Iraq has in recent decades been with internal conflicts between ethnic groups. Despite the enormous wealth of natural resources, more than half of the population remains poor. War and corruption has led to lack of resources and worsening quality of the health sector leading to deteriorating health situation among the population. Womens role and experiences of health and health promotion is important in conflict affected countries to create health and well-being within the family. Objective: the objective of this study was to investigate the maternal experiece of promoting the health of children in an Iraqi context. Method:Aqualitative research methodology with semi-structured interviews was chosen.Six mothers from diffrent neighborhods in the city of kirkuk were interviewed. Data set was analyzed by using content analysis. Results: the results showed the theme of health promotion motherhood in a war-torn country with four categories.1-Health is life welfare.2-In powerlessness shadow.3-Knowledge and sisterhooa and4- anees for new health promoting community structures. Mothers were every day occupied with health promoting their children despite the obstacles to promote health. The results also showed that mothers valu sisterhood, education and security as access to healthier life. Mothers belife in change for a healthier future of children in iraq lies in the goverments ability to develop an infrastructure for health promotion with basic services,a functioning health care system and better hom environments.

With Legal pluralism, a state has more than one legal system in which rights can be attributed to citizens through private or religious actors. Lebanon has established religious family law through the constitutional charter, in which personal status is delegated to the country’s different confessions to govern. Citizens of different confessions are thus assigned different rights which particularly tends to affect the rights of women.  In this study, the impacts of Lebanon's legal pluralism on the legal status of women is being examined to give an understanding of how the legal system from a gender perspective, and to examine how the outcome affects women’s everyday life by the coexistence of religious and civil courts. The study also examines how Lebanon, with its current constitution, can fulfill the international law obligations stemming follow from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Through legal methods and semi-structured interviews made with civil society, legal and academic persons in Beirut - the current laws in Lebanon were analyzed based on the concepts of gender, male dominance, and private and public sphere to visualize the relationship of gender and its significance in the Lebanese legal system. The results of the study show that legal pluralism in Lebanon can be understood in relation to how the complex history of the country has influenced the formation of the judicial system in which a male norm is dominating. The rights of women have been thrust to the private sphere and a masculine norm permeates the Constitution, family law and civil laws, which creates gender segregation in society. Thus, gender affects the legal status of women and the impacts of legal pluralism affect their daily lives negatively as their legal status is subordinate to men regarding marriage and its dissolution, custody of children, and nationality.                       Regarding the Conventional right, the study shows that the current constitution allows for space to fulfill CEDAW. Thus, the protection of the Convention is not being fully implemented in neither the personal status related laws or civil laws. However, Lebanon has reservations towards key articles of the Convention which result in that the full potential of the Convention is not maintained. / Rättslig pluralism innebär att en stat har fler än ett rättssystem och att rättigheter tillämpas av statliga och privata aktörer. Libanon har genom konstitutionen etablerat religiös familjerätt som innebär att medborgare tillskrivs olika rättigheter efter trosbekännelse vilket särskilt påverkar kvinnor rättsliga ställning. I denna studie undersöks hur rättslig pluralism kan förstås ur ett genusrättsvetenskapligt perspektiv samt hur det påverkar kvinnors rättsliga ställning i Libanon. Studien undersöker även hur Libanon, med den nuvarande konstitutionen, kan uppfylla de internationella förpliktelser som följer av konventionen om avskaffande av alla former av diskriminering mot kvinnor (CEDAW). Genom rättsdogmatisk metod, genusrättsvetenskap samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer med civilsamhället, akademiker samt rättstillämpare i Beirut, har gällande rätt i Libanon analyseras utifrån begreppen genus, manlig dominans och privat och offentlig sfär för att visualisera förhållandet mellan kön och dess betydelse i det libanesiska rättssystemet. Resultaten visar att rättslig pluralism i Libanon kan förstås i förhållande till landets komplexa historia som har påverkat bildandet av det rättsliga systemet där en manlig norm präglar konstitutionen, familjerätten och civilrättsliga lagar vilket skapar könssegregering i samhället. Utfallet påvisar att det råder motsättningar mellan konstitutionella rättigheter vilket påverkar att kvinnors rättsliga ställning främst behandlas inom den privata sfären och blir undantaget som rättighetsinnehavare. I det dagliga samhället underordnas kvinnors rättsliga ställning avseende äktenskapet och dess upplösning, vårdnad av barn och nationalitet, i förhållande till den rättsliga ställning som män innehar. Avseende folkrättsliga förpliktelser visar studien att den nuvarande konstitutionen ger utrymme att uppfylla CEDAW. Dock följer av gällande rätt och Libanons reservationer mot centrala artiklar i konventionen hinder vilka innebär att konventionen inte upprätthålls.

