The diploma thesis deals with the activities of global value chains in Czech Republic, with a focus on the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the work explains the term value chain, its origin, function and its impact on selected economic indicators. Types of the processes in the firms and the possibility of relocation on the external subject or abroad is mentioned at the end of this section. The practical part aims to access the activity of the companies in global value chains. Based on the statistic dates, information from various databases and calculations, the paper offers an insight into the situation in selected sectors. Other parts are dedicated to analyzing the opportunities, current trends and overall development of this industry in Czech Republic. The output of the work provides a general look on the concept, how the firms are working in value chains and how are they affecting the electronic industry.

Background- During recent decades, more and more employers of Taiwan especially electronic industry utilise the system of job responsibility to apparently cause working hours of Taiwan has been longer than other developed and developing countries in the world. Thus, more and more employees are aware of they are working in the environment where is surrounding by high pressure. Purpose- This study aims to explore the relation among job pressure, burnout, retention intention, and motivation in electronic industry of Taiwan. Especially, it will focus on seeing whether the motivation can moderate the negative impacts of job pressure and burnout as a feasible solution. Research Design- This research is going to send the questionnaires through Google Forms to all current full-time employees in an Electronic Industries company of Taiwan, Winmate Inc. This research had received over than 500 valid questionnaires. All collected data were analysed by using SPSS22 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to find out the relation among the variables mentioned in this study. Conclusion- Job pressure and burnout both have significant negative consequences causing employees’ low retention intention. However, the employees’ retention intention can be encouraged by motivation practice that is crucial to reach the high level of organisations’ competitiveness. Thus, organisations should continuously revisit, reflect, and improve their existing policies and practices to develop a more brilliant work environment for employees as a long-term goal of retaining.

在現今知識經濟的世紀中，智慧資本已成為企業獲取競爭優勢的關鍵要素。 隨著智慧資本愈來愈重要，許多企業也逐漸在年報或其他公開資訊的管道中，揭 露更多有關智慧資本的資訊。透過更多智慧資本資訊的揭露，為企業本身及投資 人、債權人間建立起彼此溝通的橋樑。 綜上所述，智慧資本的報導和揭露顯得日趨重要。相關智慧資本資訊的揭露 能使投資人及相關利害關係人更了解公司發展的潛力及價值。而過去的文獻指出 公司資訊揭露的程度會降低資金成本、提高公司股價、降低分析師盈餘預測誤差 等效益。資訊的揭露可以使投資人修正對公司價值的評價，有提高股票流動率等 效益。因此智慧資本揭露及報導能提昇財務報導的價值攸關性，適當地反應公司 真正的價值。因此，對公司而言應多揭露相關智慧資本資訊，以期為公司帶來相 關的效益。但是，哪些公司特性因素會影響智慧資本揭露程度及其是否會影響智 慧資本揭露程度和其效益間的關聯性亦是值得我們進一步探討。 若能透過一系列的分析，找出公司智慧資本揭露政策不足之處，相信能給公 司適當的建議，以符合市場上的需求，適當地揭露智慧資本，以期反應公司真正 的價值並提高公司價值。 本研究係以我國資訊電子業之上市公司為研究對象，蒐集相關資料以統計分 析方法進行，發現之結果如下： 一、公司智慧資本揭露程度和公司價值呈顯著正相關。 二、「公司規模」、「舉債程度」、「公司年齡」會顯著影響公司智慧資本揭露程度。 三、「公司規模」、「獲利能力」、「公司年齡」、「智慧資本降加價值係數(VAICTM )」 會顯著影響智慧資本揭露程度及公司價值間的關聯性。 / In this knowledge-based economy, intellectual capital is the key factor to help firms get its competitive advantage. As intellectual capital is more and more important, many enterprises gradually disclose IC-related information in annual reports or other ways. With more IC-related information disclosures, it could build a bridge to communicate between enterprises, investors, and creditors. To sum up the above-mentioned, intellectual capital disclosure and report is more and more significant with time. IC-related information discourses can make investors and stakeholders understand the value and potential of the company much more. Prior research indicates disclosing information could reduce the average cost of capital and increase company’s stock value and reduce analyst forecast errors. Information disclosure can make investors revise upward valuations of the company’s stocks and increase stock liquidity. Therefore, for companies, they should disclose IC-related information in order to bring effects. But, which kind of company would affect IC-related information and affect the relation between IC-related information and its effects is also worth to investigate further. If we can find out deficiency of company’s IC-related information with above analysis, it will be believed to give some appropriate suggestions in order to match market’s needs. Disclosing IC-related information is aimed to react the company’s real value. In this study, collecting data and statistics analysis are used. The public firms in the electronic industry are the objects of the thesis. We fund that: 1. There is a positive and significant correlation between IC disclosure and market capitalization. 2. Company size, leverage, and age will affect IC-related information disclosure significantly. 3. Company size, profitability, age, and VAIC TM will affect the relation between IC-related information disclosure and its effects (market capitalization) significantly.

