從2000年費率主管機關公布有線電視基本頻道收視費用之每月每戶上限為新臺幣600元，並逐年核定其價格上限。本研究透過超越對數成本函數及需求函數，探討我國有線電視2004年至2008年間經營概況，實證結果得知： 一、我國實施價格上限管制法，管制有線電視基本頻道收視費用之機制是具有效性，且費率主管機關近年來價格管制，是增加消費者剩餘方向前進。 二、在每年所核價格上限下，系統經營者平均每戶約新臺幣107元獲利空間；系統經營者對於將所節省的成本反應至收視費用上，是不積極的。 三、有線電視產業之價格需求彈性為-0.8107，顯示有線電視服務已逐漸成為國人生活上的常用品，符合目前社會經濟現象。 四、有線電視產業之家戶所得需求彈性為0.6951，顯示有線電視服務為正常財。 五、有線電視平均成本隨著訂戶數逐年增加而下降趨勢，顯示有線電視產業具有規模經濟特性，其平均成本下降原因主要來自於固定成本下降。 六、系統經營者之邊際成本隨著年度增加而趨向新臺幣300元至400元間集中或收斂。以組織結構來看，各集團5年平均邊際成本在新臺幣348元至405元間。以整體有線電視來看，5年平均值約為新臺幣367元。 七、以組織結構來看，各集團5年平均成本在新臺幣417元至470元間。以整體有線電視來看，5年平均值約為新臺幣438元。

第一章以施奈德（Richard C. Snyder）等所創之﹁決策制訂模型﹂（Decision-Ma- king Model）為研究蘇聯決策制訂之指涉架構。並就﹁外交政策﹂之界定，探討外交 政策之研究途徑、目標、手段、權力基礎，以及國家利益和安全。再分析蘇聯之決策 制訂與執行架構，及影響其外交、軍事決策制訂與執行之機構。 第二章首先界定﹁戰術武器﹂一詞，再研究核子時代之戰略理論，如嚇阻理論、巨型 報復與彈性反應（全面之戰爭與有限戰爭）．．．．．．等攻擊與防衛之理論，並探 討對於蘇聯戰略武器時代之適用性，以及﹁贏得核子戰爭﹂之真實性為何。 第三章從國際層面，分析戰略武單競賽與管制之理論與實際。悉心研究自第二次世界 大戰後所曾試探解決國際上戰略武器競賽之各種裁減和管制方案，作為分析未來﹁戰 略武器管制﹂可行性研究的基礎 第四章就﹁共產主義意識型態﹂、﹁俄羅斯傳統﹂和﹁國家目標與行動綱領﹂，從理 論和實際並重的角度判斷外交政策之決策制訂和執行。 第五章軍事戰略理論、戰略兵力部署及其指揮結構。 第六章以美蘇﹁戰略武器管制談判﹂第一、二階段為個案，分析蘇聯對於戰略武器管 制、外交、軍事之政策制訂，以及未來戰略武器管制之展望。 結論

【研究緣起與問題】2003年春季，SARS在全球造成一陣轟動，同時也重創全球的經濟，如今SARS會不會再來？政府如何因應？政府如何監測疫情？如何防治疫情？如果SARS等新興及再浮現感染症 （Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases）出現時，負責全國傳染病防治任務的行政院衛生署疾病管制局是如何作好全國傳染病防治工作呢？中央及地方主管機關之溝通，如何共同消除指責與誤會，發揮團隊精神，如何共同作好全國傳染病防疫任務，爭取公眾對政府之瞭解並加以支持，同時防止任何可能之攻擊，才是全民之福祉。故以「全國傳染病通報系統」的績效，其所仰賴之溝通通路之問題研究，是本研究的動機。了解「傳染病通報管理系統(WEB版)」最大的問題及新興傳染病（如SARS）防治通報的問題及「傳染病通報管理系統」最需要改進之的地方，是本研究的目的。 【研究方法與資料】本研究採取量化與質化並重的方法，以網路問卷方式的進行問卷調查，問卷對象為全國使用傳染病通報管理系統之相關人員，問卷問題內容的設計主要的型式含有開放式問卷（Open –Ended Question）、封閉式問卷（Close-Ended Question）及混合型問卷（Mixed Question）三種。同時以九十二年針對新興傳染病SARS期間為例，深度訪談當時任職於中央與地方負責傳染病防治權責具代表性者五位主管進行訪談，瞭解受訪者對新興傳染病如SARS防治的問題及「傳染病通報管理系統」最需要改進之的地方，以彌補問卷調查法無法深入瞭解到問題之缺點。 【研究結論與建議】 一、根據筆者初步研究經問卷的實證調查之後，從問卷分析資料顯示，使用者使用電腦的時間愈久，對以新版為溝通工具滿意度愈低；而愈瞭解通報系統的使用者，其以新版為溝通工具滿意度愈高，愈滿意新版改進之電腦網路溝通效果。顯示新版的通報系統在設計的操作介面與程序上，沒有人性化，作業內容繁多、需輸入的項目、資料太繁瑣、版面太繁瑣等，反而徒增使用者的困擾；而愈瞭解通報系統的使用者，其對新版的滿意度越高，表示對於使用者在操作上的教育訓練仍須加強，才能發揮新版通報系統的成效。 二、從敘述統計分析中發現： 受訪者對「訊息異動通知作業流程滿意」的使用滿意度的平均數最高，平均數為2.8095表示：較為滿意。「通報作業流程滿意嗎」的使用滿意度的平均數最低，平均數為2.3934，受訪者表示：較為滿意。以新版為溝通工具整體溝通滿意情形，平均數為2.558滿意。 三、開放式問卷分析資料顯示，花太多時間、速度太慢、網路的頻寬過窄又不穩定或無法登錄、作業內容繁多、作業流程問題、資訊管理問題及功能增添與建議等部分。 四、根據筆者初步研究深度訪談之後，彙整中央主管機關及地方主管機關的訪談核心二部分的問題與建議。 五、研究建議： 綜合問卷調查及深度訪談結果，提出政策層面、組織溝通層面、管理層面、實務操作層面等之建議。 【關鍵字】傳染病通報系統、嚴重急性呼吸道症候群(severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)、組織溝通、溝通通路、行政院衛生署疾病管制局 / 【Background and Issues】 In the spring of 2003, SARS outbreaks devastated the whole world; they also heavily damaged the world economy. Will SARS come back? How can governments manage it? How can government monitor the epidemics? How can we control the infection? When emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as SARS appear, how can the Center for Disease Control of the Department of Health, an organization in charge of national disease control, plan and execute measures for the control of communicable diseases? Effective communication between the central and the local competent authorities to remove together blames and misunderstanding, to develop team spirit, to attain jointly the goal of disease control, to solicit understanding and support of the public to the government, and to prevent any likely attack are some of the considerations in improving the welfare of the public. The reason of the present study was to understand, through the achievements thus far of the National Communicable Disease Reporting System, issues involved in the communication channels. The purposes of the study were to understand the major problems of the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System (the Web version), issues involved in the reporting of emerging infectious diseases, and areas of the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System where improvement was most urgently needed. 【Method and Materials】 Both the quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Questionnaire interview was conducted through the web to persons using the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System throughout the country. The questionnaire contained open-end questions, closed-end questions and questions of mixed types. At the same time, to understand in depth areas not properly covered by the questionnaire interview, five key persons responsible for disease control at the time of the SARS outbreaks in 2003 at the central and the local levels were interviewed to understand their attitudes toward the control of emerging infectious diseases such as SARS, and the improvement most urgently needed for the Communicable Disease Reporting and Management System. 