Syftet med föreliggande examensarbetet är att genom en litteraturstudie försöka generera teori för hur den specialpedagogiska verksamheten kan dra nytta av forskningsresultaten gällande hur hjärnans funktioner fungerar i samband med inlärning vid ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) och/eller autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). Metoden som valts för denna studie är en kvalitativ litteraturstudie, där resultatet analyserats efter Grounded Theory. Vi har tagit del av relevant forskning och litteratur gällande hjärnans funktioner och det pedagogiska fältet för individer med ADHD samt AST i åldern 6–16 år. Resultatet gällande hjärnans funktioner visar att grunden till ADHD samt AST är biologisk betingad. Resultatet gällande de pedagogiska implikationerna visar på flera möjliga sätt att anpassa undervisningen och inlärningen för att stödja och hjälpa dessa elever. Litteraturen beskriver bitvis hur de ser länkar mellan hjärnans funktioner och de svårigheter som elever med ADHD och AST kan ställas inför i skolmiljön. I litteraturen kring vilka implikationer som föreslås för elever med ADHD och AST framkommer många likheter och att de gynnas av liknande insatser, men på olika vis. De slutsatser vi drar av resultatet är att individer med ADHD och AST har avvikelser i hjärnans funktioner samt dess nervsystem vilket beror på biologiska orsaker. Slutsatserna av de pedagogiska implikationerna gör sig gällande för övergripande områdena inom miljö, visuella hjälpmedel, struktur, bemötande samt uppgifters upplägg. Vi ser genom analysen även ett samband mellan de annorlunda funktionerna i hjärnan hos elever med ADHD och AST och vilka metoder som föreslås vara mest gynnsamma för kunskapsinhämtning. / The purpose of this literature study is an attempt to generate theory for how the special education can benefit from the research results regarding how the brain's functions work in connection with learning in ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and/or autism spectrum disorder (AST). The method chosen for this study is a qualitative literature study, where the results have been analyzed according to Grounded Theory. We have taken part of relevant research and literature regarding brain functions and the educational field for individuals with ADHD and ASD aged 6-16 years. The result regarding brain functions shows that the basis for ADHD and ASD is biologically determined, but the diagnoses should still not be defined as a disease but as a functional variation. The result regarding the pedagogical implications shows in several possible ways how to adapt the teaching and learning to support and help these students. The literature describes in part how they detect links between brain functions and the difficulties that students with ADHD and ASD may face in the school environment. Many similarities emerge in the literature regarding the implications proposed for students with ADHD and ASD and they benefit from similar efforts, but in different ways. The conclusions of the results regarding brain function of individuals with ADHD and ASD reveal that they have abnormalities in the brain's functions and its nervous system and are due to biological causes. The conclusions of the pedagogical implications apply to the overall areas within the environment, visual aids, structure, teacher’s response, and tasks. Through the analysis, we also see a connection between the different functions in the brain of students with ADHD and ASD and which methods are proposed to be most favorable for acquiring knowledge.