近年來經濟復甦，資訊科技投資金額和規模有增加趨勢，對於資訊科技投資的報酬、評量、和優先取捨的決策再次成為資訊科技經理人的重要課題。因此，本研究經由文獻探討，定義資訊科技投資和資訊科技資本，並且嘗試發展資訊科技投資與應用的評估構面與指標，讓企業組織評估本身的資訊科技投資。透過深入的個案訪談和大量問卷調查，了解我國資訊電子業與金融服務業之資訊科技投資和應用的現況，提供參考作法，並且比較我國資訊電子業以及金融服務業兩個產業當中，資訊科技如何提昇公司組織的競爭優勢。 研究結論發現，我國資訊電子業的資訊科技投資貢獻主要來自三個方面，首先是策略貢獻度、再者是降低成本貢獻度、其次是流程效率貢獻度；我國金融服務業在資訊科技產出構面，於個案訪談和問卷調查結果同時關心創新重視度、降低成本貢獻度、流程效率貢獻度，同時也注重供應商與客戶關係要求度、供應商與客戶關係貢獻度。因此，資訊科技經理人首要目標則為協助企業以最少的企業資源來掌握關鍵的資訊科技投資績效指標，以提升企業的競爭力。 / In recent years, organizations have invested heavily in information technology to support their work processes. Therefore, how to evaluate and assess the return on IT investment becomes a critical issue for IT managers again. This study strives to develop the dimensions and indicators of IT investment so as to help organizations to assess their IT investment. In addition, through case studies and questionnaire investigations, this study investigates the IT investment status in information electronic and financial service industries that provides reference for other organizations. Finally, this study tries to find out how to increase organizational competitive advantages by IT investment in these two industries. The results suggest that the contribution of IT investment in information electronic industry comes from strategy contribution, reducing cost, and process efficiency. In the meantime, the financial service industry emphasize innovative products and services, reducing cost, process efficiency, and supplier/customer relationship when it comes to the issue about performances of IT investment. As a result, in the situation where the organization resources are limited, the main goal for IT managers is to help organizations become more competitive by controlling the imperative indicators of IT investment.

在這個知識經濟時代中，智慧資本是組織競爭優勢的關鍵所在，因此企業會希望透過內部智慧資本報導來監督智慧資本的發展與執行，不過，隨著企業所採取策略的不同，將影響所重視與所需的智慧資本，並進而造成智慧資本報導內容也將會因策略的不同而有所差異。此外，從企業的市場價值與帳面價值背離情況愈趨嚴重來看，也瞭解到傳統財務報表已無法提供給外部資訊使用者有關企業未來獲利潛力之有用資訊，而為解決此問題並提昇財務報表的價值攸關性，應有必要提供智慧資本外部報導予外部資訊使用者。 　　鑑於企業對內部與外部智慧資本報導需求之與日俱增，政府機構與學術界也開始積極探討智慧資本內部與外部報導架構之議題，並提出內部智慧資本報導需揭露較詳細的組織流程與程序等資訊；而外部智慧資本報導因基於可靠性、可比較性與企業競爭力之考量，所揭露之內容則不需太詳細且應偏重組織活動與流程的結果。故本研究之主要目的係探討企業所需之內部智慧資本報導內容為何，與外部智慧資本報導內容有何不同，以及是否會隨所採策略不同而有所差異。 　　本研究係以我國資訊電子業之上市與上櫃公司為研究對象，並採取問卷調查法與統計分析法來找出企業管理者認為智慧資本內部與外部報導所應包含之內容，發現之結果如下： 一、企業基於內部管理目的，所重視及所需之智慧資本報導內容有「基礎　　設施能力」、「研發能力」、「營運流程管理」、「提昇人力資源品　　質之能力」、「拓展新客戶之能力」、「員工勝任能力」、「客戶服　　務系統之完善程度」、「客戶獲利力」等八個因素構面。 二、企業認為智慧資本內部報導與智慧資本外部報導之內容應有差異。 三、企業基於內部管理目的，所重視及所需之智慧資本報導內容會因採取　　策略之不同而有所差異。 / In this knowledge-based economy, intellectual capital is the key factor to help business get its competitive advantage. Therefore, business hopes to use internal intellectual capital reporting to monitor the development and execution of intellectual capital. The different strategies will influence the need of intellectual capital and also contribute to the difference of intellectual capital reporting. Besides, while the gap between market value and book value becomes larger, traditional financial statement becomes insufficient for external users. To solve this problem and increase the relevance of financial statement, it is necessary to provide external intellectual capital reporting to external users. In view of the increasing need of internal and external intellectual capital reporting, the government and scholars