En octobre 2005, l’assemblée générale de l’UNESCO adoptait la Déclaration universelle sur la bioéthique et les droits de l’Homme. Le projet de cette déclaration a été élaboré par le Comité international de bioéthique (CIB) en consultation avec le Comité intergouvernemental de bioéthique (CIGB), les États membres, le comité interagences des Nations Unies, des organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, des comités nationaux d’éthiques et de multiples acteurs impliqués en bioéthique. Cette déclaration faisait suite à deux autres textes sur le même sujet produits en 1997 et 2003, la Déclaration sur le génome humain et les droits de l’homme et la Déclaration internationale sur les données génétiques humaines. Les nouvelles questions éthiques que suscitaient les développements scientifiques et technologiques ainsi que la mondialisation de la recherche avaient incité cette organisation à se doter d’instruments normatifs pouvant rejoindre toutes les nations. Seule organisation mondiale ayant une vocation spécifique en éthique, l’UNESCO a voulu par cette dernière déclaration fournir à ses États membres un cadre normatif susceptible de les aider à formuler des lois et des lignes directrices. Ayant été impliquée, à titre de présidente du Comité international de bioéthique dans la préparation de cet instrument nous nous sommes posée la question suivante : Dans un contexte de mondialisation, une bioéthique qui vise le bien commun universel est-elle possible au sein de la diversité et de la pluralité culturelle des nations ? L’exemple de l’élaboration de la déclaration universelle sur la bioéthique et les droits de l’homme de l’UNESCO. Le bien commun étant un concept fréquemment mentionné et à peu près jamais défini clairement, il nous a semblé intéressant d’en retracer l’histoire et de dégager un cadre conceptuel qui a ensuite servi à étudier et dégager le sens donné à ces concepts dans la préparation de la déclaration. Un premier chapitre présente le contexte et la problématique. Le deuxième chapitre présente la revue de la littérature et la définition des concepts ainsi que le cadre conceptuel. Le troisième chapitre présente le cadre théorique et les données analysées et la méthodologie. Le quatrième chapitre présente l’analyse détaillée des différentes étapes de l’élaboration de la déclaration. Le cinquième chapitre présente la portée et les limites de la thèse et le cinquième chapitre la conclusion. Nous concluons que la déclaration en ayant utilisé une méthode de consultation, de délibération et de consensus pragmatique, offre un texte avec une vision d’un bien commun universel susceptible d’être utilisé dans tous les contextes culturels et par toutes les nations, spécialement les nations en développement. En effet, son architecture flexible et son souci de ne pas catégoriser les principes, mais plutôt de les utiliser en complémentarité les uns avec les autres, en fait un texte souple et adaptable au plan mondial. Ce travail pourra aussi contribuer à enrichir la réflexion et l’action des organisations internationales impliquées en bioéthique. Il pourra aussi inspirer les recherches actuelles en sciences politiques et en droit alors que sont explorés de nouveaux modèles de gouvernance et de nouvelles façons de construire les législations et les normes et de faire face aux défis actuels qui se posent aux droits de l’homme. / In October 2005 the General Assembly of UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. This declaration was produced by the International Bioethics Committee in consultation with the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee, Member States, Interagency Committee of the United Nations, governmental and non governmental organisations, national bioethics committees and many actors involved in bioethics. This declaration had been preceded by two other declarations adopted in 1997 and 2003: The Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights and the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data. The ethical questions posed by the scientific and technological developments and globalization had prompted the organization to prepare normative instruments susceptible of being endorsed and used by all nations, especially developing ones. Being the only global organization with a specific mandate in ethics UNESCO wanted to give its Member States a normative framework that could help them in the formulation of their legislations and guidelines. Having been involved in that process as the Chair of the International Bioethics Committee, we asked ourselves this question: In the context of globalization, is it possible to have a bioethics based on a universal common good vision that could take into account cultural diversity and pluralism? The example of the elaboration of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights? Common good is a concept that is often mentioned without any specific definition. It appeared to us that it would be interesting to trace back its history and conception and to develop a conceptual framework that would serve after to study and find the meaning given to its basic concepts in the elaboration of the declaration. The first chapter of this work present the context and the problematic. The second chapter present a review of the literature, and the conceptual framework. The third chapter presents the theoretical perspective, the methodology and the data that have been analysed. The fourth chapter offers a detailed analysis of the different steps and the different versions of the declaration by looking at what was said about the concepts included in the conceptual framework. The fifth chapter presents the scope and the limits of the declaration and the sixth chapter offers a conclusion. We conclude that the declaration in going through a process of deliberation, consultation and pragmatic consensus offers a text that presents a renewed universal vision of the common good susceptible to take into account cultural diversity and pluralism, thus offering an instrument that can be used by all nations in different contexts its text being flexible and adaptable at the global level. That declaration offers a general framework of principles able to be used by all nations, specially the developing ones, in a globalized context because its flexible architecture and its willingness to not categorize the principles but to use them complementarily, presents us with a text that can be adaptable at the global level. This work will contribute to the enrichment of the thinking of international organizations involved in bioethics. It will also provide some ideas to the researchers in political sciences and laws when they are looking at new models of governance and at new ways of building legislations and norms, or at ways of facing human rights new challenges.