L’œdème cérébral est une complication associée à l’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) lors d’une insuffisance hépatique chronique (cirrhose du foie). Présentement, l’origine de sa pathogenèse, vasogénique (rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE)) ou cytotoxique (prise anormale d’ions), n’a pas encore été déterminée. Il a été démontré que le co-transporteur Na-K-Cl (NKCC1) du côté luminal des microvaisseaux sanguins cérébraux (CMV) joue un rôle dans le développement de l’œdème cérébral dans des modèles d’ischémie où la bumetanide, un inhibiteur de NKCC, atténue l’œdème cérébral. Deux modèles d’EH ont été utilisés pour cette étude i) la ligature de la voie biliaire (BDL) qui présente l’hyperammoniémie chronique, l’œdème cérébral et le stress oxydatif systémique ; ii) l’anastomose portocave (PCA) qui présente de l’hyperammoniémie chronique seulement. Les buts du projet étaient de: i) définir l’origine du développement de l’œdème chez les rats BDL en étudiant l’extravasation de macromolécules, les jonctions serrées et l’activation des métalloprotéinases matricielles de la BHE; ii) observer les effets de l’hyperammoniémie chronique indépendamment sur la BHE chez les rats PCA; iii) évaluer le rôle de l’hyperammoniémie et du stress oxydatif et iv) étudier le rôle du NKCC1 dans les CMV dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème cérébral. Les résultats du projet démontrent que l’œdème est d’origine cytotoxique chez les rats BDL et que l’intégrité de la BHE est conservée chez les rats PCA malgré l’hyperammoniémie. L’expression génique du NKCC1 est associée à l’œdème mais pas son expression protéique et sa phosphorylation. Enfin, l’étude démontre que l’hyperammoniémie et le stress oxydatif indépendant ne jouent pas un rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème mais suggère qu’ils y aient un effet synergique. / Brain edema is a complication associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) due to chronic liver failure (cirrhosis). It is unclear whether brain edema is of vasogenic (blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown) or cytotoxic (abnormal cellular uptake of ions) origin. It has been demonstrated that the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) located on the luminal side of the cerebral microvessels (CMV) is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in animal models of ischemia and that the administration of bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC, attenuates brain water increase. Two distinct animal models of chronic liver failure and HE are used in the present study; 1) bile duct ligation (BDL) where brain edema, chronic hyperammonemia and systemic oxidative stress are observed; 2) portacaval anastomosis (PCA) where only chronic hyperammonemia is observed. The aims of the study were to: i) determine the origin of brain edema in BDL rats measuring brain extravasation, tight junctions expression and matrix metalloproteinase activation; ii) observe the effects of chronic hyperammonemia on the BBB in PCA rats; iii) study the role of oxidative stress and hyperammonemia; iv) evaluate the role of NKCC in CMV in the pathogenesis of brain edema. The results of the study determined that brain edema in BDL rats is of cytotoxic origin and chronic hyperammonemia independently has no effect on the BBB. An increase of NKCC1 mRNA is associated with brain edema but protein expression and phosphorylation are not. Furthermore, hyperammonemia and oxidative stress independently are not implicated in the development of brain edema however a synergistic effect between the two pathogenic factors in BDL rats remains a possibility.

L’œdème cérébral est une complication associée à l’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) lors d’une insuffisance hépatique chronique (cirrhose du foie). Présentement, l’origine de sa pathogenèse, vasogénique (rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE)) ou cytotoxique (prise anormale d’ions), n’a pas encore été déterminée. Il a été démontré que le co-transporteur Na-K-Cl (NKCC1) du côté luminal des microvaisseaux sanguins cérébraux (CMV) joue un rôle dans le développement de l’œdème cérébral dans des modèles d’ischémie où la bumetanide, un inhibiteur de NKCC, atténue l’œdème cérébral. Deux modèles d’EH ont été utilisés pour cette étude i) la ligature de la voie biliaire (BDL) qui présente l’hyperammoniémie chronique, l’œdème cérébral et le stress oxydatif systémique ; ii) l’anastomose portocave (PCA) qui présente de l’hyperammoniémie chronique seulement. Les buts du projet étaient de: i) définir l’origine du développement de l’œdème chez les rats BDL en étudiant l’extravasation de macromolécules, les jonctions serrées et l’activation des métalloprotéinases matricielles de la BHE; ii) observer les effets de l’hyperammoniémie chronique indépendamment sur la BHE chez les rats PCA; iii) évaluer le rôle de l’hyperammoniémie et du stress oxydatif et iv) étudier le rôle du NKCC1 dans les CMV dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème cérébral. Les résultats du projet démontrent que l’œdème est d’origine cytotoxique chez les rats BDL et que l’intégrité de la BHE est conservée chez les rats PCA malgré l’hyperammoniémie. L’expression génique du NKCC1 est associée à l’œdème mais pas son expression protéique et sa phosphorylation. Enfin, l’étude démontre que l’hyperammoniémie et le stress oxydatif indépendant ne jouent pas un rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème mais suggère qu’ils y aient un effet synergique. / Brain edema is a complication associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) due to chronic liver failure (cirrhosis). It is unclear whether brain edema is of vasogenic (blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown) or cytotoxic (abnormal cellular uptake of ions) origin. It has been demonstrated that the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) located on the luminal side of the cerebral microvessels (CMV) is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in animal models of ischemia and that the administration of bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC, attenuates brain water increase. Two distinct animal models of chronic liver failure and HE are used in the present study; 1) bile duct ligation (BDL) where brain edema, chronic hyperammonemia and systemic oxidative stress are observed; 2) portacaval anastomosis (PCA) where only chronic hyperammonemia is observed. The aims of the study were to: i) determine the origin of brain edema in BDL rats measuring brain extravasation, tight junctions expression and matrix metalloproteinase activation; ii) observe the effects of chronic hyperammonemia on the BBB in PCA rats; iii) study the role of oxidative stress and hyperammonemia; iv) evaluate the role of NKCC in CMV in the pathogenesis of brain edema. The results of the study determined that brain edema in BDL rats is of cytotoxic origin and chronic hyperammonemia independently has no effect on the BBB. An increase of NKCC1 mRNA is associated with brain edema but protein expression and phosphorylation are not. Furthermore, hyperammonemia and oxidative stress independently are not implicated in the development of brain edema however a synergistic effect between the two pathogenic factors in BDL rats remains a possibility.