【Results and Recommendations】 1. Preliminary findings from analysis of the questionnaire interview showed that users became less satisfied with the new version communication means the longer they were in use of computers. Users who knew more about the use of the reporting system were more satisfied with the new communication means, were at the same time, more satisfied with the communication effects of the improved version. These facts suggested that the new reporting system was less user-friendly in the designing of interface and procedures. The system required more work, more detailed inputs, and thus added additional burdens on the part of the users. The more the users understood the reporting system, their satisfaction was higher, indicating that, for the new version reporting system to function in full, training of the users in the use of the system should be strengthened. 2. From the descriptive analysis, it was found that the average score of user satisfaction on the “information change reporting procedures” was as high as 2.8095, suggesting that the users were fairly satisfied. The satisfaction score on “reporting procedures” was the lowest at 2.3934. The overall satisfaction score on the use of the new version as a communication means was 2.558. 3. Findings from the open-end questions gave the following recommendations: taking too much time, too slow, frequency of the web too narrow, unstable, and unable to load, too detailed, issues related to operational procedures, issues related to information management and additional functions, etc. 4. By analysis of the in-depth interview, some issues were raised and recommendations made to the central and the local competent authorities. 5. Through questionnaire survey and in-depth interview, some recommendations concerning policies, organizational communication, management and practical operation were made. 【Key Words】 Communicable Disease Reporting System, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), organizational communication, communication channels, Center for Disease Control, the Department of Health

由於全球貿易自由化，食品的流通也漸趨便利。各國為避免或減少因食品貿易流通而導致外來動植物疫病蟲害入侵、或蔓延之機會，及防範食品、飲料或飼料中之添加物、污染物等的潛在風險，以保護境內國民及動植物的生命或健康，及維護自然生態環境，會對進口食品採取相關規範與措施。當會員基於主權制定相關措施時，可能會因這些措施對於貿易活動之限制性效果，而損及其他會員在WTO下之貿易利益，因而會造成其他國家的關切，甚至訴諸WTO爭端解決機制。 本文將介紹國際間常受其他會員關切的食品管制措施類型，主要以在WTO SPS委員會之會議上受到關切，或當事國向WTO提出控告的個案，來進行探討。藉由個案研究，以從中了解WTO重要條文及所涉議題之內涵與重要原則，並作為我國對進口食品管制措施管理之借鏡。我國自2002年加入WTO後，進口食品的值與量明顯增加，我國食品輸入管理機制也越顯重要。自2011年3月11日福島核災發生，大量放射性物質外洩對整體環境、人類及生物健康造成危害，故各國紛紛對日本食品實施管制程度不等的進口管制措施，以防止遭到輻射汙染之食品輸入。我國自日本輸入食品種類與數量皆甚多，因此亦對日本食品採取特定管制措施。針對此我國此管制措施，本文將以國際經貿法的觀點，依據 WTO協定中與檢驗措施密切相關的SPS協定規範、過往案例之裁決及相關文獻，分析我國針對日本輸入食品輻射管制措施之適法性，並判斷該措施將來是否存在遭非難之可能，希冀能對於我國日後政策走向提供一實質性之參考及展望。 / Global trade in agricultural and food products has grown rapidly in recent decades, with countries becoming more engaged in cross-border trade, whether as exporters or importers. All countries maintain measures to ensure that imported food is safe for consumers, and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. These sanitary and phytosanitary measures can take many forms, such as requiring products to come from a disease-free area, inspection of products, specific treatment or processing of products. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, by their very nature, may result in restrictions on trade. After the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, radiation was released into the environment near the plant. Growing concerns over radiation cause several countries, such as Korea and China to impose restrictions on the import of Japanese products. Taiwan, one of Japan's key food export markets, also imposed regulations in order to secure the safety of people. However, in 2015 Japan has filed a dispute against Korea at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over import restrictions that Japan found the measures inappropriate and against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS Agreement). It also demonstrats that countries which impose import restrictions could be facing international adjudication through the WTO. Therefore, this essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the SPS Agreement under WTO, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s import regulations on Japanese Food Products with the rules and norms of the WTO in order to assess the legitimaticy of Taiwan’s trade policy.