began to explore the issues of external and internal intellectual capital reporting structure actively. They also propose that internal intellectual capital reporting should disclose more detail business processes and procedures, etc.; On the other hand, external intellectual capital reporting doesn’t need detailed disclosure, but should emphasize on the outcomes of business activities and processes based on reliability, comparability, and competitiveness. The objective of this study is to find out the intellectual capital reporting of different reporting purposes and strategic types. In this study, both questionnaire survey and statistics analysis are used. The public firms in the electronic industry are the objects of the thesis. We found that: 1. Managers think that internal intellectual capital reporting includes the infrastructure ability, research and development ability, operation processes management, the ability to increase human resource quality, the ability to increase a number of clients, the qualified ability of employees, the completeness of customer service system, and the customer profits. 2. Managers think that internal intellectual capital reporting and external intellectual capital reporting are different. 3. Internal Intellectual capital reporting is affected by strategic types.

The covid pandemic has brought severe impacts on the supply chain of the electronics industry since it starts. Electronic companies are struggling to find strategies for reducing these impacts. The purpose of the research intends to provide decision-makers in the electronics industry with a clear understanding of the impacts on the supply chain and support them to formulate effective recovery activities and long-term strategies for restructuring more resilient and sustainable supply chains in the future.  Delphi method was performed in the research with the consideration of the aim and research questions, research quality as well as the available resources. The consensus among a group of experts was achieved after two rounds of investigation. The empirical data was collected from 12 experts in the 8 electronic companies through interviews and questionnaires. Both data collection techniques are suitable and have advantages in obtaining people’s perspectives and experiences of reality.  In the study, an amount of 10 impact items, 9 short-term recovery actions, and 10 proposals of long-term strategies were identified and aligned. Followed up by the analysis and discussion together with existing findings from previous literature. The impacts will vary from company to company, and each recovery activity has its own strengths and weaknesses, so decision-makers need to choose the appropriate recovery activities considering the realities of company resources and the economy. Furthermore, the findings of long-term strategies implied that the supply chain should be restructured in terms of resilience and sustainability from a long-term perspective.  Future research can continue to examine how these strategies can be implemented by exploring case studies with electronics companies. Besides, it is also valuable to investigate what are the main challenges in carrying out these strategies. A broader survey in the electronic industry is also recommended to validate the results.