A produção de etanol nas destilarias brasileiras é baseada na atividade fermentativa da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae que utiliza o caldo da cana-de-açúcar e/ou o melaço como substrato. Bactérias contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica competem com as leveduras pelos açúcares, afetando o rendimento do sistema produtivo e, consequentemente, causando perdas econômicas significativas às usinas. Biofilmes formados nos tanques de fermentação alcoólica agem como reservatórios de bactérias, contribuindo para contaminações persistentes e de difícil controle. Os biofilmes proporcionam aos seus habitantes certo grau de proteção contra diversas ameaças do meio, incluindo a ação dos antibióticos. Desta forma, o conhecimento da comunidade bacteriana dos biofilmes é fundamental para as medidas que visam o controle das contaminações na produção do bioetanol. No primeiro estudo, a composição e dinâmica da comunidade bacteriana foram determinadas pela análise de sequências do gene 16S rRNA de biofilmes com diferentes períodos de crescimento, correspondentes aos estágios iniciais de estabelecimento destes biofilmes dentro dos tanques de fermentação alcóolica Os resultados mostraram que estas comunidades foram compostas predominantemente pelas bactérias ácido-lácticas (LAB), com destaque para o gênero Lactobacillus. A visualização da estrutura dos biofilmes por microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciou que estes são formados por bactérias e leveduras (biofilmes mistos). No segundo estudo, a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (monensina, virginiamicina e beta-ácido derivado do lúpulo) e a capacidade de formação de biofilmes em culturas puras foram avaliadas para isolados de Lactobacillus spp. provenientes de biofilmes (células sésseis) e de vinho bruto (células planctônicas) coletados dos tanques de fermentação. A partir dos resultados foi possível observar que as diferenças na suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e na habilidade de formar biofilmes foram estirpe-dependentes e que, em alguns casos, o perfil apresentado para algumas espécies mostrou-se relacionado à fonte de isolamento. Este foi o primeiro estudo sobre biofilmes contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica, em escala industrial, para a produção de etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar / Bioethanol production in Brazilian distilleries is based on fermentative activity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which uses sugarcane juice and/or molasses as a substrate. Bacterial contaminants of alcoholic fermentation compete with yeasts for sugars, affecting ethanol yield and consequently causing relevant economic losses to the fuel ethanol industry. Biofilms formed into fermentors act as bacterial reservoirs, contributing to persistent contaminations that are difficult to control. Biofilms provide a certain degree of protection for their inhabitants against some environmental threats, including antibiotics. Thus, understanding bacterial community within biofilms is essential for actions to control contaminations in bioethanol production. In the first study, composition and dynamic of bacterial community were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis of biofilms with different growth periods, corresponding to initial stages of biofilm establishment in fermentation tanks. Results showed that these communities were dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly of the genus Lactobacillus. Visualization of biofilm structure by scanning electron microscopy revealed a mixed-species biofilm composed by bacteria and yeasts. In the second study, susceptibility to antimicrobials (monensina, virginiamicina and beta-acids from hops) and capacity to form biofilm in pure culture were evaluated for Lactobacillus spp. isolated from biofilms (sessile cells) and wine (planktonic cells) collected from fermentors. The results showed that differences in the susceptibility to antimicrobials and the ability to form biofilms were strain-specific and, in certain cases, the response of some species was related to the isolation source. This was the first investigation of contaminant biofilms from sugarcane-based alcoholic fermentation on an industrial scale

