Studiens syfte är att utforska om chefer och ledare inom Nacka kommun tar anställdas arbeten och arbetsmiljö i beaktande när digitala system implementeras. Uppsatsen skrivs inom ramen för forskningsprojektet KomDig, vilket är en förkortning av Kommunal och Digital. Målsättningen med studien är att främja den digitala arbetsmiljön. För att få en djupare förståelse för hur ledning inom kommunal sektor beaktar anställdas arbeten och arbetsmiljöer vid införandet av digital teknik används kvalitativ metod. Empirin har hämtats från tolv genomförda intervjuer av ledning samt skyddsombud på olika enheter och avdelningar. Empiri har även hämtats från kommunens hemsida, rapporter samt myndighetsbeslut. De tre första intervjuerna genomfördes via fysiska möten. Coronapandemins spridning medförde att de sista nio intervjuerna fick utföras via Teams eller Zoom. De teoretiska referensramarna organisationsteorin, socio-tekniska skolan samt implementeringsteorin har valts ut för att skapa förståelse för vikten av en organisations uppbyggnad samt värdet i hur digitala system implementeras. För att skapa en begriplighet i vad som krävs för att skapa hanterbarhet samt meningsfullhet vid förändringar som exempelvis digitalisering har modellen för att skapa en känsla av sammanhang KASAM adderats. Studiens resultat påvisar att ledning tar anställdas arbetsmiljö i beaktande vid implementering av digitala system, men att det förekommer skillnader beroende på vilken enhet som granskas. Det finns exempel på tidigare implementeringar där anställda och kunder påverkats negativt samt där kostnaderna skenat iväg. Digitaliseringsenheten, digitaliseringsrådet samt digitaliseringsstrategin indikerar att de är på rätt väg. Viljan att implementera finns hos både ledning och medarbetare, kunnandet och erfarenheterna också genom lång prövotid. Resultatet ger en förståelse för att kommunen skapat möjlighet till överblick över hur samtliga delar påverkas av implementeringen. Detta bådar gott inför kommunens framtida utveckling.  Studiens resultat synliggör även att NPM varit förebild till kommunens inriktning på kunder, resultat och effektivitet. Det visar även på att kommunen följer utvecklingen mot e-förvaltning som förespråkas av regeringen. / This Master’s thesis research whether managers in Nacka municipality in Sweden consider their employees’ work environment, when implementing new digital systems. The research is written within the framework of a research project called KomDig. KomDig is an acronym in Swedish for Municipal and Digital. The research aims to increase awareness on the digital work environment. A qualitative method has been conducted, to gain a deeper understanding of how management in the municipal sector considers their employee’s working environment, when implementing new digital technology. Empirical data has been collected from twelve interviews with different managers and security officers at various units and departments within Nacka municipality. Empirical data has also been collected from the municipality´s websites, reports and governments documentation. The first three interviews were conducted through physical meetings, and the last nine where conducted through video calls like Teams or Zoom, due to the restrictions during the Corona pandemic. The theoretical framework evolves around the organizational theory, socio-technical approach as well as implementation theory. These theories have been selected to create an understanding of the importance of an organization’s structure when new digital systems are implemented as well as how new systems are implemented. In order to create an understanding of what is essential to maintain manageability and meaningfulness when work environment is changing, such as increased digitalization, the model KASAM has been utilized. KASAM is used to create a sense of coherence to the change of work environment, The research shows that management takes their employees´ work environment into account when implementing digital systems, however, the result shows that there is differences depending on which units that has been reviewed. There are examples of previous implementations where employees and customers have been negatively affected and where costs have radically increased. The newly introduced departments for digitalization along with new strategies for digitalization indicates that they now are on the right track in the way they are implementing new digital systems. Both management and employees are optimistic to continue the implementation together with the strategy for digitalization the result has created a good understanding for the aspects of importance in future implementations, which is promising for the municipality´s future development. The research also shows that NPM contributed to the municipality’s customer focus, results and effectiveness. It also shows that the municipality follows the trend towards increased digitalization in the public sector, which been advocated by the government.