民營化政策的發展，是近十幾年來經濟自由化理念下的一個鮮明趨勢，亦是各國公部門改革運動的有力工具。在財政負擔及經濟發展的壓力下，各國政府皆審思其定位無法事必躬親，故轉為尋求「小而能」、「小而美」的政策導航角色，企圖引進市場機制來降低成本並增進生產力，以提供良好的營運品質及便利的服務。 但衡諸國外先進國家公營事業民營化之經驗，民營化的方式大致分為三類： 一、最狹義的民營化：所有權移轉，如出售或移轉官股或公產； 二、狹義的民營化：經營權移轉，如公營事業部分或全部委由民間經營或代理。 三、廣義的民營化：修改立法開放市場，迫使公營事業在市場機制的競爭壓力下，調整經營體制採取企業經營原則。 公營事業對於我國經濟發展初期，確實背負政策性任務、具有國家經濟發展的正面意義，但因國內外經濟環境急遽變化、產業技術日新月異，商機瞬息萬變，公營事業受限於法令束縛，經營逐漸僵化，經營的困境與劣勢逐一浮現，所以在國際化、自由化的趨勢下，為了提升國家競爭力、維持經濟長期發展，政府必須營造公平、開放及競爭的市場環境，讓企業的活力與效率能儘量發揮，以有效提升整個社會資源運用的效率，創造全民最大的利益，所以公營事業的民營化是刻不容緩的工作。 但檢視我國行政院自七十八年七月成立跨部會的「公營事業民營化推動專案小組」，負責修訂民營化相關法令，審議民營化執行方案，並將二十二家公營事業列為第一波移轉民營的對象，依「公營事業移轉民營條例」及施行細則的規定，民營化執行策略僅限於「股權釋出」及「資產出售」，但因法規規定未盡周延、釋股方式及員工權益保障等因素引起爭議，使此階段民營化的推動過程並不順利，多項計畫亦未能依原訂期程執行。 在民國八十五年十二月底召開的「國家發展會議」之「經濟發展」議題中提出「加速公營事業民營化」的子題，重新對民營化政策作一檢討，除了課以執行單位五年內完成民營化的責任與壓力外，另擴大民營化範圍與執行方式，除了「股權釋出」及「資產出售」之所有權移轉外，另增列了委託經營或租賃等經營權移轉的方式，俾能更有效的引進民間企業精神，以提升公部門的經營效率。 另外，政府積極進行加入世界貿易組織與建立臺灣成為亞太營運中心工作，此二項重要經濟政策的共同精神都在強調自由化與國際化，由減少政府管制，擴大民間參與，讓市場機能得以發揮。同時行政院在八十七年元月提出「政府再造綱領」，希望引進企業管理精神，建立創新、彈性、有應變能力的政府，以提升國家競爭力。其中「法制再造推動計畫」就以公營事業民營化、獎勵民間參與公共建設及政府業委託民間辦理，並檢討修正或廢止各項不當限制市場競爭及不便民的業務法令等項目，以作為調整政府角色的重點工作。 台北市政府推動所有權移轉的民營化政策，係依「國家發展會議」的決議及行政院「公營事業民營化推動專案小組」第十次會議決議，決定台北銀行及台北市政府印刷所民營化。而台北市政府對於委託民間經營因部分不涉及所有權的變化，市府各局處在不涉及公權力、及例行性的業務大都已採行民營化，而近年新成立的市立萬芳醫院及市立兒童交通博物館採取全部業務皆以委託民間辦理的情形。以上民營化的推動，對於公部門組織的運作不啻是一大挑戰，相關的推動法令、配套措施、員工權益補償的保障、移撥安置的作業，在在都須要執行專案小組、執行機關與民營化對象的相互配合、溝通，以使民營化政策能順利的推動。 大體而言，本文研究的主要理念，即想結合公營事業民營化政策的理論與實務，探討如何因應經營體質及性質的差異，公部門對於標的對象所採用的執行策略該如何抉擇、篩選；同時，標的對象的選定及其支持與配合是民營化推動順利與否的重要關鍵因素之一。政府部門不能過度簡化民營化問題，將所有不同經營性質的公營事業皆以相同的執行策略來完成，同時政府部門亦不應以相同單一法規－「公營事業移轉民營條例」及施行細則，套用在各種不同制度之公營事業對象的員工。在理論基礎與實務狀況的了解釐清後，綜合文獻探討、個案研究及訪談資料等研究結果評析台北市政府及中央的民營化政策執行策略與對象選擇的關係，並提出建議，以供未來推動民營化政策的參考。 民營化對象與執行策略選擇關係之研究－以台北市政府為例 目 錄 第一章：緒論 第一節：研究動機與目的 第二節：研究範圍與架構 第三節：研究方法與途徑 第四節：研究流程與限制 第五節、章節安排 第二章：民營化理論探討 第一節：公營事業的性質及潛在危機 第二節：民營化理論 第三節：民營化對象分析 第四節：民營化執行策略及選擇機制 第五節、民營化文獻的回顧與檢討 小結 第三章：我國推動公營事業民營化現況 第一節：公營事業民營化政策的演進 第二節：我國民營化政策推動組織、程序及執行策略 第三節：我國推行民營化相關法令及措施 第四節：我國民營化問題的解決－建構公私部門合作策略 小結 第四章：個案探討－台北市政府推動民營化案例 第一節：台北市政府推動民營化政策之現況與法令依據 第二節：台北市政府撤資型民營化個案分析 壹、股權釋出－台北銀行 貳、資產出售－台北市政府印刷所 第三節：台北市政府委託民間經營案例及概況 壹、 台北市政府市有財產委託經營之法令依據 貳、 台北市政府市有財產委託經營之概況 參、 台北市政府市有財產委託經營之方式 第四節：台北市政府委託型民營化個案分析 壹、 台北市立萬芳醫院 貳、 台北市立兒童交通博物館 第五節：台北市政府民營化個案優缺點比較分析 第六節：改進台北市政府民營化政策推行之建議 小結 第五章：結論與建議 第一節：結論 第二節：建議 參考書目 附錄一：台北市政府推動民營化相關法規 附錄二：訪談資料