一在彰明馬氏於東漢經學之地位：如馬氏所注諸經皆為古學，故為東漢古學之集大成 者，此其一；以其精於訓詁，實為後世所謂漢學派之大家，其其二；馬氏說經兼採緯 書及陰陽五行之說，乃附和時代之習尚也，此其三；其雜糅今古文之學，為鄭氏注經 融會今古文之先導，此其四；馬氏博通群經，郊氏偏注諸經，亦得馬氏之啟示，此其 五；其注經兼引群書，後世之注疏家遂並相效之，此其六；其說經歸本人事，以發經 義之微旨，繫儒道於不墜，此其七；其解經，驗諸史實，以證經義之不誣，此其八； 馬氏不囿於師法、家法，使後人能放手研經，而無所拘泥，開後世經學恢宏之局，此 其九。 二在明馬氏經學之源流：如易本費氏，書從西州杜林，詩傳毛氏，三禮、春秋多遵賈 逵、鄭眾，孝經從劉歆校定古文，論語則從古論。 三在明馬氏之生平：誦詩讀書，不可不知其人，故列作者生平年譜一章，以明馬氏年 里、才學、性格、仕宦、交遊、著述之大略。 四在分述馬氏訓釋各經之略例，及其要義，以明馬氏經學之梗概。 五在比較馬融、鄭玄、王肅三家經說之異同，以明鄭、王經學之淵源。 六在校輯馬氏經注佚文，以便學者參稽焉。 /

關於先秦兩漢陰陽五行說的主要資料，多散見於此一期間的各書之中，且多零碎片斷 、不成系統，本文的骨幹即由整理連綴此諸零碎片斷的資料而成。 本文的內容，共分六章。第一章討論陰陽五行說的來歷與發展，先說明陰陽五行說的 成立，乃由語義的演進，官職的轉化，與有關思想的烘托三途而來。就語義的演進說 ，「陰陽」與「五行」、本是分頭發展，各由具體粗淺零散、漸至抽象高深系統，以 至於二者合流。 第二章討論陰陽五行說的政治原理與政制禮儀，綜觀所有材料，可以歸納出陰陽五行 說的政治原理，一是法天，二是尚德；自鄒衍創說之始，直至東漢之末，始終如此， 此乃陰陽五行說在政治上的根本主張，也是其全部政治思想的主旨，因為陰陽五行說 的其他理論，不是與法天尚德相配合，就是以法天尚德為依據。 第三章討論五德終始與朝代更替，分為五德終始，受命改制，與封禪告成三個部分。 所謂五德終始，是朝代的更春，依五行生勝的關係與順序而輪轉，當德而王，德衰而 亡。 第四章討論時序輪轉與政治措施，說明四時八風十二月，各有宜忌，為達成國泰民安 的政治目標，須求得風調雨順，欲求風調雨順施政便須依照時序，行其所宜，避其所 忌。 第五章討論災祥與政治責任，說明災祥說設計的原意，是將天地間的種種變異，依天 人感應之理，說成災異與祥瑞藉而課君主以政治責任，依其不敢濫權妄為，或及時修 德改政，補救缺失。 第六章為結論，依四個問題為線索，對全部陰陽五行說的政治思想作一總括地檢討。 一則說明鄒衍創立陰陽五行說的動機，一方面在利用其關於自然界的知識，對自然現 象作合理的解釋，一方面在利用其對自然現象的解釋，於政治上推行其節儉仁義的主 張。 /

A produção de etanol nas destilarias brasileiras é baseada na atividade fermentativa da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae que utiliza o caldo da cana-de-açúcar e/ou o melaço como substrato. Bactérias contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica competem com as leveduras pelos açúcares, afetando o rendimento do sistema produtivo e, consequentemente, causando perdas econômicas significativas às usinas. Biofilmes formados nos tanques de fermentação alcoólica agem como reservatórios de bactérias, contribuindo para contaminações persistentes e de difícil controle. Os biofilmes proporcionam aos seus habitantes certo grau de proteção contra diversas ameaças do meio, incluindo a ação dos antibióticos. Desta forma, o conhecimento da comunidade bacteriana dos biofilmes é fundamental para as medidas que visam o controle das contaminações na produção do bioetanol. No primeiro estudo, a composição e dinâmica da comunidade bacteriana foram determinadas pela análise de sequências do gene 16S rRNA de biofilmes com diferentes períodos de crescimento, correspondentes aos estágios iniciais de estabelecimento destes biofilmes dentro dos tanques de fermentação alcóolica Os resultados mostraram que estas comunidades foram compostas predominantemente pelas bactérias ácido-lácticas (LAB), com destaque para o gênero Lactobacillus. A visualização da estrutura dos biofilmes por microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciou que estes são formados por bactérias e leveduras (biofilmes mistos). No segundo estudo, a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (monensina, virginiamicina e beta-ácido derivado do lúpulo) e a capacidade de formação de biofilmes em culturas puras foram avaliadas para isolados de Lactobacillus spp. provenientes de biofilmes (células sésseis) e de vinho bruto (células planctônicas) coletados dos tanques de fermentação. A partir dos resultados foi possível observar que as diferenças na suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e na habilidade de formar biofilmes foram estirpe-dependentes e que, em alguns casos, o perfil apresentado para algumas espécies mostrou-se relacionado à fonte de isolamento. Este foi o primeiro estudo sobre biofilmes contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica, em escala industrial, para a produção de etanol a partir da cana-de-açúcar / Bioethanol production in Brazilian distilleries is based on fermentative activity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which uses sugarcane juice and/or molasses as a substrate. Bacterial contaminants of alcoholic fermentation compete with yeasts for sugars, affecting ethanol yield and consequently causing relevant economic losses