Le coworking est un phénomène émergent du 21e siècle. L’ouverture du premier espace de coworking à Paris remonte à 2008. Ce travail de recherche a été mené entre 2015 et 2018 à partir d’une autoethnographie. Le chercheur a pris les rôles de manager de communauté tout en cultivant des perspectives à la fois critiques et phénoménologiques. Il s’agissait de comprendre le phénomène « de l’intérieur ». A partir de deux terrains et d’une exploration plus large de l’écosystème parisien du coworking, la thèse identifie douze pratiques de légitimation du coworking qui ont peu à peu contribué à l’émergence d’un véritable champ du coworking. Parallèlement, ces pratiques de légitimation ont remis en question la place de l’individu dans la communauté et dans la société. En complément de la théorie institutionnelle et de la phénoménologie, nous analysons cette évolution à partir la tradition anarchiste humaniste. / Coworking is an emerging phenomenon of the 21st century. The first coworking space in Paris opened in 2008. This research work has been conducted between 2015 and 2018 through an autoethnographic research design. I used to work as a community manager while cultivating both critical and phenomenological perspectives. This work aims at understanding the phenomenon "from the inside". Based on two fieldworks and a broader exploration of the Parisian ecosystem of coworking, the thesis identifies twelve practices of legitimation of coworking that have gradually contributed to the emergence of the field of coworking. At the same time, these legitimizing practices have challenged the position of the individual in the community and in society. In addition to institutional theory and phenomenology, I analyze this phenomenon from the anarchist humanist tradition.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka några elevers uppfattningar angående det stöd de fått under sin skoltid med anledning av deras läs- och skrivsvårigheter. De intervjuade eleverna i studien går i årskurs tre och årskurs fyra. Alla de intervjuade eleverna uppvisar läs- och skrivsvårigheter alternativt dyslexi. Data har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är de tre specialpedagogiska perspektiven: det kompensatoriska, det kritiska och dilemmaperspektivet. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån de specialpedagogiska perspektiven genom att försöka hitta ett mönster och tema i de intervjuade elevernas svar. I resultatet framkommer det att stödinsatserna som utformats för eleverna mestadels utgår ifrån det kompensatoriska perspektivet. Det framkommer även att elevernas uppfattningar av stöd i skolan ser olika ut. En gemensam uppfattning som de intervjuade eleverna har är att de får stöd både enskilt och i klass med anledning av deras läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Det visar sig dock i resultatet att det stöd som eleverna får inte alltid är välplanerat mellan specialläraren och läraren. Något som kommer fram i resultatet är att eleverna vill vara delaktiga i hur stödet ska se ut och var de ska få stödet. Det visar sig också i studien att stödet som ges till eleverna måste utgå ifrån varje enskild individ för att stödet ska gynna elevernas kunskapsutveckling. / The aim of this study is to examine how pupils in grades three and four perceive the support they receive with regards to their reading and writing difficulties. The theoretical framework for this study is based on the three perspectives connected to special education, namely the compensatory perspective, the critical perspective and the dilemma perspective. In order to collect data, interviews are used and the results are then categorized and analyzed by using the three perspectives connected to special education, as mentioned above. To begin with, the results indicate that the compensatory perspective was the predominant measure used when supporting pupils but it also becomes clear that pupils perceive the support they get in different ways. Moreover, all of the pupils state that they receive help connected to their reading and writing difficulties, both individually and in class. At the same time, though, it becomes clear that the collaboration between the special education teacher and the class teacher is sometimes lacking. Finally, this study shows that pupils wish to be more involved in the process of deciding the frames for the support they need. Another conclusion is that the support given has to focus on the demands and needs of each individual in order for the support to be beneficial to each pupil’s learning process.