Diese Arbeit untersucht das Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen musikalischen kreativen Prozessen, Identitätspolitik und Globalisierung im heutigen Deutschland anhand eines bestimmten Falls: dem Musikwettbewerb "Creole", der seit 2006 in unterschiedlichen Orten von Deutschland stattfindet. Laut Programmtext soll diese Veranstaltung die Kreolisierung der Musikwelt und die Vernetzungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Kulturen und Musikgattungen widerspiegeln. Bei einer genauen Untersuchung des Entstehungs- und Durchführungsprozess erweisen sich aber der Erwartungshorizont und die Erfahrungen der Teilnehmer als komplex und vielschichtig. Statt eine klar gewichtete Realität wiederzugeben, produzieren diese Festivals eine « Weltmusik aus Deutschland » (aus Berlin, aus Nordrhein-Westphalen, Bayern usw.), deren Formen die bestehenden musikalischen Kategorien und Erfahrungsmuster auf der Probe stellen. Die ethnologische Untersuchung dieses Falls ist hier ein Mittel, um im Sinne der histoire croisée (Werner/Zimmermann 2003) einen Einblick in unterschiedliche Aspekte der deutschen Gesellschaft zu gewinnen : als "Einwanderungsland", das zwischen dem Ideal einer pluralistischen Gesellschaft und der Akzentuierung von ethnischen Grenzen hin-und hergerissen wird; als "Musikland", das für sein reiches, klassisches Erbe bekannt ist aber sich auch zu anderen Formen von populärer oder "globaler" Musik öffnet ; als Bundesrepublik, die heute sowohl mit den differenzierten Realitäten in den Ländern als auch mit internationalen Steuerungsinstanzen der Kulturpolitik umgehen muss. So breit der Hintergrund ist, so genau ist hier der Blick auf die konkreten Interaktionsprozesse, um im Sinne einer « dichten Beschreibung » den Enstehungs- und Durchführungsprozess der Festivals in ihren jeweiligen Kontexten zu analysieren, die aufeinander folgenden Auswahletappen von der Ausschreibung bis hin zu den ritualisierten Preisverleihungen zu verfolgen und die Debatten zum „Wert“ der Musik sowie zum Sinn und Zweck der Veranstaltung analysieren zu können. / This work aims to show the relations between musical creation, identity politics and globalization in Germany today taken from one case: the creole competitions, a cycle of festivals leading every two years to a prize for “world music from Germany” (since 2010 “Global Music”). According to its accompanying text, this festival is intended to illustrate the “creolization” of music in Germany. When one investigates the genesis of the project and the mobilization of candidates, partners and experts, it turns out that the expectations are more complex and that these events, rather than illustrating an established reality, create plural versions of a “world music from Germany”. The crux of this work is to explain the tensions between the values which have currency within the intimacy of this professional sector (“die Nische Weltmusik”) and the public perception of the genre, tarnished with suspicion and controversy. This world of music cuts across questions that mark more generally German society today : as an “country of immigrants” (Einwanderungsland) torn between the idealization of cross-fertilization and the fear of diversity, as a “music country” (Musikland) known for the richness of its intellectual heritage, but desirous to promote examples of contemporary music and as a political system divided between local structures and globalized frameworks which define public culture. Just as the background of this work is large, so too the attention given to specific situations has to be precise : to show the organizing frameworks of the contests, the various criteria taken into account by the juries in their deliberations and the debates which emerge among the spectators on the “spirit” of this manifestation. / Ce travail vise à rendre compte des relations entre création musicale, politiques de la diversité et mondialisation dans l’Allemagne d’aujourd’hui en partant d’un cas : creole, un cycle de compétitions organisé selon un principe fédéral, qui donne lieu à des festivals dans différentes villes et débouche tous les deux ans sur un prix récompensant trois ensembles de « musiques du monde d’Allemagne ». Selon les textes des programmes, cette manifestation est censée illustrer la créolisation du monde et les connexions émergeant entre différentes cultures et genres musicaux présents en Allemagne. Lorsque l’on se penche sur le processus d’émergence de ce projet et les dynamiques de mobilisation des participants, il s’avère cependant que le spectre des attentes est plus complexe et que ces événements, plutôt qu’illustrer une réalité univoque, fabriquent en des versions plurielles tout un monde de musiques d’Allemagne. L’étude de ce cas n’est pas une fin en soi mais un moyen pour appréhender divers aspects de l’Allemagne contemporaine. Les débats qui