Over the past few decades, the Swedish welfare system has undergone a process of marketization, characterized by the implementation of choice reforms. In order for citizens to be able to utilize their freedom of choice, a set of requirements have to be met. However, while it is argued in the literature that the conditions for choice reforms are worse in rural areas compared to urban areas, there is a lack of empirical studies examining these requirements in a rural Swedish context. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the market diversity requirement and the overproduction requirement in rural Swedish municipalities that have set up a system of choice for home care services in accordance with The Act on Systems of Choice (LOV). The results show that out of the sixteen municipalities included in the study, both requirements for functioning freedom of choice were fulfilled in four rural municipalities. Most commonly, the market diversity requirement was violated because of the absence of multiple established home care service providers. In some municipalities, the same requirement was also violated because providers failed to offer a variety of services. Further, the study shows that because some providers have restricted their operations to certain geographical areas within some municipalities, the ability for rural citizens to utilize their freedom of choice can differ within a municipality. All providers were able to accept new elderly clients, meaning that the overproduction requirement was fulfilled in all sixteen rural municipalities.

Abstract Background Occupational Burnout is one of the greatest challenges affecting the labour markets today. It is mainly caused by prolonged stress exposure due to the psychosocial work environment and is nowadays the fastest growing cause of long-term sick leave in Sweden. It therefor affects both the society, organisation and individual. It is thus a managerial concern to manage and structure the organisations in a sustainable way that maximises the use of human resources, rather than burning them out.    Purpose The aim of the thesis is to investigate the high level of sick-leave or burnout due to organisational and managerial factors in the Swedish educational sector, by focusing on the role leadership, organisational and psychosocial work environment plays in preventing/causing employees’ burnout. The authors attempt to contribute knowledge on why theory may not match reality in this case, as statistics of sickleave due to stressrelated illness remains high. Methods In this qualitative study principals, administrators, and teachers of four public compulsory schools in Jönköping and Öckerö are interviewed. Using semi-structured interviews, data is gathered, coded and analysed in relation to modern research literature on the topic of burnout as well as Swedish Work Environment Authority guidelines, to spot key elements of positive and negative factors which have affected the stress situations of the schools’ employees. Several factors from organizational and leadership perspective are examined to assist organizations to avoid or prevent burnout.   Results Prevalence of high burnout rates in schools in the cases studied, was associated with recent large reorganization of employees and administration; weak and inefficient leadership which did not strive to build relationships and open communication with teachers; low integration between sectors and working groups; lack of support and monitoring of stressed employees; low ability of employees to contribute to their workplace environments; the shortage of budgets issued by municipality.   Conclusions 1.The reason sick leave related to stress and burnout is high in the cases studied, is that implementation of research and policy guidelines is lacking behind in schools which suffer from employee stress related issues. As well as the current management model of the public sector may not benefit to prevent employee burnout.   2. It is possible to avoid employee burnout through adjusting the management and organizational structure, as adaptations toward dealing with employees’ stress are showing a positive sign on preventing the development of burnout.