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar criticamente o discurso da sustentabilidade global e seu repasse local nas organizações. Aqui é adotada a perspectiva crítica, sendo a produção do discurso vista como vinculada às condições de existência, mas, com base na dinâmica dialética, o discurso pode ser um agente de mudança e promover novas maneiras de viver. A partir do entendimento da questão da sustentabilidade como resultante da globalização, Milton Santos é nossa inspiração na avaliação da sustentabilidade global enquanto discurso. O autor, ao refletir sobre a globalização considera a existência de três mundos em um só: a globalização como fábula; a globalização como perversidade; e a possibilidade de uma outra globalização. Da mesma maneira entendemos que a sustentabilidade também envolve três discursos em um só. A sustentabilidade é apresentada como solução, salvação do mundo, mas ela encobre que é o grande problema da atualidade, a danação do mundo. Consequência da globalização, a questão da sustentabilidade tem sua base em um modelo econômico perverso, gerador dos aspectos centrais da insustentabilidade global, a saber, de um lado, o aquecimento global e as mudanças climáticas, devido a alta utilização de energias fósseis e a emissão de gás de efeito estufa (GEE); e , de outro, uma pegada ecológica que demanda um planeta e meio, o que indica a sobreexploração e a deterioração dos serviços ecossistêmicos, os quais são o suporte para a vida no planeta. A pesquisa empírica deste estudo mostra que as empresas adotam o discurso da sustentabilidade global, mas não reconhecem sua responsabilidade no impacto sobre o planeta. Mas não precisa ser assim. Podemos dizer que um outro mundo é possível, e escolher seguir um novo caminho, uma outra sustentabilidade. Uma sustentabilidade que está na dimensão das pessoas e das relações com o outro e que, dessa maneira, faz-se presente na categoria dos direitos sociais e da cidadania. A adoção da comunicação como estratégia possível de sustentabilidade é o que nos leva do discurso da sustentabilidade global ao exercício da sustentabilidade enquanto cidadania local. / The objective of this thesis is to critically evaluate the discourse of global sustainability and its transference to the local level, within the organizations. A critical perspective is assumed; with the production of speech perceived as a link for living conditions , yet, based on the dynamic dialectic, the discourse can be a means of change and to promote new ways of living. As from the understanding of the discourse of sustainability as a result of globalization, Milton Santos is our inspiration for reasoning in the appraisal of the discourse of global sustainability. The author, reflecting on globalization considers the existence of three worlds in one: globalization as a fable; globalization as perversity; and the possibility of another globalization. Thereto, we understand that sustainability also involves three discourses in one. Sustainability is presented as a solution, a world\'s salvation, however we are faced with an enormous problem today, the damnation of the world. Consequence of globalization, sustainability is based in a perverse economic model, generator of the key issues of global unsustainability, specifically, on the one hand, global warming and climate changes, due to the high use of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) ;and on the other hand, an ecological footprint that demands one planet and a half, which indicates over-exploitation and deterioration on the ecosystemic services, as a support for life on the planet. The empirical research of this study shows that companies adopt the discourse of global sustainability, but do not recognize its\' responsibility in the impact on the planet. Nevertheless, it does not need to be in such a way. We can say that another world is possible, and choose to follow a new path, another sustainability. A sustainability that is in the dimension of people and the relationship with others; thereby, becomes present in the category of social rights and citizenship. The adoption of communication as a possible strategy of sustainability is what takes us from the discourse of global sustainability to the exercise of sustainability as local citizenship.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-17T17:01:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Simone Sousa Freitas Ximenes.pdf: 1055594 bytes, checksum: d8928e33a3da9ae4c522b0c8f94cfe1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T17:01:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Simone Sousa Freitas Ximenes.pdf: 1055594 bytes, checksum: d8928e33a3da9ae4c522b0c8f94cfe1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / In capitalist modern society, the paradigm of separation between Humans and nature legitimized relations of domination and exploitation of natural goods, as well as human beings, understood as constituents of nature. Thus, a reflection and reorientation is needed about these practices in a context marked by the crisis, involving coordination with the production of meanings about environmental education. Among the current strategies to address environmental issues, the