ont cours dans l’intimité du secteur des « musiques du monde » manifestent plus largement des tensions traversant la société allemande d’aujourd’hui : en tant que terre d’immigration partagée entre l’idéalisation du métissage et la mise en avant de cultures distinctes, en tant que « pays de musique » connu pour la richesse de son patrimoine savant et en même temps désireux de promouvoir des artistes « populaires » ou « modernes », en tant que système politique fédéral devant composer avec les diverses instances locales et les cadres mondialisés du marché et de la politique culturelle. Autant l’arrière-plan considéré dans ce travail est large, autant l’attention portée aux situations d’interaction se veut précise : pour rendre compte du processus de fabrique des festivals et des environnements différenciés dans lesquels ils s’inscrivent, des logiques de sélection et des dynamiques de délibérations des jurys, des cadres organisant chaque épreuve ainsi que des débats qui surgissent parmi les spectateurs sur « l’esprit » des festivals creole.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isla Andrade Pereira de Matos.pdf: 4433842 bytes, checksum: d9ae82270c395160d0d4154b7beaa0cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-25 / The present study aimed, from the theoretical reflections on education and museum education, investigate the performance of the educational Afro Brazil Museum along to school groups scheduled for guided tours. With the purpose of acting for the recognition of African and Afro-descendant population as social subjects in Brazilian culture, taking them the stigma of slavery and valuing their ways of being and doing, the Afro Brazil Museum would be assuming the role of combating ethnic racial discrimination, seeking its visitors aware of the importance of African influence in the construction of Brazilian nationality. Therefore it was defined the research problem: the educational action of the Afro Brazil Museum fight ethnic racial discrimination through heritage education? Adopting the procedure ethnographic and empirical observation of guided visits, it was found not to confirm the initial hypothesis, which held that the Afro Brazil Museum hold a heritage education in the sense of celebrate the history of blacks in Brazil and Africa through the narrative perspective inaugurated by von Martius on the participation of the three races (white, black and indigenous) in the construction of Brazil. Among the results obtained from the research we observed characteristics of educational action that can be considered as a factor in teaching and learning, but not heritage education. On the other hand, there is concern in teaching students to read the exhibits and to recognize the African influence in Brazilian culture. It was also the discontinuity of visits, which involves not only the museum, but mostly the school in the preparation and finalization of the visit, this activity could modify the quality of education held at the museum. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, a partir das reflex?es te?ricas sobre educa??o e educa??o em museus, investigar a atua??o da a??o educativa do Museu Afro Brasil junto aos grupos de escolas agendados para as visitas orientadas. Com o prop?sito de atuar para o reconhecimento da popula??o africana e afrodescendente como sujeitos sociais na cultura brasileira, tirando-lhes o estigma da escravid?o e valorizando seus modos de ser e fazer, o Museu Afro Brasil estaria assumindo o papel de combater a discrimina??o ?tnico-racial, buscando conscientizar seus visitantes da import?ncia da influ?ncia africana na constru??o da nacionalidade brasileira. Por isso, assim foi definido o problema de pesquisa: a a??o educativa do Museu Afro Brasil combate a discrimina??o ?tnico-racial por meio da pr?tica da educa??o patrimonial? Adotando o procedimento etnogr?fico e emp?rico de observa??o das visitas orientadas, constatou-se a n?o confirma??o da hip?tese inicial da pesquisa, ? qual sustentava que o Museu Afro Brasil realizaria uma educa??o patrimonial no sentido de ser celebrativa ? hist?ria dos negros no Brasil e na ?frica da perspectiva narrativa inaugurada por von Martius sobre a participa??o das tr?s ra?as (branca, negra e ind?gena) na constru??o do Brasil. Dentre os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa, foram observadas caracter?sticas da a??o educativa que podem ser consideradas enquanto crit?rios de ensino e aprendizagem, mas n?o de educa??o patrimonial. Por outro lado, h? uma preocupa??o em ensinar os alunos a lerem os objetos expostos e a reconhecerem a influ?ncia africana na cultura brasileira. Constatou-se tamb?m a descontinuidade das visitas, que envolve n?o s? o museu, mas principalmente a escola na prepara??o e finaliza??o da visita, atividade essa que poderia modificar a qualidade da educa??o realizada no museu.