to the fuel ethanol industry. Biofilms formed into fermentors act as bacterial reservoirs, contributing to persistent contaminations that are difficult to control. Biofilms provide a certain degree of protection for their inhabitants against some environmental threats, including antibiotics. Thus, understanding bacterial community within biofilms is essential for actions to control contaminations in bioethanol production. In the first study, composition and dynamic of bacterial community were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis of biofilms with different growth periods, corresponding to initial stages of biofilm establishment in fermentation tanks. Results showed that these communities were dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly of the genus Lactobacillus. Visualization of biofilm structure by scanning electron microscopy revealed a mixed-species biofilm composed by bacteria and yeasts. In the second study, susceptibility to antimicrobials (monensina, virginiamicina and beta-acids from hops) and capacity to form biofilm in pure culture were evaluated for Lactobacillus spp. isolated from biofilms (sessile cells) and wine (planktonic cells) collected from fermentors. The results showed that differences in the susceptibility to antimicrobials and the ability to form biofilms were strain-specific and, in certain cases, the response of some species was related to the isolation source. This was the first investigation of contaminant biofilms from sugarcane-based alcoholic fermentation on an industrial scale

The aim of this work is an optimization of AHLL language compiler. Several intermediate representations of compiled code along with code optimization techniques are introduced. The main part of the work is focused on implementing these optimization techniques and generation of the target code in ALLL language. At the end of the work, the results achieved by new version of AHLL compiler are presented. In addition, there are also presented some ideas for the future work on AHLL and the compiler.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is a collective name for diagnoses such as ADHD, ASD/Autism, Tourette’s syndrome and language disorders. A child with these diagnoses has different deficits that can be divided into the following problem areas; Social interaction, Learning difficulties, Memory and motor skills, and Concentration difficulties. In order for these children to cope with their everyday lives, they need support in the form of assistive aid products or human care. This investigative work has been done in collaboration with Komikapp AB and focused on developing a product within the assistive technology industry. The goal was to design an assistive aid for children with NDD diagnoses that offers increased school performance. The work was planned through the design processes Double Diamond process and Design Thinking process and is placed within the framework of Eco Design. The project was initiated with literature studies on the different diagnoses together with what products were available on the current market. From the background research, conclusions could be drawn that the products were often considered to be large and bulky, stationary, non-discreet and had a childish appearance. It could also be stated that appreciated products were fidget toys that stimulate the user through tactile senses, such as stress balls. In addition, the product aid market for older children, those in their adolescence, was small. The decision was made to narrow down the target group for children in the higher stages of Swedish comprehensive school and that the problem area for the work should be focused on Concentration difficulties. The investigation was followed by a questionnaire sent to people who work or have worked within the teaching profession. Moreover, in-depth interviews were conducted with a principal at an NDD-adapted higher-stage school, an occupational therapist at Stockholm’s ADHD centre and five teaching assistants. After all the information was gathered, brainstorming methods were used to