creation of conservation units (CU) has acted as an important tool for the protection of natural goods and ecosystem functions, but also represents important areas for the maintenance of socio-cultural diversity. From that look, this study approach the environmental interpretation, understood as an instrument within the environmental education practices developed within the conservation units, seeking interlocution with the critical perspective. Thus, environmental interpretation can be worked broadly, considering whole the process of communication and rapprochement between the protected area and society. Considering the complexity of themes approached in the educational practices, evaluation the impact of its activities has been set up as a challenge, is the inadequacy of traditional evaluation tools or absence of specific instruments. Considering the context presented, this research seeks to support the development and monitoring of environmental interpretation projects in conservation units from the perspective of the critical environmental education. For this, was conducted an analysis of bibliographic references about the environmental interpretation themes in protected areas, and analysis of secondary data research seeking to understand the impact of environmental interpretation projects. Furthermore, considering the importance of purposeful analysis to management were established interlocutions with CU managers to raise collectively, the views and recommendations for the elaboration and monitoring of environmental interpretation projects in conservation units. One of the products of this research consists of a table with the analysis of secondary data, organized in relation to the objectives of the research, audience involved, location, evaluation tools and conclusions. In addition to this analytical table, was elaborated a document with suggestions and guidelines for planning and monitoring of environmental interpretation projects in conservation units. This result seeks to demonstrate the environmental interpretation as a relevant instrument in the context of environmental education practices in conservation unit, strengthening its educational component, favoring the questioning about the function of these areas and the role of society in intervention in certain reality. / Na sociedade moderna capitalista, o paradigma de separa??o entre ser humano e natureza legitimou rela??es de domina??o e explora??o dos bens naturais, assim como dos seres humanos, entendidos como constituintes da natureza. Com isso, ? necess?ria uma reflex?o e reorienta??o sobre essas pr?ticas em um contexto marcado pela crise ambiental, envolvendo a articula??o com a produ??o de sentidos sobre a educa??o ambiental. Dentre as estrat?gias atuais para enfrentar a problem?tica ambiental, a cria??o de unidades de conserva??o (UC) tem funcionado como um instrumento relevante para prote??o de bens naturais e fun??es ecossist?micas, como tamb?m representam ?reas importantes para a manuten??o da diversidade sociocultural. A partir desse olhar, o presente estudo aborda a interpreta??o ambiental, entendida como um instrumento no ?mbito das pr?ticas de educa??o ambiental, desenvolvidas junto ?s unidades de conserva??o, buscando a interlocu??o com a perspectiva cr?tica. Assim, a interpreta??o ambiental pode ser trabalhada de maneira ampla, considerando todo o processo de comunica??o e aproxima??o entre a unidade de conserva??o e a sociedade. Considerando a complexidade de tem?ticas abordadas nas pr?ticas educativas, a avalia??o do impacto de suas atividades tem se configurado como um desafio, seja pela inadequa??o dos instrumentos avaliativos tradicionais ou pela aus?ncia de instrumentos espec?ficos. Considerando o contexto apresentado, esta pesquisa busca subsidiar a elabora??o e o monitoramento de projetos de interpreta??o ambiental em unidades de conserva??o a partir da perspectiva cr?tica da educa??o ambiental. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento e an?lise de referencial bibliogr?fico sobre a tem?tica de interpreta??o ambiental em ?reas protegidas, e an?lise de dados secund?rios sobre pesquisas que buscam compreender o impacto dos projetos de interpreta??o ambiental. Al?m disso, considerando a import?ncia da an?lise propositiva para gest?o foram estabelecidas interlocu??es com gestores de UC para identificar, de forma coletiva, a opini?o e as recomenda??es para a elabora??o e monitoramento de projetos de interpreta??o ambiental em unidade de conserva??o. Um dos produtos dessa pesquisa consiste em um quadro com a an?lise de dados secund?rios, organizado em rela??o aos objetivos das pesquisas, p?blico envolvido, localiza??o, ferramentas de avalia??o e conclus?es. Al?m desse quadro anal?tico, foi elaborado um documento com sugest?es e orienta??es para o planejamento e monitoramento de projetos de interpreta??o ambiental em unidades de conserva??o. Este resultado busca evidenciar a interpreta??o ambiental como um instrumento relevante no ?mbito das pr?ticas de educa??o ambiental em unidade de conserva??o, refor?ando o seu componente educativo ao favorecer a problematiza??o sobre a fun??o dessas ?reas e o papel da sociedade na interven??o em determinada realidade.