O tema da mestiçagem sempre faz remissão à pureza. Sua complexidade deriva do embaralhar das origens que seu fruto configura. Questionar aspectos relacionados a esse tema e às permanências não lineares que ele evoca é o principal foco dos escritos aqui reunidos. Tratase, então, de um olhar perspectivo e genealógico, tal como estabelecido por Foucault, acerca da educação, da alteridade e do Brasil, que tem por alvo ideias que mesclam questões metafísicas e empíricas, como a ascendência e a identidade. Para tanto, dois vetores analíticos foram estabelecidos. O primeiro refere-se à emergência do Brasil como lugar de experiência, definida não como realidade, coisa ou fato que possa ser facilmente objetivada, mas como elemento que se conforma a partir dos discursos de verdade e das práticas concretas que dela emanam. O segundo vetor é o enunciado educar para a diversidade, responsável por relacionar as abordagens acerca da alteridade aos quatro vértices componentes da experiência- Brasil: natureza, raça, miscigenação e cultura. Conforme se defende, esses dois vetores operam a partir de três pares justapostos, que implicam passado/futuro, global/local, civilização/cultura. A apreensão de tal tendência somente foi possível com base na sistemática investigação do arquivo composto para a pesquisa. A fonte privilegiada embora não exclusiva foram as revistas do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, publicadas entre 1839 e 1945. A partir delas e da combinação com diversas outras fontes, foi possível abarcar os enunciados que relacionam o Brasil perante o mundo e o mundo perante o Brasil, com especial destaque para as questões do convívio e das trocas (simbólicas ou comerciais). Diante disso, essas publicações são retomadas ao longo de todo o trabalho, ainda que o espaço de destaque dado a elas seja o primeiro escrito apresentado. Nele, demonstra-se o ensejo do Instituto em dar sentido à história nacional, com o propósito de decidir o lugar dos indígenas e negros na civilização brasileira, resolver os enigmas de seu passado e cultivar um panteão da memória nacional. Essa construção deveria servir para formar um imenso dossiê sobre o Brasil, que conviria a posteriores pesquisadores e daria subsídio à futura instrução pública. O segundo escrito da tese incide sobre os saberes de médicos, antropólogos, filósofos, educadores e pensadores sociais acerca das mestiçagens, nos âmbitos local e global, no passado e na atualidade. Observou-se a reativação, em tempos hodiernos, dos princípios da antropofagia, dos troncos raciais e das mestiçagens, reconfigurados nas atuais diretrizes educativas, que agora incentivam o aprender a conviver na globalização, tanto pelo enaltecimento das misturas culturais quanto pelo incentivo da afirmação identitária. O último escrito relaciona os princípios do reconhecimento, do multiculturalismo e da representação à democracia contemporânea. Nesse regime de verdade que extrapola as funções políticas, a origem e o direito à voz são problematizados a partir de dois mitos fundadores da prática democrática. O primeiro advém da democracia ateniense e o segundo define a chamada democracia racial brasileira. Ambos serão ladeados e contrapostos a partir da ascendência étnica. Ao longo do trabalho, os três escritos relacionam-se a partir da ordenação proposta do arquivo consultado, que faz emergir o Brasil como país do futuro, da convivência e da educação. Sem prescrição ou promessa, a presente pesquisa, busca mapear a emergência de um novo sujeito cosmopolita global, mestiço culturalmente e afirmado numa identidade, que é modelado com base na experiência-Brasil e em suas lições acerca da história e da civilização. / As a theme, crossbreeding always refers to purity. Its complexity derives from the shuffling of origins that is configured by its fruit. Questioning aspects related to this theme and the non-linear permanence it evokes is the main focus of the writings gathered herein. It is, therefore, an angled and genealogical perspective, such as the one established by Foucault, about education, otherness and Brazil, whose target is the ideas that blend together metaphysical and empirical issues, as ascendency and identity. For such, two analytical vectors were called in. The first one is related to the emergence of Brazil as a place of experience, defined not as reality, a thing or fact that may be easily objectified, but as an element that is shaped by the discourses of truth and the tangible practices arising from it. The second vector is the formulation in the phrase educating for diversity, responsible for putting in relation the approaches about otherness involving the four vortices that make up the experience-Brazil: nature, race, crossbreed and culture. As they are advocated, these two vectors operate from three juxtaposed pairs, which allude to past/future, global/local, civilization/culture. Apprehending such tendency was only possible through a systematic investigation of the field built for the research. The privileged source although not exclusively was the journals by the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, published between 1839 and 1945. Based on those journals and by combining other different sources, it was possible to embrace the formulations that relate Brazil before the world and the world before Brazil, with a special highlight for the issues of conviviality and exchanges (either symbolic or commercial). As a result, these publications are resumed throughout the research, even if the highlight they take is the first writing presented. In it, the Institute´s opportunity to assign some meaning to the national history becomes clear, with the purpose of deciding the place of Indians and Blacks in the Brazilian civilization, of resolving the enigmas of its past and of cultivating a pantheon for the national memory. This construction was intended to give rise to a huge dossier about Brazil, which would be convenient to further researchers and would provide subsidy to the future public instruction. The second writing of this dissertation concerns the knowledge of physicians, anthropologists, philosophers, educators and social thinkers about crossbreeding in the local and global scope, in the past and in the current time. It could be noted that the principles of anthropophagy, of racial stems and of crossbreeding were reactivated at the present day, reconfigured in the current educational guidelines which now encourage the idea of learning how to live together in the globalized world, both by the praise of the cultural blending and by the incentives to ethnic affirmation. The last writing relates the principles of acknowledgement, multiculturalism and representation to contemporary democracy. In the regimen of truth which extrapolates the political functions, the origin and the right to be heard are problematized based on two founding myths of the democratic practice. The first myth comes from the Athenian democracy and the second one defines the so-called Brazilian racial democracy. Both will be flanked and opposed by the ethnic ascendency. Throughout the research, the three writings are intertwined by the sorting proposed to the field being consulted, which makes emerge Brazil as a country of the future, of conviviality and education. Without any prescription or promise, this study seeks to map the emergence of a new global cosmopolitan subject, who is culturally halfbreed and statedin an identity, who is modeled on the basis of the experience-Brazil and in itslessons about history and civilization.