For the last fifty years the liberal feminist approach has been gaining grounds on the national state level, instituting women’s agencies, gender quotas and gender mainstreaming within nation states. Encouraged by larger international institutions, such as the United Nations, liberal feminism has come to be adopted broadly world-wise advocating for a close relationship between the state and the civil society (Squires, 2007 and McBride & Mazur, 2013). In the advancement of liberal feminism, questions of genuine political parity between these two actors - the state and civil society organizations - has been raised, as well as the state’s capability to promote equal change in accordance with the organizations’ many agendas and beliefs. The aim of this study is to describe and gain understanding of the political environment of the women’s rights organizations in Argentina and the possibilities and challenges that they experience in relation to this development. By using an interpretive research design and theoretical perspectives of social movement theory, this study addresses the ways in which women’s rights organizations in Argentina experience their political opportunities to participate in decision-making processes. Particularly women’s rights organizations that have experience of the state on a national, provincial and local level in Argentina and across political parties in power are addressed in this study. This study presents a novel contribution to the discussion of State Feminism concerning the subject of working from the inside or outside the state, to social movement theory with the conceptualization on political opportunity and by instantiating the discussion with a case study in which it is contextualized and tested.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en kvalitativ uppfattning av lärares erfarenheter av barnkonventionens implementering i skolan. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med 11 lågstadielärare i årskurs 1-3 undersöks skolans implementering av barnets rättigheter. Studiens resultat analyseras utifrån implementeringsteorin och tyder på att det finns brister i undervisning både gällande barnets rättigheter inom skolan men även i lärarutbildningen. Det råder en otydlighet i de rådande riklinjerna kring vad som skall behandlas i undervisning om barnets rättigheter. För att lärare skall ha förutsättningar för en god implementering av FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter behöver läraren först och främst förstå barnkonventionen, vilket kräver att den direkta styrningen är entydig. För att läraren skall kunna implementera barnkonventionen i skolan behövs mera resurser. Om läraren förstår barnkonventionen och har tillräckliga resurser så har läraren goda förutsättningar för att barnkonventionen genomsyrar dennes handlingsätt förutsatt att läraren i fråga vill det.

Swedish libraries can be said to have entered a new phase characterized by librarians deliberately reflecting both on their libraries’ relation to society and on their own work procedures in libraries. One sign of this phase has been the campaign Bibliotek mot rasism (Libraries against racism). In this thesis, Bibliotek mot rasism together with three other instances of anti-racist actions on the part of librarians are investigated. These include the removal from libraries of children’s books featuring the character Lilla Hjärtat, the refusal to buy the book Massutmaning about the cost of immigration, and library associations not wanting to attend the Gothenburg Book Fair in 2017 because the racist newspaper Nya Tider was invited to attend the fair. The aim of the thesis is to illustrate the above mentioned new phase in library work. In order to do this, different texts in which the librarians explain their actions are studied. The questions asked are: How have the librarians reasoned? How have they looked upon their own role? Based on what contentions have they taken a stand? The results show different reasonings relevant to the different actions. When it comes to how the librarians have looked upon their own role and what arguments they have used to support their actions however, there are similarities between some of the librarians. The most frequently occuring roles are the willingness to show that the libraries are accessible for everyone and to stop the normalization of racism. When it comes to how the librarians argue to support their actions all of them refer to regulatory documents to do so. A statement referred to by several of the librarians is the equal value of everyone as regulated in the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Another regulatory document referred to by several of the librarians is the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

