Diese Arbeit besteht aus drei unabhängigen Kapiteln. Jedes von ihnen untersucht, wie die Gestaltung von Allokationsregeln das Ergebnis eines Marktes beeinflussen kann. Das erste Kapitel untersucht die Folgen der Beschränkung der Mechanismen, die einem Monopsonisten zur Verfügung stehen, auf Mechanismen, die allen Verkäufern den selben Preis anbietet. Ich zeige, dass dies Beschränkung nicht immer verhindert, dass er Informationen der Verkäufer extrahiert und den Preis damit anpasst. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit der Verteilung von Studentenwohnheimplätzen. Die Studenten dürfen eigene Präferenzen bezüglich eines Wohnheimplatzes sowie zur Zuteilung ihrer Freunde angeben. Ich zeige, dass der random serial dictatorship modifiziert werden kann, um diese neuen Präferenzen zu ermöglichen. Die beiden vorgeschlagenen Lösungen haben schwache Anreizeigenschaften, wenn die Studierenden kooperieren können. Ich zeige jedoch, dass dieses Problem für den ersten Lösungsvorschlag verschwindet, wenn der Markt groß und wettbewerbsfähig ist. Schließlich wird im letzten Kapitel untersucht, wie die Gestaltung von Aufnahmeprüfungen an Universitäten die Zusammensetzung von Gymnasien und Universitäten beeinflussen kann. Das Kapitel vergleicht zwei Aufnahmeprüfungen. In der ersten, werden die besten Schüler jedes Gymnasiums ausgewählt, während in der anderen die insgesamt besten Studenten ausgewählt werden. Wenn der Test verrauscht ist oder wenn die Peer-Effekte für die guten Schüler niedrig sind, schickt der erst Test bessere Studenten in der Universität und fordert Vielfalt in Gymnasien. / The three chapters of this thesis are independent. Each of them investigates how the design of allocation rules may shape the outcome of a market. The first chapter studies the consequences of restricting the mechanisms available to a monopsonist to uniform price posting mechanisms. I show that it doesn't always prevent him to extract meaningful information from the sellers before posting the price. I also show that conditioning this offer on the transaction achieving a minimal quantity facilitates this task. Finally, I address the welfare and the implementation issues and apply the results to takeover operations. The second chapter studies the allocation of houses to students, when students have preferences over the houses they receive and over their friends' allocation. I show that the random serial dictatorship can be modified to accommodate this new set-up. The two solutions proposed have weak incentive properties if students can cooperate. However, I show that this problem disappears for one of them if the market is large and competitive. Finally, the last chapter studies how the design of entrance university exams can be used to influence the composition of high schools and universities. It shows that if the test is noisy or if the peer effects for the good students are low, giving the university's slots to the best students of each high school selects better students than giving them to the best students overall and desegregates high schools.