À partir de la première décennie du XXe siècle, tous les pays de l’Europe occidentale sont intervenus dans le secteur du cinéma pour poursuivre des objectifs publics, à la fois culturels et économiques, qui ont évolué au rythme des régimes politiques successifs. Le droit public du cinéma s’est donc développé autour de trois formes d’intervention étatique : le contrôle des œuvres, la promotion de l’industrie et de l’art cinématographiques et la régulation du marché du cinéma. À l’heure actuelle, le cinéma vit des transformations économiques et technologiques importantes, qui perturbent le droit public du cinéma au point d’en remettre en discussion la nécessité. Notre travail de recherche vise à démontrer qu’une fois qu’un État considère que la protection de la diversité et de la liberté de la création, la garantie d’une offre cinématographique plurielle et la protection de la sensibilité des mineurs sont essentiels pour le développement de la société démocratique, l’intervention publique dans le domaine du cinéma s’impose. La France et l’Italie sont à cet égard deux pays emblématiques. Parmi les premiers à élaborer un droit public du cinéma fort et étendu, les deux pays passent de la construction d’un modèle normatif commun à une divergence radicale de leurs législations en matière de cinéma. La comparaison entre la France et l’Italie montre, tout d’abord, la nécessité constante du droit public du cinéma pour la promotion de la diversité cinématographique et la protection des mineurs. Ensuite, elle met en valeur à quel point l’efficacité du droit public du cinéma dépend de la capacité du législateur d’interpréter les transformations du marché et de la technologie et de les traduire en droit. Enfin, la confrontation des deux droits indique qu’à l’ère du numérique, l’axe d’intervention publique le plus important devient la régulation de la concurrence du marché interne au cinéma et du marché de ses moyens de diffusion. / In the cinema industry, since the early twentieth century, all the Western European countries pursued different objectives within their respective cultural and economical policies. These were based accordingly to their varying systems of government.European cinema public law developed according to three public intervention modalities. These modalities are the following key aspects; film censorship, the promotion of the art and industry of the cinema, and finally cinema market regulation.Currently the cinema is going through important economic and technological transformations. These changes cloud over the law of cinema to such an extent that the necessity of which is being questioned.This thesis means to prove the necessity of state intervention in film to protect cultural diversity, freedom of expression, and underage sensibility in the virtual vehicle of film. This thesis proposes that if State considers these concepts important for a democratic society then it is vitally essential to intervene. In this light, Italy and France are two emblematic countries that are among the first to elaborate a strong articulated public law of cinema. France and Italy have moved from the construction of a common normative model to a framework of radically diverging laws. The comparison between these two countries demonstrates some principal dynamics. The most imperative of these is the permanent need for a common cinema law oriented to the promotion of cinema diversity and the protection of the underage population. Furthermore, this comparison underlines how much the efficacy of public cinema law depends on the legislator’s capacity to interpret the market of cinema and relevant technological transformations and thus, how they are integration into the law. Finally, this Franco-Italian comparison points out that in today’s digital era, the most important public intervention becomes the regulation of the following two base concepts. Regulating the cinema’s market competition is essential in this public intervention. It is equally critical for cinema law to allow equal access to the diffusion of cinematic works in the varying media outlets such as television and the Internet.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-08T15:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manfred Weinberg_.pdf: 1835574 bytes, checksum: 46b2cf436002a018205b8d7e607c8d19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T15:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manfred Weinberg_.pdf: 1835574 bytes, checksum: 46b2cf436002a018205b8d7e607c8d19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Nenhuma / Os Times Virtuais Globais têm características específicas em relação às equipes presenciais, e a dinâmica de trabalho e relações interpessoais são mais complexas em um time virtual, sendo necessário gerenciar de forma diferente. Em grande parte, isso ocorre pelo fato de os componentes de um time virtual global terem impactos com a tecnologia de comunicação (não é face to face) e muita interação eletrônica como meio de integração. Aliado a isso, existem barreiras no processo de trabalho, como diferenças culturais, fuso horário e idioma, que aumentam muito os desafios em relação às equipes presenciais. A presente dissertação buscou investigar e analisar os fatores-chave na gestão de um time virtual global sob o prisma de uma multinacional de um país em desenvolvimento. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso único, por se tratar de um caso contemporâneo e pela acessibilidade dos dados, quando o pesquisador tem acesso limitado a outras fontes (GIL, 2002). Para análise de dados, foi utilizada a triangulação das informações e a técnica de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam fatores-chave para boa gestão dos times virtuais, corroborando com outras pesquisas sobre o tema. No entanto, este estudo permitiu observar peculiaridades, como fatores específicos em um país em desenvolvimento que não foram verificados na literatura. / Global virtual teams have specific characteristics in relation to face-to-face teams and the work dynamics and interpersonal relationships are more complex in a virtual team, and it is necessary to manage differently. This is largely due to the fact that the global virtual team components have communication technology impacts (not face to face) and a lot of electronic