國立故宮博物院（以下簡稱故宮）文物典藏是中國藝術與工藝中的菁華，也是歷史研究的重寶。故宮在Ｕ-Taiwan計畫下，期望透過建置故宮U化（提供行動載具、無線射頻、無線感知網路等）的基礎建設、數位內容及使用介面等關鍵資通訊技術，建置隨手可得網絡服務系統，配合故宮文物ID感知上網應用，普及故宮相關加值產品之電子標籤應用，健全故宮U化產品與服務的安全與信賴機制，推動故宮感知網路設備與應用服務產業，並發展博物館U化關鍵技術，促進U化故宮數位內容及加值產品之生活應用普及率，藉以協助強化博物館運用資訊科技之競爭力。未來打造U化故宮優質示範園區，使故宮精美的文物以U化技術貼近人群，走向世界，向國內外人士展現台灣的博物館在U化科技與應用的成就。 「Ubiquitous」象徵一個概念，意思是「神無所不在」。在資訊科技時代，這個字代表藉由各種資訊產品與網路，可以實現資訊無所不在的理想世界。配合u-Taiwan計畫，我國的U化建設主要是以無線感知、RFID為主的技術來進行。 RFID 運用於博物館館務作業，不但可節省人力、時間，還可以將資料做妥善的應用，增加擴大博物館的服務範圍層面。本研究就應用 RFID 全方略導入博物館經營模式，建議基本上可分為下列五項：門禁管理、自動導覽、典藏管理、盤點管理及出版發行管理。研究指出 RFID 應用於博物館的魅力在於協助導覽、增進學習效果、加速盤點作業與安全管理上，皆充分的展現出其優異之特性。因之，博物館業界，當應善加運用 RFID技術，並融合資訊科技，設計出適合博物館各自的經營模式與功能需求，以嶄新且多面向的展示，呈現予觀眾。 / The cultural relic preservation at National Palace Museum (herein referred to as NPM) is the essence of Chinese arts and crafts and the critical treasury of historical research. Under the U-Taiwan project, by establishing the basic equipment of a u-NPM (providing mobile appliances, RFID, wireless sensor networks and etc.,), digital contents and critical information and communication technology related to graphical user interface, NPM expects to: set readily available network service systems, cooperate with the application of NPM cultural ID sensor internet access, popularize the tag application of NPM-related value-adding products, construct the u-NPM products and the mechanism of service safety and trust, advance the equipment of wireless sensor networks in NPM and the application service industries, develop the key u-technologies, promote the digital contents of u-NPM and the daily applying penetration of value-added products to assist in reinforcing the competition of how museums making use of information technologies. The high quality demonstrative park of u-NPM will be created in the coming future so that the exquisite cultural relics with u-technologies in NPM will be closer to people and seen by the world. The achievements of u-technologies and applications in museums in Taiwan will be shown to the people in Taiwan and abroad. “Ubiquitous” represents a concept which means “God exists everywhere”. At the era of information technology, by using all kinds of information products and networks, the word represents that the ubiquitous information ideal world can be realized. To harmony with the U-Taiwan project, the u-construction in Taiwan is mainly based on the technologies of wireless sensor and RFID. With RFID being applied in the management at museums, manpower and time can be saved and the data can be properly used to increase and enlarge the service ranges of museums. The research introduces the full application of RFID into museum management models. Five basic suggestions are listed: entrance guard management, tour guide, preservation management, inventory management and publication management. Indicated by the research, the amazing parts of RFID application in museums are assisting tours, enhancing learning effects, and accelerating the inventory and safety management which all fully represents its outstanding characteristics. Therefore, the industry of museums should take a good use of the RFID technology and integrate information technology into RFID to design the management models and function needs fit for museums respectfully and display with new and multi-dimensions for audience.

Portés par des changements technologiques, des cadres juridiques nouveaux, une demande de financement croissante de la part des entreprises innovantes et une montée en maturité des opérateurs du marché, les professionnels du financement de l’innovation ont pour partie modifié leurs pratiques et de nouveaux outils émergent. Ces nombreuses évolutions posent des questionnements théoriques essentiels.La thèse vise à investiguer trois de ces modes de financement. Le premier, les Social Impact Bonds (autrement dénommés en France Contrats à Impact Social) sont un mode de financement de l’innovation sociale non entrepreneuriale apparu en 2010 en Grande-Bretagne. Le second outil analysé est celui du financement participatif (crowdfunding). Forme émergente de financement des projets entrepreneuriaux par la foule sur internet, il connait une croissance forte depuis une décennie. La thèse questionne l’impact du degré d’innovation sur la réussite des campagnes. Le troisième et dernier outil évoqué dans la thèse est celui des fonds de Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC), et leurs formes organisationnelles. / Driven by technological change, new legal frameworks, growing demand for cash from start-ups, and a growing maturity of market operators, innovation finance professionals have partly modified their practices. On the one hand, traditional financing tools have modernized their organizations and methods, and on the other, new forms of financing have emerged. These numerous evolutions open essential theoretical questions, while questioning the traditional theories of the financing of innovation as well as suggesting new theoretical considerations.The thesis investigates three of these modes of financing. The first, the Social Impact Bonds (otherwise known as Contrats à Impact Social, in France) are a way of financing the non-entrepreneurial social innovation that appeared in 2010 in Great Britain. The second tool analyzed is about equity crowdfunding. Emerging form of financing entrepreneurial projects by the crowd on the internet, it knows a strong growth since a decade. The thesis analyzes the impact of innovation degree on campaigns’ success. The third and last tool mentioned in this thesis is that of the funds of Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC).