Ce travail porte sur la vie psychique des populations sans domicile fixe, des exclus ou des sujets gravement précaires. Malgré les différents profils parsemant ce public, l’errance n’est pas un épiphénomène survenant autour de pathologies psychiatriques mais une maladie psychique profonde, singulière, et non réductible à d’autres entités nosographiques. C’est une configuration psychodynamique qui prend son origine dans une incapacité à se loger dans l’objet primaire, c’est-à-dire à se sentir contenu dans sa préoccupation et dans sa fonction de rêverie, créant un « trou noir » dans lequel l’errant menace sans cesse de tomber. Les mécanismes défensifs associés à cette psychodynamique ont des effets sur l’aménagement de l’extériorité : l’extériorité est un prisme où s’articulent l’espace, le corps, la sensorialité et l’objet. Si d’ordinaire, l’extériorité fonctionne de manière silencieuse, dans l’errance elle se révèle bruyante et symptomatique, si bien que les différents espaces qui constituent l’extériorité se collusionnent. Pour analyser ces emmêlements de l’extériorité, l’investigation clinique s’est effectuée sur les champs de la grande exclusion par la participation à des équipes mobiles psychiatrie-précarité et au Samu Social, mais également par la création de groupes de parole et à médiation au sein d’accueils de jour. La présentation des pratiques cliniques et du travail d’accompagnement social tentant de faire émerger un lien durable et sécurisé, fait partie des préoccupations de cette recherche. Au terme de ce travail, deux concepts sont proposés : celui de Manteau Cloacal, pouvant se définir comme une corruption autocalmante et autostimulante des enveloppes psychiques dans une recherche de contact avec l’objet primaire ; et celui d’Effondrement scénique, tentative pour forcer un « domicile psychique fixe » en l’objet par l’usage des sensations, de la mise en scène et d’une certaine forme de séduction. / This work concerns the psychic life of the populations without fixed residence, excluded or the seriously precarious subjects. In spite of the various profiles strewing this public, the wandering is not an epiphenomenon occurring around psychiatric pathologies but a major, singular psychic disease non-reducible with other nosographic entities. It is a psychodynamic configuration which takes its origin in incapacity to place itself in the primary object, i.e. to feel contained in its concern and its function of daydream, creating a « black hole » into which unceasingly the subject is likely to fall. The defensive mechanisms associated with this psychodynamic have effects on the externality: the externality is a prism where space, the body, the sensoriality and the object are articulated. So usually, the externality functions in a quiet way. But in the psychic wandering it appears noisy and symptomatic so that various spaces which constitute the externality mix. To analyze these mixings up of the externality, the clinical investigation was carried out on the fields of the great exclusion by the participation in psychiatry-precariousness mobile teams and Samu Social, but also by the creation of therapeutic group into social structures. Presentation of the clinical practices and the work of social accompaniment aiming to make emerge a durable and safe bond belonged to the concerns of this research. At the end of this work, two concepts are proposed: the Cloacal Coat, which can be defined as an anesthetic and stimulative psychic envelope in a search for contact with the primary object; and the Scenic Collapse, which attempt to force by the use of the sensoriality and a certain form of seduction, a « psychic residence » in the object.

Red-Hat Linux之CEO，Robert Yang曾對微軟行為作如此論述：「微軟很壞，但壞的很成功！」本文內容可分為三部分。首先在於釐清微軟成功之原因，針對形成微軟獨佔個人電腦作業系統之原因，做一有系統之經濟觀點分析：將軟體產業特殊之競爭策略層面考量與相關網路外部性理論經濟模型推論、驗證過程透過本文架構重新整合，發展出不同於一般管理文獻論述之方式以建立微軟獨佔地位之經濟理論基礎。第二部份針對微軟破壞競爭規範等違法行為作研究，主要針對微軟1998年對網景之反托拉斯此案，以美國司法部公布之事實認定書與休曼法為基礎，加以延申並做詳盡之探討。第三部分則針對微軟被宣判違反反托拉斯法後，政府在網際網路時代下執行反托拉斯法以回復競爭規範之角色、補救原則、措施做一探討並與AT＆T案例比較；最後並提出兩種分割方式經濟模型分析與最適分割條件之政策性建議。 / The CEO of Red-Hat Linux, Robert Yang, has made such comments on the behavior of Microsoft that:” Microsoft is very bad, but very successful.” This thesis mainly focuses on three parts. The first part is to clarify the reasons why Microsoft is so successful and analyze its monopolistic position on personal computer operating system market in light of a systematic、economic method combining strategic competitive characteristics of software industry with economic theories of network externalities, making its foundations of monopoly and distinguish from general managerial arguments through the framework of this thesis. The second part primarily focuses on the antitrust case of Microsoft’s behavior against Netscape proposed by DOJ in 1998. Basing on the DOJ’s findings of fact and the antitrust law of Sherman act, we made explorative research on the case. The third part is to explore the role、principles and methods of antitrust remedy enforcements by government under the era of networks and Internet and compare with the AT&T case in 1982. Finally, we compare between two different ways that divide Microsoft into two companies in light of economic analysis and propose policy recommendation about condition that will optimize upon exploiting such remedy method.