interaction as integration possibility. In addition, there are barriers in the work process such as: cultural differences; time zone; language, which considerably increases the challenges in relation to face-to-face teams. The present dissertation looked for to investigate and analyze the key factors in a global virtual team management under the multinational in a developing country focus. The method used was the single case study, because it was contemporary with limited data accessibility, when the researcher has limited access to other sources (GIL, 2002). For data analysis was used the triangulation data and content technique. The result shows key factors for virtual team’s good management, corroborating with other research on this subject. However, this study allowed us to observe peculiarities such as specific factors in a developing country multinational that were not verified in the literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingo Yojcom Rocche.pdf: 6031641 bytes, checksum: 309807fa61cac7199120e2d68e9b6de9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-04 / This investigation was developed to analyze and to understand the form critically the use of the System of Vigesimal Numeration in five communities of Cobán of the department of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; like part of the acquired commitment with Xch'ool Ixim Institution to elaborate an educational curricular proposal in agreement to the necessities of the Mayan-Q eqchi population demand and to respond to my personal restlessness and professional linked with the ethnomathematic. The method used in this investigation is ethnographic type, privileging for its execution and complementaring three techniques: the observation, the documental analysis and the interview. This method allows working in different social spaces, and a lot in the family environment as in the communal environment of each one of the communities; where the 23 fellows that it includes family parents, teachers and students they transformed in the main collaborators of this investigation. The theoretical referential used in this investigation takes contributions of Geertz, McLaren, Coe, Covo, Garces, Hatse and De Cueste, and D'Ambrosio. The investigation shows that a relationship exists among the social practices experienced of the q'eqchi' with the mathematical processes of counting, calculate and measure; and these are used in different levels and appropriation that are generally determined and marked by factors that foment and/or deteriorate the use of the System of Vigesimal Numeration. This system is used mainly in the family, in the school and in the Mayan ceremonies. With this one can say; the Vigesimal System is not only important to quantify the material goods, to solve situation-problems and to conserve the culture but specially to show spiritually / Esta investigação foi desenvolvida para analisar e compreender criticamente o uso atual do sistema de numeração vigesimal em cinco comunidades do município de Cobán do departamento (estado) de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; como parte do compromisso adquirido com a Instituição Xch ool Ixim no processo de elaboração de uma proposta curricular de educação conforme as necessidades e exigências da população maya-q eqchi , e para responder as minhas aspirações pessoais e profissionais vinculadas com a etnomatemática. O método usado nesta investigação é de tipo etnográfico, privilegiando para sua execução e de forma complementaria três técnicas: a observação, a análise documental e a entrevista. Este método permitiu trabalhar em diferentes espaços sociais, tanto no âmbito familiar como no âmbito comunitário de cada uma das comunidades; nas quais os 23 sujeitos que incluem pais de família, professores e alunos tornaram-se os principais colaboradores desta investigação. O referente teórico usado nesta investigação considera principalmente as contribuições de Geertz, McLaren, Coe, Covo, Garces, Hatse e De Cueste, e D Ambrosio. A investigação mostra que existe uma relação entre as praticas sociais vivenciadas pelos q eqchi com os processos matemáticos de contagem, cálculo e medição; e estes são usados em distintos níveis de profundidade e apropriação, que geralmente são determinados e marcados por fatores que fomentam e/ou deterioram o uso do sistema de numeração vigesimal. Este sistema é utilizado principalmente na família, na escola e nas cerimônias mayas. Com isto se pode dizer; que o sistema vigesimal não só é importante para quantificar os bens materiais, resolver situações-problemas e conservar a cultura, mas também para manifestar-se espiritualmente

A paisagem tem sido objeto de interesse de diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas a história, a geografia, a arquitetura, o planejamento urbano, as artes visuais, e, mais recentemente, a preservação do patrimônio cultural e ambiental. O rápido processo de transformação territorial que vem ocorrendo nos últimos cinquenta anos, tem colocado em risco o patrimônio cultural e ambiental das diversas comunidades. Como resposta, a valorização da paisagem cultural vem tomando impulso como referência para estas transformações, entre outras razões, por sua direta associação com a memória coletiva, as referências culturais e seu conteúdo simbólico. No Rio Grande do Sul, desde a década de 1920, se vem trabalhando na preservação dos remanescentes das reduções jesuítico-guarani como o único patrimônio a ser considerado representativo na Região Missioneira. O interesse pela preservação do patrimônio, entendendo-o como o antes, o durante e o depois das reduções, iniciou apenas nos últimos anos, quando o modo de pensar o patrimônio se ampliou, passando a se considerar que o conjunto das diversas contribuições culturais forma e enriquece a visão da Região e poderá contribuir para seu crescimento. Diante dessa constatação ampliaram-se os estudos realizados até o momento, a partir de uma visão territorial de paisagem cultural. Mais do que a preservação do patrimônio edificado, a proteção do seu legado cultural, deve contemplar as paisagens, transformadas e criadas pelos primeiros habitantes na pré-história, pelas reduções jesuítico-guarani, pelos migrantes de origem européia de finais do século XIX e do início do século XX