Submitted by LUIZ PEREIRA (lp0709@gmail.com) on 2018-07-13T17:12:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - LUIZ PEREIRA NUNES JUNIOR.pdf: 6221499 bytes, checksum: c48e4ec68c518b7d7e45ae47732e5abc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-07-16T12:32:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - LUIZ PEREIRA NUNES JUNIOR.pdf: 6221499 bytes, checksum: c48e4ec68c518b7d7e45ae47732e5abc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T18:03:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - LUIZ PEREIRA NUNES JUNIOR.pdf: 6221499 bytes, checksum: c48e4ec68c518b7d7e45ae47732e5abc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-18 / Objetivo - Este estudo pretende avaliar os impactos da implantação de um modelo orientado por resultado numa cultura burocrática. Metodologia - A pesquisa utilizou o estudo de natureza qualitativa, pelo fato de este proporcionar a investigação que melhor permite explorar, descobrir e entender a realidade de um fenômeno, observando o “valor” das evidências que podem ser obtidas, o que proporciona ao pesquisador detalhes relevantes dificilmente alcançados com o enfoque quantitativo. Para obter a maior percepção do fenômeno em estudo, utilizou-se como método de investigação o estudo de caso quanto aos meios, exploratório quanto aos fins, do tipo 1. O plano de pesquisa adotou uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica, com o intuito de melhor se familiarizar com a investigação em questão. Durante essa fase foi também definida a questão de investigação e formuladas as questões norteadoras a serem investigadas com entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados – O estudo de caso mostrou que, apesar de existirem limitantes para a transição entre o modelo de administração burocrática e o modelo de administração gerencial, esta é possível, como demonstrado na Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro (SMUIH). Ficou caracterizada também a universalidade do modelo de administração gerencial, que pode ser aplicado a qualquer organização pública, municipal, estadual ou federal. Limitações – A principal limitação da pesquisa está na mudança na Prefeitura entre os anos 2016 e 2017, com troca de prefeito, secretários e diretrizes. Algumas informações da gestão anterior podem não estar disponíveis, não serem de conhecimento do novo time ou, ainda, a coleta e o registro de dados podem ter sofrido descontinuidade. Contribuições práticas – A partir desses resultados, as entidades públicas podem, além de enriquecer as discussões sobre a burocracia, aperfeiçoar sua gestão, buscando atingir melhores resultados e qualidade na entrega de seus produtos e serviços ao cidadão. Contribuições sociais – Devido ao elevado impacto do tema na sociedade, os dois modelos devem ser questionados para melhores resultados. O interesse crescente no modelo de administração gerencial deve-se à importância e à urgência em resolver os problemas públicos que enfrenta o mundo. Além disso, o pragmático reconhecimento de que os governos sozinhos não podem resolver efetivamente muitos desses problemas é algo diferente para os novos tempos. Originalidade – Este estudo contribui com informações relevantes para a melhoria do modelo burocrático, que podem ser aplicadas em muitos contextos diferentes e a qualquer entidade. O modelo burocrático tradicional vem se distanciando do cidadão, entretanto, atender às transformações é uma necessidade das organizações públicas, mesmo que não haja uma chamada “receita de bolo”, o que leva à convergência a um novo modelo gerencial. / Purpose - This study aims to evaluate the impacts of the implantation of a result- oriented model in a bureaucratic culture. Design/Methodology - The research used a qualitative study, since it provides a better investigation to explore, discover and understand the reality of a phenomenon, observing the "value" of the evidences that can be obtained. It provides relevant details to the researcher, which are difficult to capture with a quantitative approach. In order to obtain a better perception of the phenomenon under study, the research method employed was a case study, exploratory, type 1. An extensive literature review endorses the research plan and is the base for defining the research question and the guiding questions for the semi-structured interviews. Findings – The results showed that, although there are limitations to the transition between the bureaucratic management model and the managerial administration model, the transition is possible as demonstrated by the City of Rio de Janeiro (SMUIH). It also highlighted the universality of the managerial administration model, as it is possible to apply it to any public, Municipal, State or Federal organization. Research limitations – The main research limitation is the change in the City Hall government between 2016 and 2017 with the changing of Mayor, Secretaries and guidelines. Due to this government change, some information from the previous management may not be available, not be known by the new team, or the collection and recording of data may have suffered discontinuity. Practical implications– From these results, public entities can not only enrich discussions about bureaucracy, they can also improve their management in order to achieve better results and quality in the delivery of their products and services to citizens. Social implications– Due to the high impact on society, one should question both models for achieving best results. The growing interest for the managerial administration model is due to the importance and urgency of solving the public problems facing the world. Besides, the pragmatic recognition that governments alone cannot effectively solve many of these problems is something different for these new times. Originality– This study contributes with relevant information to the improvement of the bureaucratic model, which applies in many different contexts and to any entity. The traditional bureaucratic model has been distancing itself from the citizen, although responding to transformations is a necessity of public organizations, even if there is no "cake recipe" which leads to the convergence to a new managerial model.

