good: the pay-­‐back period is 18 months and internal rate return for 10 years is 31.6%. 大 治 ㈻㊫學 l a

高科技產業的發展為各國經濟發展的重要指標，因此本研究盼藉由進一步探討高科技產業發展過程中，主要影響創新與競爭力的重要因素，並加以分析兩岸在提升高科技產業創新競爭力的政策規劃，對於高科技產業創新發展的影響與作用。 / Innovation in high-technology industry has been affecting the general competiveness of a nation presently and innovation happens every day. The major influential factor to innovate or creation majorly regarding to environment, policy, profits circumstances. In this study, result has show that high-technology industries had made simultaneous contribution and played a critical role to effect the growth and advanced development of a nation, with another critical factor collaborated to create the successfulness of high-technology industry transformation by determine correct policies from state government. Taiwan government has been putting efforts in incentive policies to promote the developments of high-technology industry to effectively enhance the technology level. The study finds out that the major influential factors that will affect the general competiveness are majorly from government incentives policies and sufficient funding in disciplinary of R&D personnel, also creating a competitive environment is another important measure to enhance the innovation capability of high-technology industry. The disparity between Taiwan and Mainland China is majorly in population, government policies, government funding and investments these factors that influence the competiveness of innovation in high-technology industry between Taiwan and Mainland China. This analytical study shows in details with supportive statistic to indicate the developments of Taiwan and Mainland China during the past 10 years in innovation of high-technology industry.

兩岸航運｢大三通｣在秉持「尊嚴、對等、安全」的原則下已於2008年12月15日付諸實施，台灣港口隨大三通的通航，經營環境對應的型態也將隨之改變，須構建新的思維，提高港口的競爭優勢，尤其近年來國際運籌管理的模式不斷的創新作法，以服務為基本依歸，臺灣港口有必要適度隨直航調整與修正，本研究內容將探討國際港口運輸的服務功能，港口營運組織及經營方式能往多角化、企業化、國際化的方向轉變，也比較兩岸直航前後影響程度和經營績效分析，以因應航運業進行運籌管理的運輸及倉儲相關服務需要。 因此，研究發現臺灣港口為因應政府發展全球運籌管理計畫，政府相關的配套法規及措施，必須針對全球港口的競爭，進行全面性法規整合及組織變革，港際競爭與航商需求變動為影響港口經營最大因素，政府未來應思考如何與大陸港口策略聯盟，即聯合又競爭的關係，使港口成為國際供應鏈之重要環節，並運用台灣長期在航運地位的競爭優勢，拓展高附加價值之轉運服務，政府必須營造健全的全球運籌管理相關法制環境（通關、租稅、金融與電子商務等），並以現有資料分析未來臺灣港務公司經營上利弊得失，預期改制港務公司營運目標和方向的參考，並持續改善港口基礎建設環境，締造雙贏。

韓國與台灣分別在1960年代初和1950年代末採取外向型出口導向型發展戰略，迄今依然以出口帶動經濟發展為主要策略。1990年代以來，中國改革開放不斷深化，對外貿易量快速增加，中國佔韓台整體對外貿易的比重日益升高，2004年更取代美國成為韓台兩國第一大出口夥伴。 　　根據韓台對中國出口產業結構，韓台兩國對中國的出口明顯以生產高附加價值的高技術產業(High-Tech Industries)為主。其中，在雁行模式為主的東亞分工結構下，半導體與液晶顯示器分別為韓台兩國輸往中國的第一、第二大產品，為兩國對中國出口貢獻最大的共同產品。對於這兩種產品，韓台兩國一直以來形成你追我趕的競爭關係。尤其在2008年全球金融海嘯的大背景下，中國政府採取家電下鄉及依舊換新等擴大內需政策，使得韓台兩國對中國半導體及液晶顯示器出口依賴度進一步增加，兩國在中國市場競爭更為加深。 　　國家所扮演的重要角色是戰後東亞國家發展的主要動力，韓國與台灣為發展型國家的典範之一。尤其就半導體及液晶顯示器等高技術產品發展而言，政府的支持與推動絕對是影響產業發展的關鍵因素。此外，目前各國的廠商跨越國家疆界而成為重要貿易平台。政府產業政策及廠商競爭策略對於產業出口競爭力及貿易型態的形成，扮演關鍵性的角色。 　　以此為基礎，本論文利用顯示性比較優勢指數(Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, RCA)及產業內貿易指數(Intra-Industry Trade Index,IIT)與貿易專業化指數(Trade Specialization Index, TSI)等三個指標來衡量2005-2010年期間韓台對中國半導體與液晶顯示器出口競爭力與貿易型態及其變化，進而比較分析韓台兩國政府政策及主要廠商競爭策略對該些產業出口競爭力及貿易型態有何影響。

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse the current state of Gamtel less competitive nature in the telecom industry and therefore use its competitive advantage and core competencies to pursue and endeavour to invest on internet service provision mainly on broadband. With high expectations from the launching of the ACE, Africa coast to Europe submarine cable, the plan is to take the opportunity brought by this Landing station to significantly expand on its current broadband technology provision, which is DSL (digital subscriber line), CDMA 3G wireless broadband connection and Leased line connection. The growth in the sector is still encouraging between 8 to 10% and Gamtel is foreseeing to increase its already existing leadership in terms of market share on the internet segment or ISP internet service provider market. There is a high capital investment required for this project but funding could be obtain from banks and even state own corporation at better rates and also self-funding of over GMD 90 million. The cash flow projections had shown a positive net present value (NPV) thus; indicating that this plan will is viable. With the three product categories, it is assume that the DSL and the CDMA 3G wireless broadband could be the cash cows whiles the leased lines connection for broadband which used to bring the biggest revenue in the data category will likely be going down, an impact the ACE project will brought along as the biggest customers from this service were the private ISP who now can connect direct to the ACE cable. As the implementation of the ACE goes on prices are expected to further fall as bandwidth becomes cheaper and cheaper and volume or high quantity purchase of bandwidth starts to emerge thus economics of scale.

探討我國黃豆期貨交易屢次虧損之原因，進而研究期貨交易的正確意義及操作策略， 供爾後交之參考，以期藉著期貨交易降低我國採購成本，增加外銷競爭能力，安定民 生。 第一章為緒論─介紹研究大綱。第二章：期貨交易之意義─探討期貨交易之本質並介 紹幾種操作技巧。第三章：黃豆的供需─由黃豆基本的產銷情形，分析影響價格之各 頸因素及技術分析法。第五章：我國期貨交易之檢討─檢討過去交易得失，以策未來 。第六章─結論。