e pelos atuais moradores da região. Deverá contemplar, também, as tradições, os saberes e os fazeres que visam auxiliar a compreensão do território. Reconhecer esses valores dará a verdadeira dimensão da importância cultural da região e promoverá o resgate das tradições destas comunidades, que vem sendo perdidas ao longo dos anos. Conservar os costumes e a memória torna mais provável a salvaguarda desta paisagem cultural de importância no contexto nacional e internacional, fortalecendo os valores de identidade das comunidades onde estes se inserem. O uso adequado de suas potencialidades, levando em consideração a diversidade cultural que a forma, poderá promover o desenvolvimento sócio-cultural e econômico sustentável da Região. Este trabalho pretende dar início ao reconhecimento dos elementos que a marcam e a tornam única, pela sua diversidade étnica e cultural, que é o testemunho da ocupação deste território marcado pelos conflitos surgidos na definição dos limites territoriais. / The landscape has been subject of interest of several areas of knowledge, among them history, geography, architecture, urban planning, visual arts and, more recently, environmental and cultural heritage preservation. The fast process of territorial transformation of the last fifty years has put in risk the environmental and cultural heritage of many communities. In response, the appreciation of cultural landscape is gaining momentum as reference for these transformations, among other reasons, for its direct association with the collective memory, the cultural references and its symbolic content. In Rio Grande do Sul, since the 1920’s, there is a work of preservation of the remnants of the Jesuit-Guaraní Reductions as the only representative heritage in the Missions Region. The interest in heritage preservation understood as the before, the during and the after of the reductions began only in recent years, when we have widened the concept of heritage. Now we take into consideration the ensemble of the many cultural contributions that shapes and greatly enriches the vision of the region, and may contribute to its growth. Considering this fact, there was an expansion on the studies to date, from a territorial perspective of cultural landscape. More than the preservation of the built heritage, the protection of its cultural legacy should contemplate the landscapes, transformed and created by the first inhabitants in prehistory, the Jesuit-Guaraní, the European migrants of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and the current residents. It should also include the traditions and the local know-how, for they assist the understanding of the territory. Recognize these values will give the true dimension of the cultural importance of the region, and it will promote the rescue of the communities’ traditions, which has been lost over the years. Conserving the customs and the memory makes it more likely the safeguard of this cultural landscape of national and international importance, strengthening the identity values of the communities they belong to. The proper use of its potential, taking into account the cultural diversity that shapes it, will possibly promote the socio-cultural and economic sustainable development of the region. This thesis aims to initiate the recognition of the elements that mark the region and make it unique, for its ethnic and cultural diversity, testimony of the occupation of the territory marked by conflict for defining boundaries. / El paisaje ha sido objeto de interés de diversas áreas del conocimiento, entre ellas la historia, la geografía, la arquitectura, la planeación urbana, las artes visuales y, más recientemente, la preservación del patrimonio cultural y ambiental. El rápido proceso de transformación territorial que viene ocurriendo en los últimos cincuenta años, ha puesto en riesgo el patrimonio cultural y ambiental de las diversas comunidades. En respuesta, la valorización del paisaje cultural viene tomando impulso como referencia para estas transformaciones, entre otras razones, por su directa asociación con la memoria colectiva, las referencias culturales y su contenido simbólico. En Rio Grande do Sul, desde la década de 1920, se viene trabajando en la preservación de los remanentes de las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes como el único patrimonio considerado representativo en la Región Misionera. El interés por la preservación del patrimonio, entendiéndolo como antes, durante y después de las reducciones, se inició solamente en los últimos años, cuando el modo de pensar el patrimonio se amplió y empezó z considerarse que el conjunto de las diversas contribuciones culturales forma y enriquece enormemente la visión de la Región y podrá ayudar a su crecimiento. Ante esta realidad se ampliaron los estudios efectuados hasta el momento, a partir de una visión territorial del paisaje cultural. Más que la preservación del patrimonio edificado, la protección de su legado cultural, debe contemplar los paisajes, transformados y creados por los primeros habitantes de la prehistoria, por las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes, por los migrantes de origen europea de finales del siglo XIX y del inicio del siglo XX y por los actuales moradores de la Región. También deberá contemplar, las tradiciones, los saberes y las formas de hacer que contribuyen a la comprensión del territorio. Reconocer esos valores dará la verdadera dimensión de la importancia cultural de la región y promoverá el rescate de las tradiciones de estas comunidades, que se han ido perdiendo a lo largo de los años. Conservar las costumbres y la memoria torna más probable la salvaguarda de este paisaje cultural de importancia en el contexto nacional e internacional, fortaleciendo los valores de identidad de las comunidades donde estos se insertan. El uso adecuado de sus potencialidades, tomando en consideración la diversidad cultural que lo forma, podrá promover el desenvolvimiento socio-cultural y económico sustentable de la Región. Este trabajo pretende dar inicio al reconocimiento de los elementos que la marcan y la hacen única, por su diversidad étnica y cultural, que es el testimonio de la ocupación de este territorio marcado por los conflictos surgidos en la definición de los límites territoriales.