研究生：江雅文(1999) 論文題目：光電產業競爭優勢之研究--以國內LCD產業為例 研究所名稱：國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士班 論文摘要： 光電產業中的「光電顯示元件」在未來高度資訊化的時代中將扮演著重要的人機界面媒介，除了筆記型電腦及LCD監視器的應用之外，在「後PC時代」中，消費性電子產品及多媒體產品的應用範圍將擴大，對顯示元件之需求量將大增。現在的消費大眾對電子產品的要求傾向輕薄、省電、低輻射、環保性。傳統的CRT(Cathode Ray Tube, 陰極射線管)顯示器已無法滿足這方面的訴求，因而各類的平面顯示器正不斷地被研發中。包括液晶顯示器(LCD，Liquid Crystal Display)、電漿顯示器(PDP，Plasma Display Panel)、電激發光顯示器(ELD，Electron Luminescent Display)、真空螢光顯示器(VFD，Vacuum Fluorescent Display)、發光二極體(LED，Light Emitting Diode)、場發射顯示器(FED，Field Emission Display)等。 液晶顯示器(以下簡稱LCD)則因技術已趨成熟，其需求隨著全球筆記型電腦及LCD監視器市場的成長而迅速擴增，此外，液晶顯示技術的發展也刺激了其他電子產品的創新，其範圍涵蓋了資訊、通訊及消費性電子商品等。因此，LCD產業的發展被資訊界喻為本世紀末的產業革命之一，因為其具有輕薄、省電、無輻射、不佔空間及可攜性等優勢，隨著多元化應用的推廣及技術的發展，LCD的整體市場規模將急遽成長。 由於液晶顯示器產業是一個相當重要的高科技產業，對於國內相關產業的關鍵零組件自主性與促進產業升級都有重大的影響。尤其是這個產業在技術與市場上的變化仍相當快速。目前以日本及韓國對我國之威脅最大，我國廠商要如何在這個光電市場領域中建立競爭優勢，找到適當定位，是一個很重要的課題。此外，自1997年開始，國內各大廠商及集團紛紛集資興建大尺寸TFT-LCD廠，預計在1999年至2001年間投產。究竟這個產業有何吸引力，為何能夠讓各種不同型態的廠商爭相投入，是個有趣的問題。而在一陣投資熱潮之後，業者是否會因產能過剩，面臨殺價競爭的慘烈局面，投入的業者應如何在這樣不確定的環境前題之下建立競爭優勢，則是個應認真思考的嚴肅議題。 本研究希望透過研究的過程，廣泛地探討競爭優勢的觀念，從競爭優勢形成的條件、競爭優勢的來源，到競爭優勢最後表現出的市場競爭效果，做一觀念上的釐清，以便對競爭優勢的分析有一深入的認知。進而找出一套適用於光電顯示元件LCD產業之有系統的競爭優勢分析架構。在實務上則希望能夠作為業者擬定企業競爭策略及政府擬定產業政策的基礎。 研究首先確立研究背景。在釐清研究問題與目的之後，著手蒐集相關產業資訊，並據以界定研究範圍；並根據文獻探討擬定研究架構作為LCD產業分析之基本架構。競爭優勢分析之理論基礎主要係按照Porter(1980)的五力分析架構，於初步了解台灣LCD產業的優勢、劣勢、機會與威脅之後，再根據Porter(1990)國家優勢競爭之鑽石模型概念分析我國發展LCD產業之競爭優勢形成條件，最後，再針對台灣LCD產業的未來發展提出策略建議。 本研究為一探索性研究，為釐清LCD產業的環境及條件前提，必須建立產業分析的基本資料。首先廣泛地蒐集國內外相關的文獻、報告、期刊、雜誌、報紙及新聞等次級資料，採用Porter(1980)五力分析架構及Porter(1990)國家優勢競爭之鑽石模型概念將之整理、歸納。本著資訊收集網路化的原則，透過網際網路瀏覽器廣泛地蒐集相關網站資訊。接著，對國內廠商與相關專家進行訪談，以了解國內產業最新發展動態及其對產業競爭優勢之看法，期能提出我國LCD產業之競爭優勢狀況及可行策略，作為業者之參考。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究問題與目的 4 第三節 研究範圍 5 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 競爭優勢的觀念 7 第二節 競爭優勢及其來源 8 第三節 價值鏈模型 22 第四節 鑽石模型 24 第五節 動態競爭理論 26 第三章 研究設計 第一節 研究流程及架構 30 第二節 分析方法及資料來源 31 第三節 研究限制 32 第四章 光電產業概述 第一節 世界光電產業概述 34 第二節 我國光電產業概述 36 第三節 結論 47 第五章 LCD產業之發展概述 第一節 LCD產業概述 50 第二節 整體LCD產業發展趨勢 71 第三節 我國LCD產業發展概況 83 第四節 LCD產業未來發展趨勢 105 第六章 我國LCD產業之競爭優勢分析 第一節 我國LCD產業結構分析 117 第二節 我國LCD產業之競爭優勢分析 121 第三節 LCD產業之鑽石模型分析模式 126 第四節 我國LCD產業未來發展策略建議 130 第七章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 135 第二節 建議 138 參考文獻 141 附錄一 145

隨著生產內容的殊異及分工的日趨細密，當代的經濟活動，已走入一個市場高度分化而生產部門化的階段，我們已無法再以單一的「國家--市場」的模式，來探究政治與經濟的關係。在現實世界中，國家對經濟的管制，是透過政府與市場中各個權力與利益殊異產業部門的互動而完成的，每一個產業部門，基於不同的生產特性、行銷策略、產業結構乃至市場地位，都會形成一個獨特的政策範疇，來規限(或強化)國家機關權力的行使，或對政策工具造成不同程度的扭曲(或擴大)，從而使得政府在面對該產業時，扮演特定的角色及功能。然而在政治經濟學的研究中，我們卻仍傾向從宏觀的角度，以「國家--市場」的二元結構，來試圖賦予政府在整體產業活動中一個一致性的描述，也此造成在解釋及預測上的侷限。在這樣的觀 點下，本研究乃試圖運用「產業管治機制」的概念，來針對台灣的電子工業中的電子零件業、家電業、個人電腦業及積體電路業，進行一跨部門的分析，希望能透過對不同產業部門與政府間互動關係檢視，來對既有的研究途徑進行檢證，並釐清府在產業活動中的實際角色。 / Mordern economic activity is highly differentiation in producing and marketing processes by sectors.We can no longer take an unique "state-market" mode to observe and interpretation the complex relationship between state andmarket.In the real world, any government restrictions on economic activityis in fact an interaction between power of the state and businesses' interest incemtives.In diffenent industry sectors,as they have differentprocuct elements,marketing strategies,industy structures and market status,every industry sectors will have its own significant governance mechanismand policy content.It will restrict (or reinforce) the autonomy and capacityof state and make the government play a specific role in industry activity.Takeing that point of view, in this paper the author take Taiwan's electronicindusty as a subject to proceed a sectoral analysis.After a careful examnation we find that even a strong state as KMT regime in Taiwan,the state didn't always have a highly autonomy and capacity to discipline the businesses.Most of time, state's power is not only restrict by some internal structuralfactors and outside enviorment like some statists have disserted,the nature of different goverance mechanisms have is also an important factor on that.

隨著高科技產業的興起，電子產業因應市場快速與客戶滿意度的高度需求，供應鏈物流業的快速發展，使得傳統運送模式之風險形態產生戲劇性的變化，損失頻率及損失幅度均已隨著運籌模式物流的風險由傳統運輸Door to Door構成線性的低度風險，轉變為Hub、組裝中心、物流倉庫、承攬人、次承攬人等複雜的關係方所構成，網狀物流模式的高度風險區塊。而運輸保險長期以來處於保險業者、保險經紀人的惡性競爭市場，高科技電子業基於風險成本考量，強勢壓縮保險費，使得電子業運輸保險損失率居高不下。 本研究透過個案電子公司之重大損失案例研究，歸納高科技電子業物流損失的發生原因，提出核保、理賠管理、及物流倉庫、運送人損防、管理建議供保險業界，物流業者參考。 未來，保險業面對全球運籌業物流風險經營，除積極運用核保策略，加強同業間的共保協商機制，以分散風險外，針對此特殊業務的核保應加強倉庫管理人風險查勘及物流運送人之委任規範、以達到風險預防之效果。更重要的是，保險經營者應修正，以利潤導向的經營理念代替市場佔有率的迷思，方是杜絕市場惡性競爭的根本。 關鍵字：電子業、全球運籌、供應鏈、風險管理、 損失頻率、損失幅度、核保策略、理賠管理、 損失率。 / With the blooming growth of high-tech industry, the electronic industry pursued for swiftness and clients satisfaction as well as the fast development of logistics business, risk of cargo distribution had transformed from the traditionally low-risk lineal “door to door” model to a high-risk complex structure of network composed by Hubs, Configuration Centers, warehouses, contractors, and sub-tractors. Moreover, the intense competitiveness among insurers and insurance agents as well as the cost-down strategy on cargo transit insurance premium of high-tech companies even make the loss-claim ratio have stayed high for such a long time. By studying cases of specific high-tech company claiming for great loss amount, we herby conclude several main causes of loss during transit and bring up suggestions on Underwriting, Claim Adjustment, Logistics Warehouse, Carrier Loss Prevention, and Logistics Management for your reference. In the future, in terms of risk management and diversification, we should not only aggressively adjust our underwriting strategy, enhance co-insurance policy but also strengthen investigations on the warehouse staffs and designate supplier adequate responsibilities. Besides, what’s more important is to alter the myth of being purely interest-oriented and to discard the thought of expanding market percentage by cutting prices, only then we could really make a sound foundation at the market instead of suffering malignant competition with each other. Key Word：Electronic Industry，Global Logistic，Supply Chain，Risk Management，Loss Frequency，Loss Severity，Underwriting Strategy，Claim Management，Loss Ratio。