break down the chosen problem area, Concentration difficulties. A smaller subgroup to the problem area was observed and assumed to benefit the work from a course goal perspective. The new niche problem area was Time perception. Based on this choice, further market research was carried out on aids in the category of time perception. This was followed by ideation, which produced five concepts. Three of these were taken for further development after an evaluation. Common to all concepts was that the product would help the user perceive time by showing time, date and day as well as having features to set alarms and timers with a visual explanation of the remaining time. After workshops with three people in professions that deal with NDD diagnoses on a daily basis, and two design engineering students, the Flexitime concept was chosen. This concept was the watch that offered a discreet design and an option to also include a fidget function. The detailed design of the Flexitime watch began and further market research was done on today’s range of smartwatches. A survey was also sent out to young people between the ages of 12-16 to gain an understanding of what kind of design attracts the target group. The survey received 39 respondents and a 50/50 gender split which laid the foundation for the design methods used to achieve the exterior design. The watch’s inner design and user scenarios were designed for a final design proposal. The fidget feature and the navigation to set timers or to turn on/off the sound of the watch were determined. The final design proposal for the assistive product Flexitime was a discreet, user-friendly, simple watch designed for teenagers to use into adulthood. The watch had not only features to help the user understand and perceive time, but a fidget feature to tame restless fingers. The dial for navigating the watch’s menu also offered the ability to rotate freely and generate tactile stimulation through its structure. This investigative work and the final design proposal for Flexitime form a basis for further work. / Neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) är ett samlingsnamn för diagnoser som ADHD, AST/Autism, Tourettes syndrom och språksvårigheter. Ett barn med dessa diagnoser har olika svårigheter som kan delas in efter följande problemområden; Social interaktion, Inlärningssvårigheter, Minne och motorik samt Koncentrationssvårigheter. För att dessa barn ska klara av sin vardag behöver de stöd i form av hjälpmedelsprodukter eller mänsklig vård. Detta utredningsarbete har gjorts i samarbete med Komikapp AB och fokuserats på framtagning av en produkt inom hjälpmedelsbranschen. Målet var att designa ett hjälpmedel för barn med NPF diagnoser som erbjuder en ökad prestation i skolan. Arbetet projekterades genom designprocesserna Double Diamond processen samt Design Thinking processen och placerar sig inom ramen för Eco Design. Projektet inleddes med litteraturundersökningar för de olika diagnoserna samt vilka produkter som finns för dessa på marknaden idag. Från bakgrundsinsamlingen kunde slutsatser dras om att produkterna ansågs ofta vara stora och klumpiga, stationära, ha ett barnsligt utseende och icke-diskreta. Det kunde också konstateras att produkter som uppskattades var pillerillprodukter som stimulerar användaren genom taktila sinnen som exempelvis stressbollar. Dessutom var utbudet för äldre barn, tonåringar, litet. Beslutet togs att målgruppen skulle avsmalnas till barn i högstadieåldern och att problemområdet för arbetet ska fokuseras på Koncentrationssvårigheter. Utredningen fortsatte genom utskick av frågeformulär till personer som jobbar eller tidigare har jobbat inom läraryrket samt djupa intervjuer med en rektor på en NPF anpassad högstadieskola, en terapeut på Stockholms ADHD-center och 5 lärarassistenter. Efter all informationsinsamling användes brainstorm metoder för att bryta ner det valda problemområdet, Koncentrationssvårigheter. En mindre subgrupp under problemområdet observerades och antogs gynna arbetet utifrån ett kursmål-perspektiv. Det nya nischade problemområdet var