在探討殊價慾望的規範性意義時，必先瞭解殊價慾望在規範意義上的爭議，而欲瞭解其爭議所在，則首先需從殊價慾望的定義與特性著手。然而困難之處就在於，殊價慾望的定義不僅有失明確，且有因人而異、各陳己見的情況，甚至Musgrave本人亦數度更改對殊價慾望意義的認定。 殊價慾望與殊價財在意義與所具備之特性，眾學者認知上的差異性頗大。主要的差異，一為殊價慾望與殊價財之間觀念的混淆，一為對殊價慾望本身意見之分歧。對於前者，Musgrave在說明殊價慾望與殊價財的意義與特性時，有其清楚的區別。因此，依Musgrave的原意，對殊價慾望的探討才應是較為適切的方向。至於後者，則引發了學者之間對於殊價慾望在傳統規範性公共經濟學中，是否具有規範性意義的爭辯。在消費者主權的光環下，嚴守新古典福利經濟學的學者對其提出嚴厲的批判。 在殊價慾望或殊價財意識型態方面爭論不休之餘，已有多位學者進一步探求殊價財是否亦適用極大化福利之模型分析，並藉由特殊的模型設定推導出殊價財的最適條件，計有一、外部性（效用依存性），二、資訊與學習效果，三、社會的偏好，四、社會計劃者，以及五、福利經濟的事後概念。然而這些學者仍舊以財貨之特殊設定來試圖解釋殊價慾望之規範性的方法，可信度方面不得不有所保留；此外，即使較著重於最適條件的推導，但仍因各位學者對於殊價財特性之認知不一，所特殊設計之模型各異，致使其所得出之殊價財最適條件顯然只能適用其所認知之殊價財，實不足以完整涵蓋殊價慾望的真義。 晚近多有學者以不同角度來解釋殊價慾望。他們已認清除非擺脫新古典個人主義所代表之典範，轉移至另一個典範之內探討，方有釐清殊價慾望的可能。包括從個人偏好的分類出發，提出除了個人的私人偏好外，尚有個人之社會偏好，為一種對於整體經濟社會運行法則的偏好。其次，亦有藉由辯證提供殊價財的制度觀點來證明殊價慾望與殊價財的規範性意義，並且認清了除了消費者主權以外，尚存在如選民主權之其他主權。另外，亦有借重哲學思考，以可能性條件論述殊價慾望的滿足，認為殊價慾望必使得經濟學需納入道德正義的考量，因此必為社會經濟學。並將之應用於歸類並支持政府的一些職責，諸如制度上的設計安排，目的在使得自由市場得以運作，並得以有效率地運作，更可以人性化地運作。然而其中仍有許多不足之處，甚至誤解的情形。 問題的癥結確實在於新古典經濟理論的個人主義並不切合實際。真正的個人主義對於社會人行為的分析，是無法與其身處之社會環境以及複雜的人際關係相分離的。因此為了擺脫不合宜的分析方法，首先必需透過解釋學理論的第一人稱觀點解釋決定的形成與選擇，必基於瞭解個人如何認知。因此第一人稱觀點必成為客觀之主觀論者理論，同時社會科學研究者亦必須投入所欲分析的世界。並在輕「均衡」而重「認知」的理解下，考量第一人稱觀點所重視的動機、利益，與人際關係的交互影響，並捨棄於解釋人類行為並無助益之均衡理論、部分的預測行為，以及細瑣的數學推導。 因此，社會科學係研究「社會問題」，即人與人之間關係的研究，對於同時具備「經濟人」與「社會人」的身份的個人，其私人慾望與社會慾望的分類當依人際關係的有無加以區分。並對個人主觀之偏好輔以「第三者評判」，或某種「公共的正確性準則」。另外亦釐清慾望衡量的原則，以及構成原則與衡量法原則之間的不同之處。最後則詳加分析由消費者主權、私人主權，擴展到個人主權，各個主權原則之間的關係，清楚可知消費者主權實非唯一最重要的主權原則。 如此則殊價慾望之內涵已顯露無疑。其包含了利他的慾望、規範強制的慾望，以及集體狀態的慾望。由是可得本文對於殊價慾望意義之重要結論：係殊價慾望決定了財貨的殊價性，而非財貨提供的特性使其成為殊價財。且殊價慾望必涉及個人的社會慾望，亦絕非外部性所足堪解釋，同時並不因所得分配正義的達成而消滅。對於由政府提供滿足殊價慾望之規範性意義，亦因人際關係愈顯疏離的今日，共同的規範若不經由公權力執行，即合法的強制力，勢必已無法約束利害攸關的人際互動，而得到證實。

本篇以政府採行租稅混合為為核心，在產市勞市交互運作影響下，作地下經濟與地上經濟的兩部門一般均衡分析。我們不僅從租稅收入面探討租稅逃漏，更將觸角延伸至至政府支出面。最後，以這樣架構下分析公共財的Samuelson條件。 　　本文大致上可分為兩部分，第一部分以數學比較靜態及數值分析，討論政府的租稅工具－直接稅和間接稅，公共財，懲罰工具－逃漏直接稅和間接稅的懲罰稅率，等政策工具對經濟變數尤其是逃漏的影響。第二部分，我們承襲Usher(1986)，討論有租稅逃漏時對政府採行租稅混合稅制下公共財的提供成本，亦即Samuelson條件。 　　第一部分，我們發現：所得稅率和消費稅率提高均使地下勞工比例上升。透過租稅混合效果下，對地下對黑市勞工比例影響不確定。可是隨著消費稅期望懲罰率逐漸提高，所得稅率比消費稅率對地下勞工比例的影響來得大，故租稅混合在此情況下抑制逃漏的效果也將更佳。此外，當原本地下經濟很小及消費稅稅率較高時，則租稅混合抑制逃漏的效果也將不太大。 　　消費稅和所得稅期望懲罰率對經濟體系的影響恰與與消費稅和所得稅的影響相反，而且前者相較於後者更能抑制消費稅逃漏，政府提高這兩種懲罰率均能抑制地下勞工比例，然而卻是以降低地上勞工工資為代價。 　　公共財對經濟體系的變數影響不確定，但是可發現若公共財對地上經濟生產越具生產力越能抑制地下勞工比例。 　　第二部分，我們發現：當查核成本是固定時，在有逃漏情況下，除了得考慮租稅混合稅制下的扭曲成本，亦即租稅混合對稅基的影響，尚得考慮租稅混合稅制下對逃漏的影響。另一方面，公共財對地下勞動比例和消費稅稅基的影響也關係著公共財的提供成本。當查核成本是內生期望懲罰率的函數時，此時查查核成本是非固定的，公共財的提供成本除了受前項的考量因素影響外，尚得考慮租稅混合稅制及公共財對淨查核成本的影響。