過去有關土地使用分區管制與地價兩者間關係之研究，往往假設地價在實施規劃管制過程中呈中立性，且過去在探討土地使用分區管制與地價二者間關係之研究時，多著重在探討土地使用分區管制施行後對地價之影響上，對於土地使用分區管制決策是否受到土地市場中地價之影響，則僅在少數的研究中被探討。故本研究首先透過國內外相關文獻之回顧與分析，得知規劃管制決策者有時為求得最大之政治支持，有可能會以規劃管制為其尋求最大政治利益之工具，而扭曲規劃管制之原意，使得土地使用分區管制決策可能受到土地市場中地價之影響，然而地價於實際經濟社會中是否會影響土地使用分區管制決策，則有待進一步的探討與驗證。 是以本研究以公共選擇理論與消費者效用理論為基礎，透過台北縣市土地使用分區管制決策過程與內涵之探討，利用羅吉特(logit)迴歸分析模型，以台北市為實證範圍，並以其72至81年度之房地移轉買賣實際調查資料，進行分年橫斷面分析方式，求取選擇性偏誤訂正項後，再納入地價方程式中估計，以求地價函數一致性估計，據以逐年檢驗地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。再以台北市信義計畫區為個案分析之對象，檢視於現實社會中地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。 經由上述之實證與個案分析，得到以下之結論： 一、土地使用分區管制決策在執政者追求最大政治利益之假設下，將可能受到利益團體等相關者之壓力，而做出只利於少數人之土地使用分區管制決策。 二、土地使用分區管制決策可能會受土地市場中地價之影響。 三、地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響不穩定。 四、對土地使用分區管制決策時應有制度性之建立以審慎考量規劃管制之旨意。 / In the literatures, the study on. the relationship between land price and zoning control was assumed that land price is neutral. Moreover, the studies of land price and zoning control are more on the impact of land use control upon land price. The issue that impact of land prices upon the decision making of zoning control is rarely investigated. Based upon the theories of public choice and consumer's utility, this study discusses the process and content of zoning control decision-making. Then, by Logit model, the transaction data of property in Taipei City from 1983 to 1992 are employed to test the impact of land price upon the decision making of zoning control. Furthermore, a case study of Shin-I Planning District in Taipei City is analyzed so as to examine the impact of land price upon zoning control decision-making in the real operation. The major findings of this study are that, land price may affect the decision making of zoning control in the long term. However, the impact of land price upon the zoning control decision-making is unstable. Finally, based upon the public choice theory, the empirical results are discussed so as to apply the findings to the land policy.