Le pouvoir est omniprésent dans les interactions sociales. Il en va de même pour la politique internationale depuis la naissance des Relations internationales. Mais au sein de celle-ci, ce concept est contesté. Par exemple, le terme anglais power désigne deux phénomènes qui ne sont pas identiques et qui sont traduits par deux termes distingues en français : « la puissance » signifiant la capacité d’obtenir ce qu’on désire, et « le pouvoir » renvoyant au contrôle du comportement d’un acteur sur un autre. L’objectif de la thèse est double. Tout d’abord, cette recherche entend établir un lien étroit entre la façon de définir le pouvoir et les différents cadres théoriques (réalistes, libéraux, constructivistes) puisqu’il n’existe pas d’unique définition du concept. Ce premier aspect permettra de mieux comprendre la genèse mais aussi les tensions entre le concept et sa théorie-cadre lorsque le premier a tendance à circuler dans d’autres théories, comme ce dont témoigne les débats autour de la trilogie hard power, soft power, smart power de Joseph Nye. Le deuxième objectif vise à mieux comprendre le pouvoir des organisations intergouvernementales en adoptant un cadre constructiviste. La thèse s’appuie sur l’approche de Barnett et Duvall qui distingue quatre types de pouvoir (imposé, institutionnel, structurel et productif) en vue de saisir le pouvoir productif de la Francophonie dans la « fabrication » d’une nouvelle subjectivité de l’Etat : le « droit souverain » de promouvoir sa diversité culturelle et le « devoir souverain » concernant la responsabilité de protéger. La thèse montre également que le pouvoir institutionnel du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies s’exerce via la socialisation du Vietnam en son sein dans le cas de la responsabilité de protéger. / The power is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social relations, particularly in International Relations. It is, however, an “essentially contestable” concept in IR theories. For instance, the English term power refers to two different phenomena which can be translated into two distinct terms in French: “la puissance” which means the capacity to get what one wants, and “le pouvoir” which implies the control over other’s behavior. This thesis has two objectives. First, it aims to build close connection between the power conceptualization and its theoretical framework (realism, liberalism, and constructivism) as there is no unique definition of power. The liaison between power definition and its theoretical framework allows us to better apprehend not only its genesis but also the discrepancy that emerges whenever the concept tend to transcend its theoretical framework, as reflected in the debates relative to the trilogy hard power, soft power, smart power of Joseph Nye. Second, this thesis intends to better understand the power of international organizations under the constructivist theoretical framework. The study bases on the power taxonomy of Barnett and Duvall who classify the concept into four types: compulsory power, institutional power, structural power and productive power. Based on this classification, we can understand the productive power of Francophonie in terms of “producing” a new subjectivity of State in IR: the “sovereign right” of promoting its cultural diversity and the “sovereign duty” of fulfilling its responsibility to protect. The thesis demonstrates also the UNSC’s institutional power via the Vietnam socialization process leading to the endorsement of the R2P concept.

In this thesis, it is aimed to make a study on Primary Schools of Rum Minority in Istanbul, and in light of this study, to define general principles for conservation studies on these schools. Rum Minority had an important part in social and cultural life in Istanbul and in late 19th Century, their impact in the city increased with their financial power, especially in Beyoglu. Increase in number of schools they built also occurred in the same timeline. Schools built in and after this term by Rum Minority were built as important public buildings of a minority group and possess strong authenticity, technical-artistic, socio-cultural and economical values. In order to decide which values, problems and potentials these buildings bear, a site survey study is done for this thesis. Primary Schools of Rum Minority in Istanbul are among strongest solid evidences of cultural diversity in Istanbul, and Turkey. While conserving these cultural assets, considering all their values, problems, and potentialities is vital. In addition to conservation studies, interpretation and presentation are also necessary steps for reintegration of these buildings to the city. This thesis performs as an effort made to document features and current state of these schools, decide their value, problems, and potentials / and defining general conservation principles for them.