現代科技產業發達，「消費性耐久財」，也就是所謂的科技產品日新月異，新產品推出後開始其創新擴散與為大眾所接受的過程。在科技產品相同品項中，常存在著代表標準的主流技術或產品，而該主流品牌易成為上下游廠商競相合作的對象，這樣的地位也保證著高度的消費者採用意願。個人自我創新特質可決定是否採用新技術產品，不可忽略的是來自週遭人群採用的網路外部性影響，越多人採用能降低使用上的風險與不確定性，並提高生活與工作上的效率；互補性產品推出亦會因多人採用而越發完善，如此便能更確立其產品或技術在市場中的主流地位。 本研究以2010年初上市的蘋果電腦iPad為主要被接受科技，至今已帶動許多科技大廠投入平板電腦市場，其中不乏電腦與智慧型手機業者，甚或是電信業者亦欲加入此新世代多點觸控風氣盛行的平板電腦產業，蘋果電腦iPad的銷售量居高不下，顯示其儼然已位居主流產品地位。為了能探究其活化已瀕臨死亡的平板電腦市場之因，本研究認為應以創新擴散理論、科技接受模型與網路外部性的組合做為研究探討基礎理論，並採用品牌形象、涉入程度與資訊構面來輔佐加強，以達到與過去國內科技產品創新接受模型的差異化的目的，提供不同方向的切入點。本研究盼能在以問卷量化設計的構面採用中，將蘋果iPad此等消費性耐久財的廠商面與消費面間策略取得平衡探討，提供給平板電腦廠商思考行銷與聯盟策略上的參考依據，而本研究結果發現如下： (一) 個人內在創新特質與兩種外部因素代表的網路外部性，會正面影響採用者對於蘋果iPad的正面創新知覺特質，形成正面的採用態度；在採用者部份負面創新知覺特質上，也有負面效果存在。 (二) 尚未購買者的採用意願較不受負面創新知覺特質影響，正面知覺特質有助於增加已購買者的未來繼續採用意願。 (三) 有形與無形品牌形象中，唯有無形者對於繼續採用意願的增強無效。 (四) 加入對於蘋果iPad產品涉入程度考量後的廠商與消費資訊，並不完全提升對繼續採用意願的影響效果，且對於採用意願無顯著影響。 故整體而言，平板電腦廠商，應能由廠商與消費面切入思考產品研發與行銷策略，由目標市場的需求做基礎考量新產品功能，並善用品牌、銷售與廠商策略聯盟資訊，增強採用者的好印象，才能真正擴散其創新科技以達永續經營。 關鍵字：創新擴散、科技接受、網路外部性、涉入程度、品牌形象 / Global technical industry booms, especially the “consuming durable,” or the so-called “technical products” evolves fast. After new products are launched, the innovation diffusing and generally accepted procedure starts. Among the same technical items, there is always a mainstream technology or product which could play the role as a referred standard. And the mainstream brand would easily become the one that up and downstream manufacturers long to cooperate with. The position will also present the highly consumer accepting intention. Self-innovation could be an important dominant factor deciding whether to accept product with new technology. However the external network effect from the acceptance of people around is indispensible as well. As a rule of thumb, more acceptances could reduce the risk and uncertainty when using the targeted product or technology. Meanwhile, this will also increase the efficiency in daily life or at work. Complementary goods would develop more completely because of mass acceptance and this way it will help ensure the mainstream role of product or technology in the market. The research would take Apple iPad which was launched in the early of 2010 as the