過去電信事業強調無論任何一端用戶透過電話機、傳輸線路、交換機等網路連接至另一端用戶，進行點對點(end to end)語音或數據之通信時，基於網路不可分割之特性，進行整體固定網路設備投資相當龐大，且因具規模經濟特性而形成自然獨占；加以其多屬民生攸關之公用事業，又須具備一定之服務品質及可負擔之合理價格，始能提供不論居住何處之全國民眾使用，故大多由政府主導經營。 　　然隨著電信自由化來臨，民國八十五年七月一日電信解制，分為監理電信業務之電信總局及國營事業之中華電信公司，確立監管架構及電信業務開放以引進競爭市場。惟為避免新進業者會對更多需求及更可獲利的城市地區首先提供服務，而忽略了鄉村偏遠地區，形成吸脂作用(Cream skimming)。故顯然電信自由化後，儘管商業利益的考量是競爭市場存續的重要因素之一，然而為避免關切公共服務的精神隨之而消失，那麼政府如何適度藉入以求得其間的平衡性，這應屬必要的。 　　基本上，應以國民基本通信之概念考量普及服務之範圍，同時應基於公平及合理的原則下，以負擔得起且日常生活中有必要的電信服務；然由於在公平的、合理的、負擔得起、有必要性等充分條件下，仍須加上一定的「服務品質」為必要條件，才能使普及服務的精神顯露，特別在隨著電信科技發展、社會環境變遷及民眾需求，仍須作階段性不同之定義，才能符合普及服務的真正目的。 　　因此，本論文採用文獻探討、政策德菲法(Delphi method)及實例探討，從管制理論的基礎，說明管制因環境之所需，尤其當電信自由化之初，引入市場競爭之同時，適時的管制對於公平的競爭是有需要的；另再參酌美國、英國、澳洲、香港及法國等先進國家之電信普及服務機制，透過美國、英國、澳洲及香港等國家之電信監理機構之網站，及相關電信自由化之文獻，蒐集到各國對普及服務相關之管理方式與法規規定，歸納出各國對普及服務目標之界定，普及服務之提供者，成本計算方式，分攤普及服務之義務者及分攤方式等，再進行整理、分析與比較，嚐試提出一個適合國情的普及服務制度，並對實務執行所面對的問題提出建議，以供主管機關參考。 　　本論文結論重點為，除建立一套含理論及實務運作的電信普及服務機制外，為發現整理出相關問題如：(1)「電信事業普及服務基金」非為政府基金之管理，是否須要編列年度業務計畫及預算書，值得商榷。(2)就商業利益考量，固網業者收取申裝市內電話之「界外工料費」應無不可，然是否能適用普及服務補助的問題。(3)易將普及服務基金視為另一個社會安全或防災救助的課題，扭曲其設立之精神。(4)提供普及服務所產生之無形利益是否應納入棄置營收之計算。(5)海岸電台船舶遇險及安全通信服務是否納入普及服務之考量。 　　其政策建議重點則為：(1)為消彌外界之疑慮，並兼顧效率運作之原則，除必要之管理費用應撙節使用外，相關之收支帳目宜經由會計師簽證予以公開透明化。(2)為維護消費者之權利，裝置材料費用應有下降趨勢，應重新檢討並提出合理成本，訂定合理之收費方式。(3)社會安全或急難救助所經費，應由社會福利安全政策編列預算支應，以免增加電信業者之成本負擔，並轉價至最終消費者。(4)無形利益應可加以計算納入棄置營收項目內，可利用每一家或前五大業者平均的廣告效果估算；或利用消費者行為之抽樣問卷調查，求出潛在消費者及平均消費之貢獻，做為無形利益的推估。(5)可成立專案小組，針對海岸電台設備及維運費用等訂定效率化之衡量標準；或以公開招標方式，徵求自願投入之電信業者；或協調海巡暑整編至該單位。(6)必須建立一套成本資料管理及稽核制度，以增加核算資料的明確性。(7)考慮修法開放可以行動電話做為普及服務之提供，公開徵詢有興趣之行動電話業者，並於北、中、南區各找一處以行動電話提供普及服務之實驗。(8)第一類電信事業部分，可由普及服務管理委員會就經營效率性、虧損之持續性等相關因素，予以審核後得免予繳交；第二類電信事業部分，以經營語音單純轉售及網路電話兩項從事語音電話服務為主，衡酌經營差異程度，排除一定營業額以下者可免予繳交。 / In the past, in order to provide seamless end-to-end communications services for the end users, telecom enterprises that required cost-sunk expenditure, economies of scale and operated an indivisible network had been regarded as a naturally monopolistic business. Moreover, telecommunications as one of public services relevant to the people’s livelihood has to be provided for all nationals at an affordable price and a reasonable level of service quality. As a result, most telecom enterprises worldwide were operated and conducted by the Government. 　　Nevertheless, along with the global trend of telecom liberalization, on July 1 1996 our government reorganized the DGT into a sole telecom regulator and established the state-own holding company, CHT, to provide telecom services, with a view to build up a regulatory regime and to open the telecom market further. To avoid newcomers in a competitive environment tending to focus on high revenue growth telecommunication markets, such as metropolitan areas, resulting in the phenomenon of ‘cream skimming’ and in the impediment to the spirit of public services, there is a need for government intervention in the provision of telecom services. 　　Basically, the concept of universal telecommunications service shall be confined to the basic telecommunication services which are indispensable to every citizens and should be provided on reasonable request at an affordable price and a reasonable level of quality. However, universal telecommunications service might has different definitions over time so as to fulfill its policy objectives in each phase given the development of technologies and the changes in social environment. 　　Accordingly, by conducting Documentary-type method, Delphi method and Case Studies, this dissertation has illustrated with regulatory theory why regulation shall be based on the requirement of the environment. Particularly, during the early stages of telecom liberalization, regulatory involvement at right moment is required for creating a level-playing field when introducing competition. From the websites of several telecom regulators in advanced countries, e.g. US, UK, Australia, HK, etc., and some literatures on telecom liberalization, this dissertation has collected those countries’ management criteria and legal framework for universal service and summed up their universal service objectives, providers, cost calculation methods and obligation sharing mechanisms. Then through a further analysis and comparison, it has tried to propose a universal service mechanism that might better fit our national conditions and offer the authority concerned some practical recommendations for the implementation issues. 　　In conclusion, this dissertation has built up a universal telecommunications service mechanism based on both theoretical analyses and practical considerations. Besides, it has included some key findings as follows: (1) Given the fact that the universal service fund is not one kind of government funds, shall it still be managed through annual official planning and budgeting? (2) From a viewpoint of profitable undertaking, a fixed network operator might want to charge a remote subscriber outside its service area for some extra facilities fees for service installation. This might be reasonable under commercial terms. But shall we allow such extra fees to be subsidized by the universal service fund? (3) Some people might regard the purpose of the universal service fund as an issue on social security or emergency rescue, and hence distort the spirit of universal service fund. (4) It is questionable whether intangible benefits, resulting form the provision of universal service, could be grouped into revenue forgone. (5) Is it appropriate for an operator to recover its costs of providing coastal radio maritime emergency and safety communication services from the universal service fund? 　　