eFörvaltning ses som ett medel för att göra kommunalt förvaltningsarbete mer effektivt och interoperabelt. Dock begränsas kommuner av oförmåga att uppnå det vilket försvårar genomförandet av deras uppdrag. En orsak till varför införandet av eFörvaltning inte ger de systematiska fördelar som efterfrågas beror på att införandet av informations och kommunikations teknologier (IKT) inte är tillräckligt. Förändringen som krävs kan inte ske över en natt utan är en gradvis förändring över tid som även kräver nya sätt att arbeta på. Kommuner behöver hantera sin eFörvaltningsutveckling på ett mer strukturerat sätt för att öka möjligheterna att förverkliga de fördelarna som sägs kunna erhållas. Enterprise Architecture (EA) har på senare tid kommit att ses som en möjlig lösning för att komma tillrätta med denna problematik. Genom att arbeta mot en EA skapas möjligheten att brygga IKT system med affärsprocesser och därigenom leda till effektivitet och interoperabilitet. Dock är EA inom offentlig sektor ifrågasatt. Forskare menar att EA saknar tydlig definierad omfattning och begreppsvärld, vilket gör användningen av EA inom förvaltningsarbete svår. De omfattande logiska EA ramverk som finns idag saknar innehåll som är specifikt relaterade till offentlig sektor. Vari det blir problematiskt att arbeta mot en EA inom offentlig sektor. Denna licentiatavhandling lägger följande forskningsfråga: ”Vilken roll har EA för införandet av eFörvaltning inom Svenska kommuner?” Samt följande underfrågor ”Vilka förutsättningar finns för att använda EA vid eFörvaltningsutveckling?” ”Vad har Örebro kommun uppnått genom att arbete mot en EA i deras eFörvaltningsutveckling?” Och ”Vilka problem har Örebro kommun upplevt av att arbeta mot en EA vid eFörvaltningsutvecklingen?”. En longitudinell fallstudie av ett eFörvaltningsutvecklingsprojekt i Örebrokommun genomfördes mellan 2007 och 2009 med syfte att utröna dessa frågor och för att skapa insikt om EAs roll för eFörvaltningsutveckling. Förutsättningar, resultat och upplevda problem vid eFörvaltningsutvecklingen studerades. I anslutning till detta empiriska arbete genomfördes även en jämförandestudie av eFörvaltningsmål såsom de anges i officiella statliga dokument inom så väl Sverige som i EU gentemot förmodade fördelarna med EA som diskuteras i samtida EA-litteratur. Studien visar att EA som fenomen ses som en förutsättning för att lyckas med eFörvaltning. 7 viktiga aspekter gällande förutsättningen för att lyckas med kommuners eFörvaltningsutveckling identifierades: Skillnaden mellan administrativa och politiska ansvaret, Politiskt mandat, Politisk timing, Resursfördelning, Samordning under NPM, Leverantörsberoende, Val av standard och bäst praxis. För att förbättra möjligheten att röna framgång i eFörvaltningsutveckling behöver dessa aspekter aktualiseras och hanteras. New Public Management (NPM) som styrmodell utgör ett strukturellt hinder för eFörvaltningsutveckling som förhindrar en mer explicit användning av EA-ramverk, vilket påverkar möjligheten att uppnå uppsatta mål negativt. Trots den strukturella problematik som föreligger, kan stöd erhållas genom att arbeta utifrån ett ”EA-tänk”. Ett ”EAtänk” kan här ses som ett medel för att påbörja förändringen mot en EA utan att för den delen explicit använda sig av ett EA-ramverk, eller -metod. Dock är det viktigt skapa en förståelse för att ”EA-tänk” som fenomen i sin tur ger upphov till strukturer och således kan leda till problem som även de måste hanteras för att eFörvaltningsutveckling skall lyckas. eFörvaltning, NPM och ett ”EA-tänk” skapar en strukturell triad där olika strukturella egenskaper i vissa fall sammanfaller med varandra vari de kan stödja kommuner i dess arbete och således bidra till positiv utveckling. Medan det i andra fall leder till negativ utveckling där administrationen upplever problem att ta till sig av de rekommendationer eFörvaltningsprojektet kan tänkas ge till organisationen som helhet. Paradoxalt nog skapar denna strukturella triad en situation där kommuner måste arbete runt sig själv för att komma framåt. Normer och befintliga strukturer i kommuner förhindrar effektiv samarbete både internt mellan olika förvaltningar och externt gentemot andra kommuner och landsting vilket leder till fragmentariska framsteg mot projektmålen och i slutänden även kommunens övergripande mål gällande eFörvaltningsutveckling. Givet de i många fall motstridiga strukturella egenskaper som finns mellan NPM och eFörvaltning innebär att det initiala arbetet mot EA i eFörvaltningsutveckling är ett ytterst komplext fenomen. För att öka möjligheten att eFörvaltningsutvecklingen blir lyckad krävs det att kommuner känner till och hantera den negativa inverkan NPM har på eFörvaltningsutveckling. Samtidigt behöver de känna till och hanterar problematiken som uppstår av att arbeta mot en EA genom ett ”EA-tänk”, Samt att som studien visat, EA ger inget stöd för mer politiseras mål, vari kommuner behöver annat sätt och andra strategier för sådant arbete. Detta är viktigt att beakta, speciellt med tanke på att mer politiserade mål i mångt och mycket är de mål som kommer premieras av politiker. Av just den enkla orsaken att politiker inte blir omvalda på grund av “effektiva IKT integrerade interna processer” utan blir omvalda utifrån förbättringar som är synliga och som gagnar medborgare positivt. Avhandlingen bidrar till forsknings genom att öka förståelse för och behovet av att hantera både positiva och negativa faktorer som påverkar möjligheten att lyckas