main accepted technology. It has encouraged many famous technical firms to join the new generation tablet PC market, including not only the originally computer and cell phone but also telecommunication firms. The highest sales among the tablet PC market showed iPad’s role as the mainstream product and technology. This research would take innovation diffusion theory, technology acceptance model and network externality as the basic theoretical combination to discuss the phenomenon that iPad helped excite tablet PC market. Besides, we add brand image, involvement, and information factors to our research framework so as to distinguish from and hope could provide more perspectives to the past theories discussing consuming durables’ innovation diffusion. And we expect to design ideal questionnaires including all the factors discussed, strike a discussing balance between firm and consumer strategies, and providing the consequence for Tablet PC firms’ considering marketing and cooperation strategies as supporting references. The following points are main conclusions of this research: 1. Internal self innovation and two kinds of network externality have positive effects on consumers’ positive innovative perceptions when accepting iPad; negative effects on negative innovation perceptions. 2. Potential buyers’ accepting intentions are less affected by negative innovative perceptions, but positive innovative perceptions would positively affect buyers’ continuing accepting intentions. 3. Only intangible brand image has no effect on buyers’ continuing accepting intentions. 4. After taking iPad product involvement into consideration, we found that the effects of information on accepting intentions will not be enhanced but will have partial effect on continuing accepting intentions. Considering everything, Tablet PC firms should do the product R&D and marketing plan on the basis of firm and consumer, launch the new function by taking consumer’s demand into consideration, and take full advantage of brand, sales and firm cooperation information to leave good impression on consumers. This way, they could really diffuse innovation and fulfill the goal of eternal operation. Keywords: Innovation Diffusion, Technology Acceptance, Network Externality, Brand Image, Involvement.