Furthermore, it has given several key policy recommendations as follows: (1) For the sake of dispelling people’s doubts and managing the efficiency in universal service fund, all of the accounts of expenditures shall be open and transparent except that the administrative costs must be kept at minimum. (2) In order to protect consumers’ rights, the equipment installation fee should follow a downward trend and must be cost based. (3) To avoid increasing the burden of telecom operators whose costs are ultimately entailed by consumers, budgets for social security or emergency rescue should be supported by national social welfare policies. (4) Intangible revenue that might be calculable by evaluating average effect of advertisement of each operator or top five operators should be grouped into revenue foregone. Or it may be possible to make a sampling survey of consumers’ behavior, finding the average contribution of each potential customer so as to estimate intangible revenue. (5) Grouping a task force to revise measuring criteria for the facilities and maintenance costs in coastal radio services efficiently. Besides, bids for these services may be opened for volunteers, or be coordinated with and incorporated into the function of Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan. (6) It is necessary to build up a mechanism of data management and auditing so as to increase the accountability of re-calculating data. (7) To think over the feasibility that mobile phone can be used for the provision of universal service as well by revising the relevant laws, and then in North, Middle, and South Taiwan, try to conduct a field trial in each area for providing universal service by using mobile phone. (8) For Type I telecommunications businesses, universal service committee can exempt them from universal service obligations with the concerns about their operation efficiency and the duration of losing money, and so on. For Type II telecommunications businesses, only those operating voice communications services, including simple resale and internet phone services, should bear the obligations, but whether they need to make contributions to the universal service fund or not can be decided through the evaluation of their business performance.

『智慧財產』是二十一世紀世界產業競爭的決勝關鍵。智慧財產的佈局、產出及保護固然非常重要，但是最終還是需要積極的運用，發揮智慧財產這種無形資產獨有之國際性、重複利用性及同時異地併行使用實施之特性，彰顯其最大化之價值。世界各國政府在積極建置各種政策手段提升智慧財產運用之同時，也考慮到自身國家安全及國內產業競爭力消長之影響，大多規範了一系列智慧財產輸出到國境之外的運用管制。智慧財產之積極運用與境外實施管制，是兩種截然不同，有時甚至是互相衝突之面向，需要有清晰的觀念，才能建置雙贏策略，讓國內產業在決勝關鍵所向無敵。 我國科技基本法自民國88年公佈實施以來已有十年。智慧財產的產出、保護及運用在這十年間突飛猛進。雖然如此，但是仍有許多配套措施及觀念尚未成熟的建立起來。對於彰顯及發揮智慧財產價值所面對之『境外實施管制機制』更是有相對檢視之急迫性。在『國際技術移轉制度理論與實務』（王偉霖、劉江彬 著，2010年9月初版）劉江彬教授序中，劉教授特別指出這一點，認為應該突破其限制。我國在智慧財產方面之創新管理成就，中國也在快速學習，急起直追，從中國十二五計畫之政策可以看出他們更在發揚創新商業化之投資，學習我們企業的經營哲學。台灣有相當多的創新能量，蘊含智慧財產運用之潛力，政府可以從更宏觀的角度思考，發揮台灣的『軟實力』，實現台灣的願景。 本研究針對經濟事務財團法人研究機構，於政府資助產出之專利權在中華民國管轄區域外使用實施所需要事前陳報政府主管機關核准之規定嘗試提出更有效率之管理機制。 本研究比較美國、日本、大陸及台灣之政府資助產出之成果下放、技術出口管制、技術與投資境外實施管制相關法規之規範與作法，並訪問各國極具智慧財產管理運用代表性之組織--Association of University Technology Manager (AUTM) 及Licensing Executive Society (LES) 總會之會長、美國Stanford University技轉辦公室主任、美國前University of Washington負責技術移轉之副校長、日本東京大學技轉辦公室主任、前新加坡大學之技轉辦公室主任、徐小波大律師、台灣積體電路股份有限公司負責技術移轉之法務處宿文堂處長、政治大學商學院智慧財產研究所王偉霖教授及我國技術服務業之宇東公司副執行長等在智慧財產授權領域之產官學研專家學者，彙整歸納他們之看法及筆者之意見。再綜整工業技術研究院過去十年來向經濟部提出境外實施申請之案件，以三案不同技術、授權模式及授權區域之案件為案例探討。對照經濟部投資業務處對於我國境外投資之管理規範及審核要項，對於經濟部技術處目前審核境外實施作業，分析實務操作面之問題所在，進而提出『分類分級管理』之構想。視專利權之技術內容及授權模式，將審查作業分為高度管理、低度管理及事後報備。希望未來境外實施之管制也能夠兼顧行政成本降低、多元化彈性模式及商機時效。 本研究分別對政府及申請人提出建議，並由微觀到鉅觀，對我國智慧財產落實運用之全面性結構問題提出後續可繼續研究之議題供參。 對於政府處理其出資產出之成果的境外實施管制，建議涉及國家安全之技術輸出可比照國際作法採取『高度管理』。對於不涉及國家安全之智慧財產境外實施可採『低度管理』。同時建立具體明確可預期之審理標準、流程及正面或負面表列之技術清單。專利之非專屬授權及已經經過政府相關單位審核者，建議可採『事後報備』簡化流程。進一步考量規劃逐步建立企業及研發機構境外實施『自主管理』機制。至於境外實施之對價應回歸『商業談判』之市場機制，政府不需過多干涉。最後建議加強政府承辦人員對於智慧財產管理運用理論及實務認識之訓練。 在目前政府『境外實施』機制尚未調整之前，本研究綜整過去工業技術研究院申請境外實施之經驗，對於申請人提出建議作法，希望有助於審查流程之加速。事前與政府機關承辦人多溝通有絕對必要，充分瞭解其關切之事項，並備妥相關之文件。要求境外實施之廠商直接向政府承辦機關關切不必然有助於加速審核流程，有時反而弄巧反拙，造成承辦人之困擾，相對的攪亂了審核的節奏。 『境外實施』僅為提升智慧財產運用的一個點，必須要達到數個點的突破，形成面的結構調整，後續仍然有相當多的議題需要繼續研究，提出解決方案。例如修改科技基本法以明確擴大適用之層面至政府相關研究機關及學校—如中央研究院、公立大學等。這些機關是政府單位智慧財產之重要生產者，與下放之執行機構一樣，需突破國有財產法及政府採購法以發揮智慧財產之價值，但是同時適用之政府機關應配套建立智慧財產管理及評鑑機制。本研究以經濟事務研究機構之境外實施為限，其他仍然有教育體系之學校及經濟事務以外之研究機構之境外實施制度值得一窺。 本研究參酌世界各國之作法，搭配本研究生多年在工研院之經驗，檢視目前我國之實務運作，以學術討論之立場，結合實務與理論，嘗試提出一些看法，希望能夠提供給政府宏觀的思考，構建更契合打造台灣為亞洲樞紐之願景的機制。但本研究之所有論述純屬本研究生之個人觀點，不代表工研院或其他任何機構與單位之立場。 / “Intellectual Property” is the key factor to winning the industrial competition among competitive countries in the twenty-first century. Although domestic products and well-protected intellectual property are both extremely important, intellectual property should ultimately be used actively in order to maximize its core value. While governments around the world enthusiastically harness a variety of policy instruments to actively promote the use of intellectual property, they also take into account the security and competitiveness of their nations’ own domestic industries, as well as the impact of growth and decline on their economy. With these concerns, most of the intellectual property outputs are regulated by a series of overseas licensing restrains. The active usage of intellectual property and the control over overseas licensing are issues that are usually mutually independent. However, they sometimes conflict with each other. Only a clear and thorough understanding of both topics can allow one to establish a well-rounded strategy that creates a win-win situation in reference to the relationship between overseas licensing and domestic products. The Fundamental Science and Technology Act of the Republic of China has been in effect for a decade since its original ratification. Even so, there are still a lot of support measures and concepts established by the Act that have yet to be fully developed. For example, the “Overseas Licensing” control mechanism within the Act is an important measure that has received minimal development, and is in urgent need of having its political limitations removed for it to become more effective. This study compares United States, Japan, China and Taiwan’s export controls and overseas licensing laws. By visiting leaders of those intellectual property management representative organizations - -Association of University Technology Manager (AUTM) and Licensing Executive Society (LES), Director of the United States Stanford University Technology Transfer Office, former Vice President responsible for technology transfer of University of Washington, Director of Technology Transfer Office of University of Tokyo, Ex-Director of the Office of Technology Transfer of University of Singapore, Professor Paul S. P. Hsu, Chairman & CEO of PHYCOS International Co., Ltd, Director of Legal Transactions of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., National Chengchi University Institute of Intellectual Property Business School Professor Wang Weilin and Vice President of Tanspercific IP Ltd. , the study summarized views and opinions of these professionals . The author analyzed overseas licensing cases that Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) applied over the last decade in their technology, business model, and licensing area. Using the analysis of the practical problems in the overseas licensing control regulations and rules under the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the author proposed a concept of “classification management” ideas. According to this concept, the technical content of patent rights and licensing models and their management will be reviewed in three different levels, including high degree management, low degree management and post-filing. In the future, the costs of administration, the diversity of business models, and the flexibility in time should be considered in all cases of overseas licensing. The overseas licensing control that is related to national security should take a “high degree of management”. The rest of which do not involve national security can be reviewed under a “low degree of management”. Non-exclusive patent license and the case which has already been reviewed by any government agencies under the overseas licensing control should be reviewed under “post-filing management” to simplify the process. Furthermore, government should consider the gradual establishment of self-management mechanism as an “Internal Control Program” in the industry and research institute. Without excessive government interference, the terms and considerations of an overseas licensing should return to” commercial market negotiations mechanism”. Government administrators who are involved in the intellectual property management affairs need to strengthen their knowledge, vision and experiences in the field of intellectual property by training courses. This study further points out several topics related to the need of follow-up studies which include extending the entity who can apply under the Fundamental Science and Technology Act to governmental natural research institutes and schools - such as Academia Sinica, public universities and so on in order to break through the National Property Act and the Government Procurement Law for getting more freedom and flexibility in Intellectual property management. Since this study focuses on Economic Affairs related overseas licensing control system, fields that are outside of this area such as educational system and other Minister which might have the same issue is worth a glimpse. This study is based on the experiences that author had when working in ITRI and the general practice in overseas licensing field, trying to raise view point from broader angle for government’s consideration. Every view point raised under this study is the observation of the author himself purely which does not represent or reflect ITRI’s thoughts whatsoever.