med eFörvaltningsutveckling inom kommunalt arbete. Vilket inkluderar de 7 identifierade kritiska faktorer måste aktualiseras och hanteras för att öka möjligheten att lyckas. Den negativa effekt NPM har på eFörvaltningsutveckling och hur ett ”EA-tänk” kan leda till positiv utveckling, även om det som denna studie visat inte kan bidra till mer politiserade mål. Vad gäller denna licentiatavhandlings bidrag till praktiken så bidrar den med att belysa den problematiska situation som föreligger av att institutionaliserade strukturer i många fall verkar som ett hinder mot förändring. Studien möjliggör även till att kommuner kan skapa en förståelse för sin egna eFörvaltningsutveckling och möjligtvis kan verka för att inte uppleva samma problematik som identifierats i Örebros eFörvaltningsutveckling samt visa på hur en kommun kan arbeta för att hantera den problematik som inte kan förhindras alternativ som uppstår trots denna kunskap. / Governments struggle with inefficiencies and an inability to achieve interoperable information communication technology (ICT) systems. Apparent issues include a failure of local government to realize the benefits of electronic government (eGov) initiatives, high project failure rates, administrations hampered with inefficiencies, and a lack of interoperability between systems within the local government. Thus, local governments need to address their eGov initiatives in a structured way to improve their chances of providing the benefits that are sought after. Sweden’s eGov model is decentralized, following a strict new public management (NPM) model. Whilst eGov ought to bring benefits to local government, Sweden is still hampered by inefficiencies and an inability to achieve interoperable ICT systems. This has been the case for quite some time. One reason why systemic gains from adopting eGov have not reached the levels sought after could be that, in many cases, ICT implementations are not enough. The transformation needed for eGov is not instantaneous; it requires various new ways of working. Enterprise Architecture (EA) has come to be seen as a possible solution to the apparent issues of developing, adopting and managing eGov successfully. By utilizing EA, it is argued that it is possible to bridge ICT systems and business processes, thus making the organization more efficient. However EA’s usefulness for eGov development and adoption is the subject of debate. Some researchers argue that EA lacks clearly defined scopes and concepts, which makes the use of EA in government difficult. Whereas other argues that although EA frameworks are comprehensive logical frameworks, they lack content that is related specifically to government organizations. The thesis posits the following research questions: What is the role of EA in eGov adoption in Swedish local government? together with three sub questions: What are the prerequisites for using EA in Swedish local eGov adoption? What has the Swedish local government in Örebro achieved with its use of EA in eGov adoption? And What problems have the Swedish local government in Örebro experienced in its use of EA when adopting eGov? To explore the role of EA in eGov adoption a longitudinal case study is carried out on the municipality of Örebro’s eGov project MovIT, a project launched in 2007 that ended in 2009. I study the prerequisites, results and problems associated with using EA in Swedish local government as part of eGov adoption. A comparative study is conducted of the goals of eGov, as stated in official eGov documents at EU and Swedish governmental levels will attest as to the supposed benefits of EA in contemporary EA-literature. From the study, it can be concluded that EA, as a phenomenon, is thought to be, if not a silverbullet, then at least a prerequisite to eGov success. In term of prerequisites, EA use cannot assist Swedish local government where there are more politicized objectives; in this situation, local government is required to look elsewhere to find support for its work. The study identify several critical issues from the empirical study of the prerequisites: distinction between administrative and political responsibilities; political mandate; political timing; resource allocation; coordination under NPM; dependence on providers; and choosing among standards and best practices. These issues need to be acknowledged and handled appropriately by Swedish local government in order to improve the chances for success in eGov adoption. The study also showed that NPM as governance model becomes a hindrance in eGov adoption, preventing the project from a more explicit use of an EA-framework and negatively affecting the projects possibility to adopt eGov. However, despite this structural problem, it is still possible – as observed – for a project that is based on EA-thinking to begin working. EGov, NPM and EA-thinking form a triad, with structural properties that, in some instances, correlate. In such cases, this can lead to positive changes. However, in other situations, they are contradictory, resulting in Swedish local government having a difficult time in adhering to the suggestions endorsed by the eGov project. This lead to incoherent progressions towards requested results. The existing structures hindered effective cooperation, both internally between different departments and externally with other local governments. This licentiate thesis has shown that the initial use of EA in local government eGov adoption is complex. Given the contradictory