當今智慧型手機成長快速，市場潛力大，影響消費者的智慧型手機購買決策因素成為近年來值得研究的議題。但過去有關智慧型手機購買決策的研究中，大多著重在手機的作業系統或是功能層面，並未將行動應用程式(APP)及人際面的影響因素納入考量。因此，本研究以網路外部性、科技接受模型及理性行為理論為基礎，分別從智慧型手機及行動應用程式的屬性面和人際面來探討，目的為找出影響台灣地區現有智慧型手機使用者對智慧型手機再購意圖的因素，並進一步探索這些因素如何影響使用者的態度及再購意圖。本研究結果發現： 1.智慧型手機屬性面：當使用者認為智慧型手機是越有用的、越具娛樂性的，則使用者對智慧型手機的採用態度越正向；當使用者認為智慧型手機是越容易使用的，並不會直接影響其對智慧型手機的態度。 2.智慧型手機人際面：當使用者認為有越多人使用智慧型手機，則使用者對智慧型手機的購買意圖越正向；而無論使用者認為其家人、伴侶、好友、同學或同事支不支持其使用智慧型手機，都不會影響其對智慧型手機的購買意圖。 3.行動應用程式屬性面：當使用者認為在短時間內行動應用程式的數量成長的越快速，則其對智慧型手機的態度會越正面；而無論使用者認為APP數量、種類的多少、價格是否可被接受以及APP的設計品質完不完善等，都不會直接影響使用者對智慧型手機的態度。 4.行動應用程式人際面：當使用者認為其家人、伴侶、好友、同學或同事越支持其使用行動應用程式時，使用者對智慧型手機的態度會越正向。

Submitted by Marcelo Castro (macbhmgbr@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T16:51:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARCELO_CASTRO.pdf: 9594976 bytes, checksum: 57809762baf0d1ed1e9ac6f25153710b (MD5) / Rejected by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Marcelo, Favor alterar o seu trabalho conforme as normas da ABNT. 1 – capa: O nome Getulio não tem acento. Favor corrigir em todas as páginas que constam o nome da Fundação. 2 - numeração de página: A numeração deve constar no lado direito da página, a partir de introdução, porém já contando com as páginas anteriores. Qualquer dúvida, estarei a disposição. Atenciosamente, Letícia 3799-3631 on 2016-03-29T14:11:47Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marcelo Castro (macbhmgbr@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-30T01:34:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARCELO_CASTRO.pdf: 10539272 bytes, checksum: 0c90be8a41e31cfc75a95c5c3b163bb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Letícia Monteiro de Souza (leticia.dsouza@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T15:30:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARCELO_CASTRO.pdf: 10539272 bytes, checksum: 0c90be8a41e31cfc75a95c5c3b163bb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T16:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_MARCELO_CASTRO.pdf: 10539272 bytes, checksum: 0c90be8a41e31cfc75a95c5c3b163bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / We use the Regression Discontinuity methodology (RDD) to estimate the causal effect of the Municipalities' Participation Fund (Fundo de Participação dos Municípios - FPM) received by a municipality on characteristics of bordering municipalities, considering a variety of topics: public finance, education, health, and election results. We explore the constitutional rule that generates discontinuities in the transfer according to population brackets. Our main contribution is to estimate separately and together the spillover and the direct effect of FPM, considering both neighboring municipalities or just one of them near the thresholds. Thus, we can better understand the interaction between neighboring municipalities when there is a correlation in the probability of participating in a public program. We show that the estimates of the direct effect of FPM on local spending decreases by about 20% when we control for the neighboring cities' FPM, which effect is generally positive, with the exception of spending on health and sanitation. We estimate a positive effect of FPM on test scores in a national exam and on school pass rates in neighboring municipalities and state public elementary school. On the other hand, the receipt of FPM by neighboring municipalities of small population reduces the provision of health goods and services in nearby larger cities, which may occur due to reduced demand for health services. The worsening of some global health indicators is an indication, however, that there may be coordination problems for