The starting point of our study was raised as a concern, when we realized the fact that we both consider ourselves lacking knowledge of how we as prospective pre-school teachers should manage children´s play that perceived as violent. We were also keen to learn how certain standards may influence pre-school teachers and be reproduced by them in relation to children’s play with elements of violence. The aim of our study is to examine how teachers of pre-school children reason around children´s violent play, and how their reasoning might visualize the prevailing norms of ethics and morals, gender and child perspective. The questions we ask ourselves are:  How do pre-school teachers reason concerning children's play with elements of violence? How are standards of ethics and morality, gender and child perspective in teachers' reasoning about children's games involving violence reproduced? 
When analysing our material we chose a norm-critical perspective, when looking at our data through the three norms; ethics and morals, gender and child perspective. In collecting our data we used a qualitative approach and our method is qualitative interviews. The conclusion from our study is that we can identify the three norms about ethics and morals, gender and child perspective when pre-school teachers reason about children´s play with elements of violence, and that these norms are reproduced by the pre-school teachers.

This thesis presents an empirical inquiry that explicitly exposes the relationships between CSR practice in Malaysia and the scope of PR. This thesis embraced a critical approach which offers alternate readings in Malaysian PR literature which are dominantly quantitative in nature. The focus is on how socio-political, economic, cultural and organizational contexts shape the practice of CSR and affect the scope and function of PR in pursuing the practice. This thesis has contributed to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the underlying motives behind the pursuit of CSR among businesses in the country. It also offers empirical data on PR roles in pursuing CSR in Malaysia – something that has received very little attention in the literature despite PR’s perceived potentials in spearheading the function. This empirical work has employed semi-structured interviews among PR managers and CSR managers working in renowned CSR organizations in Malaysia. In addition, the thesis analyses executives’ messages in CSR reports and later triangulated with interview findings that helped to achieve a rich description of the topic under study. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was adopted in this thesis and made explicit the relationships between socio-political, economic and cultural dimensions that shape CSR practice and the scope of PR by taking into consideration the presence of power relations in this phenomenon. Fairclough’s (2010) three dimensional frameworks was adopted to enable interpretation go beyond texts that mainly applied to data from CSR reports. The literature revealed CSR practice is a recent phenomenon in Malaysia whereby the government has been a major driver in its development. Drawing from Malaysian experience, economic growth is fundamental to ensure a fair distribution of wealth among multi-races in Malaysia that perceived imperative to preserve national unity. In this respect, CSR initiatives have been largely undertaken to achieve the long term survival of businesses that consequently drive the nation’s economy in a long term. CSR has been primarily constructed as a means to create business competitiveness and a symbol for success. This has been widely accepted among business firms in Malaysia thus become ideological. At the same time, PR role was found dominant in promoting the practice of CSR that appears to be working to the advantage of the dominant groups i.e., business and government. Nevertheless, how PR promotes mutual interests of business and society through CSR remain obscure. This thesis also argues that the motivation to promote business interests serves as the key stumbling block for PR in creating sustainable impact and value to other than it paymaster and financial stakeholders. This thesis suggests that it is time for PR to reflect on this common practice particularly in terms of its ethical implications to both the organizations and the value of PR profession as a whole. This empirical study has significantly contributed particularly in the realm of PR role research in CSR within specific social-cultural, political, economic contexts of Malaysia and PR research from the critical perspectives.