nature of NPM and eGov, local government has to acknowledge the negative impacts of NPM on eGov adoption. As well as acknowledging the issues that arise from EA use, a key area is a lack of support of local government in an area that is most likely to be endorsed by politicians. Politicians do not get re-elected based on efficient internal processes with a highly integrated ICT; rather, changes must be visible to citizens and businesses. This licentiate thesis has also shown that ‘EA-thinking’, as a means for local government, can move towards an EA without the explicit use of an EA framework or EA method. However, ‘EA-thinking’ may give rise to other issues that need to be acknowledged and dealt with. This licentiate thesis contributes to research by improving our understanding of the nature and importance of promoting and inhibiting different factors. Including critical issues for succeeding with eGov adoption, the negative effects of NPM and how EA-thinking can lead to positive changes, even though it cannot assist local government in all aspects deemed important to eGov adoption. In terms of practice, this thesis contributes by highlighting the problematic nature of institutionalized structures and the effect that this has on eGov adoption. It also contributes by enabling local governments to acknowledge the problems identified. This allows them to better understand their own development and possibly avoid similar problems or at least have a better understanding of how to handle the issues that arise.

In our highly digitalized society, the dependence on digital solutions and systems is integral to the function of society. While digitalization has brought numerous benefits, it has also exposed society to vulnerabilities, making it susceptible to cyberattacks. The structure of vital societal functions, involving private subcontractors and long and digital supply chains. Along with the cooperation between public and private entities having inherent weaknesses it has created a vulnerable system. As vital societal functions bear the responsibility for public services and the protection of the personal information in their possession, it is crucial that they remain open to critical examination. Due to the complexity of cybersecurity and closely related subjects, the media plays an important role in conveying a nuanced depiction of the hacker attacks and establishing important connections to closely related discourses. This is essential for fostering critical examination and public debate, especially considering the assumed limited prior knowledge of the public. This thesis examines in what way cyberattacks against vital societal functions are portrayed in the Swedish media discourses and what connections to closely related discourses are being made. The focus is specifically on New Public Management, Public-Private Partnership, and Digital Supply Chains. Through a discourses analysis using an analytical framework inspired by Carol Bacchi, this thesis concludes that cyberattacks against vital societal functions are represented in a simplified way. The vital connections to other discourses are few and weak, resulting in a content-poor discourse that possibly hinders both critical examination and a public discussion on the subject.

I denna kritiska studie ämnar jag undersöka hur den svenska polisen konstruerar bilden av sig själv diskursivt i rekryteringskampanjen ”En större uppgift”. Sex texter publicerade på en av polisens officiella Facebooksidor har fått stå som studieobjekt och de är framtagna genom strategisk storytelling där en enskild polisanställd beskriver något eller några betydelsefulla skeenden ur sitt yrkesliv som polis. För att besvara hur polisen konstruerar bilden av sig själv har jag genom en transitivitetsanalys och en tematisering undersökt hur de centrala sociala aktörerna konstrueras, på vilka sätt identiteter och identifikationserbjudanden kommer till uttryck samt på vilka sätt värden realiseras i och genom texterna.  Studiens resultat visar att polisen konstrueras med språkliga resurser som återses i registret för strategisk storytelling, sprunget ur en marknadsdiskurs och de politiska direktiv som präglar polismyndigheten. Berättaren som organisationsrepresentant för polisen är den centrala sociala aktör som texterna handlar om och vars perspektiv läsaren får ta del av. Berättaren konstrueras som en handlingskraftig, flexibel och strategisk person som även är empatisk med ett respektfullt bemötande gentemot sin omgivning. Hen värdesätter mångfald och jämställdhet. Polisorganisationen görs inte så explicit eller synlig i materialet, utan förekommer i låg frekvens och konstrueras snarast som något berättaren tycker eller tänker om. Ändå framkommer det i analysen att polisen som organisation står för organisatoriska värden såsom karriärmöjligheter, god arbetsmiljö och gemenskap. Kort sagt visar analysen att polisen som organisation representeras genom berättaren och måste förstås genom denna, då de språkliga konstruktionerna annars i stor utsträckning döljer organisationen, dess identitet och värden. Vidare visar analysen att värden även realiseras genom exempelvis berättelsernas poäng och värderande språkhandlingar. Allmänheten, brottsoffer och gärningsmän utgör också centrala sociala aktörer i materialet, men realiseras i förhållandevis låg utsträckning jämfört med polisen. De ges snarast en funktion som hjälpmedel för att förmedla de värden och identifikationserbjudanden som polisen står för.