mayors retain their spending on health. In fact, when we control for the margin of victory in municipal elections and consider only neighboring towns with mayors from different parties, the spillover effect is greater in magnitude, indicating that political incentives are important to explain the under provision in health services, by one hand, and the increase in the education goods provision, on the other hand. We also found a positive effect of FPM on votes for the party of the federal government in local and national elections, and much of this effect is explained by the spillover from neighboring cities' FPM, showing that cities more economic dependent on the federal government become the political support for that government. Finally, we found an ambiguous effect of the increased revenue due to the FPM on the electoral competition in municipal elections, with a fall in the first place victory margin and a reduction in the number of applicants, which may be explained by the rising of fixed costs in local campaigns. / Nós usamos a metodologia de Regressões em Descontinuidade (RDD) para estimar o efeito causal do Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (FPM) recebido por um município sobre características dos municípios vizinhos, considerando uma variedade de temas: finanças públicas, educação, saúde e resultados eleitorais. Nós exploramos a regra que gera uma variação exógena da transferência em munícipios próximos às descontinuidades no repasse do fundo de acordo com faixas de população. Nossa principal contribuição é estimar separadamente e em conjunto o efeito spillover e o efeito direto do FPM, considerando ambos municípios vizinhos ou apenas um deles próximos às mudanças de faixa. Dessa forma, conseguimos entender melhor a interação entre municípios vizinhos quando há uma correlação na probabilidade de receber uma transferência federal. Nós mostramos que a estimativa do efeito direto do FPM sobre os gastos locais diminui em cerca de 20% quando controlamos pelo spillover do vizinho, que em geral é positivo, com exceção dos gastos em saúde e saneamento. Nós estimamos um efeito positivo da transferência sobre notas na prova Brasil e taxas de aprovação escolares em municípios vizinhos e na rede estadual do ensino fundamental. Por outro lado, o recebimento de FPM por municípios vizinhos de pequena população reduz o provimento de bens e serviços de saúde em cidades próximas e maiores, o que pode ocorrer devido à redução da demanda por serviços de saúde. A piora de alguns indicadores globais de saúde é um indício, no entanto, de que podem existir problemas de coordenação para os prefeitos reterem seus gastos em saúde. De fato, quando controlamos pela margem de vitória nas eleições municipais e consideramos apenas cidades vizinhas com prefeitos de partido diferentes, o efeito spillover é maior em magnitude, o que indica que incentivos políticos são importantes para explicar a subprovisão de serviços em saúde, por um lado, e o aumento da provisão de bens em educação, por outro. Nós também constatamos um efeito positivo do FPM sobre votos para o partido do governo federal nas eleições municipais e nacionais, e grande parte desse efeito é explicado pelo spillover do FPM de cidades vizinhas, mostrando que cidades com dependência econômica do governo federal se tornam a base de sustentação e apoio político desse governo. Por fim, nós encontramos um efeito ambíguo do aumento de receita devido ao FPM sobre a competição eleitoral nas eleições municipais, com uma queda da margem de vitória do primeiro colocado e uma redução do número de candidatos, o que pode ser explicado pelo aumento do custo fixo das campanhas locais.