Tidsuppfattning. Utifrån detta val gjordes ytterligare marknadsundersökningar på hjälpmedel i kategorin tidsuppfattning. Därefter följde en idegenerering som frambringade fem koncept. Tre av dessa togs till vidareutveckling efter en utvärdering. Gemensamt för alla koncept var att produkten skulle hjälpa användaren uppfatta tiden genom att ange tid, datum och dag samt ha funktionerna att ställa alarm och timers med bildlig förklaring av kvarstående tid. Efter workshops med tre personer inom yrken som dagligen handskas med NPF diagnoser, och två designingenjörs-studenter valdes konceptet Flexitime. Detta koncept var armbandsuret som erbjöd en diskret design och möjlighet till att även inkludera en pillerillfunktion. Den detaljerade designen av klockan Flexitime påbörjades och ytterligare marknadsundersökningar gjordes på dagens utbud av smartwatches. Även en enkät skickades ut ungdommar mellan 12-16 år för att få en förståelse av vad för design som attraherar målgruppen. Enkäten fick 39 respondenter och en 50/50 könsfördelninng vilket la grunden för de designmetoder som användes för att nå den utvändiga designen. Klockans inre funktioner och användarscenarion designades för ett slutgiltigt designförslag. Pillerillfunktionen samt navigeringen, för att stänga av/sätta på klockans ljud och ställa timers, bestämdes. Det slutgiltiga designförslaget på hjälpmedelsprodukten Flexitime var en diskret, användarvänlig, simpel klocka designad för tonåringar att använda upp till vuxenåldern. Klockan hade inte bara funktioner för att hjälpa användaren förstå och uppfatta tiden, utan även en pillerillfunktion för att tämja rastlösa fingrar. Ratten för att navigera i klockans meny erbjöd även möjligheten att rotera fritt och generera taktil stimulering genom dess struktur. Detta utredningsarbete och det slutgiltiga designförslaget på Flexitime utgör en god grund till fortsatt arbete.

Antimicrobial resistance is considered by many prominent researcher and scientist as a profound global health crisis that us humans must face in the next decade. It is threatening the effectiveness of these once-reliable weapons against bacterial infections and leaving us susceptible to pathogenic agents. The indiscriminate overprescription of antibiotic in healthcare and animal husbandry, has led to an increased emergence of “super bugs”— a resistant strain of bacteria that were once susceptible to antibiotic—. The escalating creation of those resistant bacteria has been coupled with a proliferation of research papers that seek to explain the working mechanism of antibiotics and their efficacy on the bacterial pathogens, however these efforts often fall short of explaining the impact that antibiotics has on the bacterial metabolism. This project utilizes an established technology, specifically silicone nano-wire ion-selective field-effect transistor in an innovative approach to discern alteration in the metabolic pathways induced by various antibiotics. The methodology involves measuring extracellular acidity of the tested culture and converting it to an electrical signal to extract valuable information about the metabolic process of the bacteria, and how is altered in the presence of antibiotics. Empirical observations pertaining bacteriostatic antibiotics suggests comprehensive suppression of metabolic pathways, encompassing the efflux transition from acetyl-CoA to acetate, resulting an elevated pH level in cultures treated with bacteriostatic agents relative to their wild-type counterparts. Our experimental data also indicates a shift in bacterial metabolic and physiological responses to bactericidal antibiotic-induced stress which include an increased respiration rate, and a heightened activity of the TCA cycle in the test group with bactericidal antibiotics, causing acetate uptake from the medium and decelerating the acidification of the treated culture compared to the wild-type. The results clearly demonstrate a successful utilization of the chip to further study the effects that antibiotics have on bacteria and the interplay between bacterial metabolism and antibiotic efficacy.