Barns inflytande i förskolan är ett aktuellt ämne som dessutom anses vara otroligt komplext, både att förstå begreppet och att arbeta med. Vårt syfte är att synliggöra de normer som kännetecknar en verksamhet där barn får möjlighet till inflytande och vilka konsekvenser det får för verksamheten. Arbetet tar avstamp i kulturanalytisk teori och utifrån ett normkritiskt perspektiv diskuteras sedan resultatet. Vi har utfört en mikroetnografisk studie och data har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Empirin har samlats in på två avdelningar på två olika förskolor. Vårt resultat synliggör såväl möjligheter som hinder för barns inflytande. Det som framkommer är att pedagogernas barnsyn ligger till grund för det förhållningssätt som de har till barns inflytande. Vidare påverkar deras barnsyn om de närmar sig ett barns perspektiv eller inte vilket är avgörande för barns möjlighet till inflytande.  Pedagogernas förhållningssätt är också avgörande för de normer som kommer till uttryck i verksamheten. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att de normer som finns i förskolan skapar både möjligheter och hinder och att de samverkar med varandra. / Children’s influence in preschool is a highly debated subject and it contains much complexity, both defining the word and working with the subject. The purpose of this study is to highlight norms that signifies a preschool where children have the possibility to influence their everyday life and the consequences that arise. The study begins in the culture analytic theory and use a norm critical perspective to discuss the results. As a methodology we have used the micro-ethnographic approach, where data has been collected using semi-structured interviews and observations. The empirical material comes from two departments, from two different preschools. The result presents both possibilities for and obstacles to children’s influence. The prominent result shows that teacher’s view on children determines their approach to children’s influence. Their view on children also plays a significant part on whether or not they try to understand a child’s perspective, which is of great importance for children’s possibility to have influence. Also, the result shows that teacher approach plays a significant part in what norms become significant in preschool. As a conclusion our result shows that existing norms work both as possibilities and as obstacles to children’s influence and that these norms all coexists.

I studien undersöks hur bildlärare kan arbeta med frågor som rör sexualitet, relationer, samt sex- och samlevnad i bildundervisning. Undersökningen rör även hur elever kan stödjas i sin identitet genom normkritisk bildundervisning som tar upp frågor kring sexualitet och relationer. Metoden är kvalitativa och tar avstamp ur djupintervjuer med personer som arbetar med bildundervisning och ämnesintegrerad sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Resultatet visar att sex- och samlevnadsundervisning är mest effektiv när den är ämnesintegrerad. I bildämnet finns det många olika ingångar och verktyg inom arbetsområdet som bl.a. skapar tillfällen att diskuterar relationer och värderingar, medvetgörandet av normer och stereotyper, samt uttryck och undersökande av den identiteter. Genom att använda sig av olika kreativa läroprocesser och horisontell mediering så kan elever förstå sin egen person och kropp, samt sig själv i relation till andra och till samhället. Detta är en god förutsättning för identitetsskapande och för ett kreativt och välfungerande liv.