外國醫學生（包括波蘭醫學生）是教育部總額管制下的一個漏洞，開放外國醫學生來台行醫，是否違背教育部「總額管制」的目的？這些外國醫學畢業生，他們的學習場所並無接受國家的監督（醫學院評鑑、教學醫院評鑑），國我如何保證這些國外醫學畢業生的學習成果和國內的醫學畢業生水平相當(亦即須符合「大學辦理國外學歷採認辦法」第八條規定:「國外學歷…修業期限、修習課程，應與國內同級同類學校規定相當。」之要求)？除了學歷的採認之外，「實習期滿成績及格」的認定在本案中是關鍵，因為由前述的爭執歷史過程中，皆未有相關外國醫學學歷的爭執，大家的爭議之處都是「實習問題」。 所以，選擇「國外醫學畢業生應國家醫師考試法律問題之研究—以國人取得波蘭醫學院畢業證書為例」這個題目作為研究的對象，將使吾人學習到： 1. 什麼職業算是「專門職業及技術人員」，「醫師」這個職業算是「專門職業及技術人員」之一種嗎?「醫師專技」的工作權和一般的工作權有何不同? 2. 我國針對「本國」、「外國」、「大陸地區」的醫學學歷的審查和採認有不同的標準嗎? 我國負責學歷採認的政府機關和其法源依據是甚麼? 如果有不同的採認標準，則對持外國醫學學歷的應國家醫師考試的應考人而言，會有甚麼影響? 3. 考選部據「考選部醫師牙醫師審議委員會」之決議做成的「暫准報名，緩發及格證書」的行政行為，其法律性質為何? 因為有部份應考人在簽完此份行政契約之後，卻又在考試過後向台灣高等法院聲請假處分，所以有關「實習期滿成績及格」之認定所產生的爭議，在本文中會隨同「信賴保護原則」，「不確定法律概念之適用」等相關議題一起討論。 4. 從比較法的觀點，我們會思考國內現有的國家醫師考照制度，和美國、日本、韓國的國家醫師考照制度，以及美國、日本、韓國對於持外國醫學學歷者到他們國家去參加國家醫師考試的時候，外國人需準備何種學歷證件去做學歷審查，將會面對何種考試去採認他們的學歷、資格。 由以上的研究，我們發現：「實習期滿成績及格」的認定隨著考選部醫審會的調查結果，在不同時期有不同的認定標準，本文肯定最終提出凡「以國外學歷報考者，須繳驗國內醫療機構出具之實習期滿成績及格證明」的決定，而非僅適用在波蘭醫學畢業生。醫學生招生總額管制本文也肯任有其存在的必要性，但是對於管制的醫學生招生總數和法源依據有再檢討的必要。

伴隨著世界歷史步入二十一世紀，以企業為核心的市場體系處於一個大的結構性調整。企業能否順利調整到為整個世界的經濟發展服務，成為了全球各大公司所關注的首要問題。在此轉捩點，各個勵精圖治的企業家無一例外的選擇了擴大經營規模，世界500大的公司都是靠收購和合併發展起來，國際企業經常以併購的方式進行企業水平、垂直整合，以利於從事專業經營，提升經營效率，為因應企業全球化趨勢，有關企業併購法制之完備及明確，勢所必需。 企業收購合併為一法律上饒富興味之課題，這不只因為合併具有多種的形態，更因為合併涉及企業間複雜的權利義務關係，使得多種面向的法律領域都與之產生牽連。 本論文之結構安排如下：第一章為緒論，介紹本篇論文之研究動機、背景、以及研究方法與範圍。第二章為法律經濟分析概述，介紹法律經濟分析的內涵、背景、發展以及與傳統法學研究上之差異，並說明為何選取以法律經濟分析之方式作為研究主軸。第三章法律經濟分析的經濟理論基礎，主要對法律經濟分析中經常運用到個體經濟學的最大化、效益、供需理論及賽局理論進行分析與闡述。第四章為企業併購概述。第五章台灣企業併購現況。第六章為企業併購法制之經濟分析檢視各種現行法之可行性，並建議以經濟觀點構築之法制作為解決方案。第七章為結論與建議。 本文的主要目的以一種法律經濟分析的不同視角，從企業併購的經濟學基礎、法律制度的供需狀況、效率等方面論證對企業併購法制進行法律規範的必要性和合理性，有系統地檢視企業併購於現行法中所扮演之功能分析是否符合經濟學中效率的觀念，並且分析於現行企業併購法制發生違反效率的情況。 / During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the humanities and social sciences have turned toward history, something that culminated in the 1990s, and this phenomenon was evident in law as well. However, until recently, law and economics, the most influential post-World War II jurisprudential movement, was a-historical in its methodology and research agenda. The objective of this article is to call attention to economic analysis of merger and acquisition law, its methodological causes, and the nature of its interaction with other sub-fields of law and of economics. Mergers and acquisitions are undoubtedly among the most significant macro-economic phenomena of the industrialized West during the last twenty years. The size of acquisitions is constantly rising, with no sign of this phenomenon being part of a passing trend. Taking into consideration the diverse and complex aspects of acquisitions, the Article attempts to develop a comprehensive theoretical model that defines acquisition law's central policy goals and suggests criteria to be followed in order to ensure the achievement of these goals.