Den offentliga sektorn har länge kännetecknats av styrning och kontroll, där de använt den affärsliknande styrmodellen New Public Management med syftet att öka effektiviteten. Modellen var kritiserad, som en variant tillsatte därför regeringen 2016 en Tillitsdelegation med syftet att implementera en mer tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning. Avsikten var att främja verksamhetsutveckling inom offentligt styrda verksamheter. Faktorerna tillit och autonomi har visat sig skapa betydelse vid arbetssättet TBSL i organisationer. Närvaro av tillit ökar sannolikheten att medarbetare accepterar autonomi i högre grad på arbetsplatsen. Det som kan bidra till en relation bestående av tillit är en ökad grad av autonomi. Då fler arbetsplatser inom offentlig sektor planerar att implementera arbetssättet, och forskningen om dess effekter är bristfällig. Ämnar denna studie öka förståelsen inom ämnet genom att bidra med kunskap för vilka förutsättningarna för att tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning ska ha inflytande, samt vilka positiva och negativa effekter arbetssättet kan leda till. En kombinerad kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod har genomförts inom en svensk kommun. Studiens resultat överensstämmer delvis med teorin. Förutsättningar för att tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning ska fungera involverar hela processen, uppföljning samt återkoppling, vilket överensstämmer med teorin. Fem av tio undersökta faktorer var statistiskt signifikanta med tillit och autonomi. Därmed fann studien att den tillitsskapande processen och autonomi bidrar till ett organisatoriskt engagemang, återkoppling, relaterbarhet, arbetstillfredsställelse samt bekräftelse på arbetsplatsen. Arbetsglädje om utmaningar ges samt ett högre engagemang är effekter som tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning bidrar till. Studien visar även att arbetssättet främjar återkoppling och bekräftelsebehovet på arbetsplatsen. Medan autonomi är positivt korrelerad med både arbetstillfredsställelse och relaterbarhet. Detta indikerar att den höga möjligheten till anpassning som arbetssättet medför påverkar arbetstillfredsställelsen positivt, samt att upplevd relaterbarhet har en positiv koppling till autonomi. De utmaningar som studien fann att tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning huvudsakligen medför var processen, arbetssätt samt arbetsförhållanden. / The public sector has long been characterized by governance and control, where the New Public Management governance model has been used with the aim of increasing efficiency. This model was criticized, as a variant the Swedish government therefore appointed Tillitsdelegationen in 2016, with the aim of implementing a more trust-based management. The intention was to promote business development within publicly managed businesses. Factors such as trust and autonomy have been shown to create statistical significance in the way trust-based management works in organizations. The presence of trust increases the likelihood that employees will accept autonomy to a greater degree in the place of work. What can contribute to a relationship consisting of trust is an increased degree of autonomy. As more workplaces within the public sector plan to implement the way of working, and the research on its effects is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase understanding within the subject by contributing knowledge of the conditions for trust-based management to have influence, as well as the positive and negative effects the working method can lead to. A combined qualitative and quantitative method has been implemented within a public municipality in Sweden. The study's results partially agree with the theory. Prerequisites for trust-based management to work involve the entire process, follow-up, and feedback, which is consistent with the theory. Five out of ten investigated factors were statistically significant with trust and autonomy. Thus, the study found that the trust-building process and autonomy contribute to organizational commitment, feedback, relatability, job satisfaction and confirmation in the workplace. Job satisfaction if challenges is given to a sufficient extent, and a higher degree of commitment are effects that trust-based management contribute to. The study also shows that the working method promotes feedback and the need for confirmation in the workplace. While autonomy is positively correlated with both job satisfaction and relatability. This indicates that the high possibility of adaptation that the working method brings has a positive effect on job satisfaction, and that perceived relatability has a positive connection to autonomy. The challenges that the study found that trust-based management mainly contribute to the process, working methods and working conditions.