Submitted by PPGE PPGE (pgedu@ufba.br) on 2017-08-15T16:22:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DE PÉROLA Final.pdf: 2576282 bytes, checksum: d4ddee62cf8958d1a7f68023dd8e08ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-08-18T14:09:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DE PÉROLA Final.pdf: 2576282 bytes, checksum: d4ddee62cf8958d1a7f68023dd8e08ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T14:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DE PÉROLA Final.pdf: 2576282 bytes, checksum: d4ddee62cf8958d1a7f68023dd8e08ff (MD5) / CAPES / A presente dissertação visa a compreender os impactos do diagnóstico do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade – TDAH, na vida diária de uma criança diagnosticada. O estudo está embasado em autores que refletem acerca do processo de escolarização de maneira complexa, a partir da Psicologia Escolar e Educacional em uma perspectiva crítica. Há neste estudo um enfoque, sobretudo, nos diagnósticos psicológicos aos quais as crianças são submetidas, situando-os no contexto histórico. Traremos a visão da ciência dominante para o TDAH e suas interpretações sobre a etiologia, o diagnóstico e o tratamento para o suposto “transtorno”. Em seguida, apresentaremos o percurso histórico de construção do TDAH, bem como uma análise crítica da Medicalização da Educação e caminhos para sua superação. Desse modo, pretendemos identificar aspectos vivenciados na vida diária da criança diagnosticada com TDAH e compreender os impactos encontrados nessas vivências. Para tanto, será utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com base em um estudo de caso. Nesta trajetória metodológica, mostramos a proposta inicial da pesquisa de campo e suas mudanças ocorridas após imersão no mesmo. Um campo permeado de vivências que atravessam um complexo processo de fracasso escolar de uma criança. Posto isso, são explanados os elementos trazidos com a pesquisa de campo. Por fim, tecemos discussões acerca dos elementos identificados na construção do diagnóstico da criança e em seguida problematizaremos intervenções. Espera-se, com a pesquisa, contribuir para que estudantes e profissionais da Psicologia e da Educação possam realizar uma leitura crítica do TDAH, analisando o fenômeno da medicalização. / ABSTRACT This work aims to understand the impact of the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder / Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD, the daily life of a diagnosed child. The study is grounded in authors who reflect on the complex way schooling, from the School and Educational Psychology in a critical perspective. There is a focus in this study, especially in psychological diagnoses to which children are subjected, placing them in historical context. We will bring the vision of mainstream science for ADHD and their interpretations about the etiology, diagnosis and treatment for the supposed "disorder". Then we present the historical course of ADHD building as well as a critical analysis of medicalization of education and ways to overcome them. Thus, we intend to identify experienced aspects of daily life of children diagnosed with ADHD and understand the impacts found in these experiences. Therefore, the qualitative methodology based on a case study will be used. This methodological approach, we show the initial proposal of field research and its changes after immersion in it. A field riddled with experiences that go through a complex process of school failure of a child. That said, they are explained the elements brought to the field research. Finally, we weave discussions on the elements identified in the construction of the child's diagnosis and then we question interventions. It is hoped, through research, contribute to students and professionals of Psychology and Education can make a critical reading of ADHD, analyzing the medicalization phenomenon.

Syftet med vårt examensarbete var att skapa en djupare förståelse för förskollärares syn på arbetet med normkreativitet i förskolan. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har vi använt oss av kvalitativa intervjuer som genomförts med ändamålsenligt utvalda förskollärare. Resultatet i studien har visat en tydlig koppling mellan normer och kränkande behandling. Förskollärarna beskriver att normer kan skapa utanförskap och att verksamheten behöver utvärderas och utvecklas till en miljö där barnen respekteras och stärks i sina olikheter. Förskollärarna har även beskrivit hur de ser på normer, normkritik och normkreativitet, vad begreppen betyder för dem, hur de arbetar med dessa och vilket ansvar de anser att de som förskollärare har gällande normkreativitet. Vid intervjuerna har vi träffat både förskollärare som arbetat begreppet normkreativitet tidigare samt förskollärare som känner sig oförmögna att definiera begreppet, men där det framgår i empirin att de till viss del arbetar normkreativt. / The aim of the study is to create a deeper understanding of preschool teachers view on norm creativity as a way of working in their organization. In order to address the study´s aims we used qualitative interviews implemented with selected preschool teachers. The results of our study have shown an association between norms and offensive treatment. The preschool teachers have described that norms can create exclusion and that the organization have to be evaluated and developed into an environment where the children are respected and strengthened in their differences. The preschool teachers have also described their view on norms, norm criticism and norm creativity mean to them, how they work with it and what responsibility they believe they have in work with norm creativity. During the qualitative interviews we met teachers who have worked with norm creativity and teacher who is unable to describe the term, but we can see in the collected data that they partly work with norm creativity after all.