近年來，國人追求健康、愛美等因素而運動風氣蔚為盛行，連帶擴大穿戴型裝置產業發展，越來越多廠商加入。而在競爭激烈的全球市場中，不少廠商以平台經濟模式的建立及善用網路外部性的發展為轉型的策略，其中，如何有效率擴大平台規模及提高顧客黏著度尤其重要。本研究著重於以下三點：個案公司之平台商業模式的運作機制、如何創造不同種類之網路外部性及如何管理網路外部性創造更多效益。 本研究採取單一個案研究法，並挑選從GPS大廠成功涉足智慧型穿戴式裝置且近年來積極轉型之台灣國際航電股份有限公司(Garmin Corp.)，經過研究個案公司平台商業模式與網路外部性的創造及管理，歸納本研究之發現：Garmin透過Garmin Sports平台的管理，建立與外部用戶的關係；並藉由穿戴式裝置的租借與其他廠商合作活動帶動運動市場貿易；再教練培訓為中心出發，提供一套專業、完整的課程，建立平台生態圈，擴大平台規模。 本研究之貢獻在於透過Garmin Sports的案例建立一套平台發展與網路外部性的創造與管理之架構，以期了解透過平台網路外部性發展如何提升使用者價值、為使用者帶來更多效益。歸納出三項因素如下： 1. 專業人士與外部廠商 2. 互補品的發展與資料庫的建立 3. 透過多方用戶的選擇與舉辦活動來管理網路外部性 此外，本研究為Garmin Sports平台成立初期，上線時間較短，部分網路外部性的交互影響研究受限。故建議後續研究，可待Garmin Sports平台運作期間較長，其網路外部性的創造與管理及不同種類網路外部性之相互作用亦會較為明顯。 / In recent years, the atmosphere of physical workout becomes prevalent, which results in the expansion of wearable device industry, causing more and more companies join in this industry. Under such a highly competitive global markets, platform transformation gradually becomes a popular strategy. In the research, our main focus lies on what the platform business model is and how to create and manage different kind of network externality. The case study method is applied for this research. We select Garmin Corp, a GPS corporation which successfully develops wearable devices in recent years and has transformed into a new business model as our research subject. With in-depth case study of platform business model and the creation and management of network externality, we conclude our findings as below: Garmin establishes the relationship with external users and cooperates with other companies through the management of the Garmin Sports platform by leasing wearable devices. To expand the scale of the platform, Garmin provides a set of professional training camp and competitions, so as to establish the platform ecosystem. The academic contribution of this study is to create the structure of developing platform and managing network externality, hoping to bring more value and benefits. The factors are as below: 1. Experts and external companies 2. Complementary products and database setup 3. multi-user selection and managing network externality through events In addition, this study is about the beginning of Garmin Sports platform in which on-line time is short and the interaction of network externality is limited. It is recommended that, for the follow-up research, researches should wait for Garmin Sports platform to operate for a longer period of time. Therefore, the creation and management of network externalities and the different types of network interaction will be more obvious.

The aim of this study is to analyze legitimacy of policy. Its fulfillment should emerge from detailed inquiry of the essential sense of social institutions. The work is divided into three chapters therefore. The first chapter deals with law as a basic system of order of social relations. It explains its fundamental social goal (reducing transaction costs of social action) and its influence on the development of civilization. It discusses in detail the property rights as a fundament of any real legal system - both at the legal level and economic level (i.e. how the system of property rights coordinates social activities and allocates scarce resources, how it creates the elite, and when there is a fault efficiency of this process). The second chapter deals with the social obligations which are necessary condition for preservation of law. These obligations are labeled as taxes (as opposed to tributes that basis is not in the obligation to maintain the legal system and are only ransom inherently). Particular attention is paid to the fair distribution of these obligations (tax justice) and also to the impact of taxation on the development of civilization. The last (third) chapter deals with institutional framework of society, i.e. the exercise of public power and public administration (government...