This thesis’s main purpose is to understand the recent debate in Sweden concerning the vaccine passport that was caused due to the recent spread of the corona virus. The focus is on what a variety of arguments and positions from different public political debaters have taken in a number of issues regarding vaccine passports. If they have been ideologically consistent regarding their previous ideologic positions in other debates in Sweden. First the thesis describes the three main ideologies used (liberalism, socialism and conservatism) and outlines their main positions. By doing so, the thesis can later compare what Swedish opinion leaders have argued in regards to the vaccine passport and therefore find out if they are relatable to their main ideology.  This has been made possible by the implementation of the design of an Ide whose purpose is to investigate and try to understand why different sides of this debate think about how they think about vaccine passports along with if it seems consistent.. The result points to that it can indeed be found ideological inconsistencies in some varieties. For example, if opinion leaders affiliated with the liberal ideology finding the vaccine passports useful might seem to clash with the main positions of the liberal ideology.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av att arbeta inom den sociala barnavården vilken förutsätter föräldrars frivillighet för att barn ska få sina rättigheter gällande stöd, skydd och delaktighet tillgodosedda. Studien har i synnerhet fokuserats kring att undersöka huruvida socialsekreterare upplever att föräldrars lagstadgade rätt till frivillighet begränsar barns lagstadgade rätt till delaktighet och skydd. Kvalitativ forskningsmetod valdes för att besvara frågeställningarna och studiens empiri består av intervjuer med sex socialsekreterare och en sektionschef, samtliga verksamma inom den sociala barnavården. För att bearbeta och analysera empirin användes tematisk innehållsanalys. Studiens teoretiska ramverk vilket empirin tolkats och analyserats genom består av två teorier. Den första teorin, gräsrotsbyråkrati, har använts för att förstå och förklara de dilemman som socialsekreterare behöver hantera och ta ställning till i sitt arbete. Den andra teorin består av barndomssociologi vilken utgår ifrån vikten av att betrakta barn som kompetenta aktörer i samhället. Studiens resultat visar att ett bra samarbete mellan socialsekreterare och föräldrar är avgörande för att barnet ska få tillgång till stöd. Vidare tyder studiens resultat på att socialsekreterare upplever att föräldrars rättigheter utgör ett hinder i deras arbete med att tillgodose och främja barns lagstadgade rättigheter. Föräldrars lagstadgade rätt till frivillighet riskerar att innebära att barnets rätt till delaktighet och skydd försummas. / The aim of this study has been to examine social workers experiences of working in social childcare, which requires parents voluntariness in order for children to have their rights regarding support, protection and participation fullfilled. In particular, the study has focused on investigating whether social workers feel that parents statutory right to voluntariness limits children's statutory right to participation and protection. Qualitative research method was chosen to answer the questions and the study's empirical data consists of interviews with six social workers and one section manager, all active in social childcare. To process and analyze the empirical data, thematic content analysis was used. The study's theoretical framework through which the empirical evidence was interpreted and analyzed consists of two theories. The first theory, street-level bureaucracy, has been used to understand and explain the dilemmas that social workers meet and need to deal with in their work. The second theory consists of childhood sociology, which is based on the importance of considering children as competent actors in society. The study's results show that good cooperation between social workers and parents is crucial for the child to have access to support. Furthermore, the study's results indicate that social workers feel that parents rights constitute an obstacle in their work to accommodate and promote children's statutory rights. Parents' statutory right to volunteering risks neglecting the child's right to participation and protection.

In Lebanon exists fifteen different religious courts treating personal status laws i.e., laws regarding marriage and divorce, one of these is the ja’farite court. The purpose of this essay is to clarify the process of marriage and divorce within the ja’farite court and to further investigate in which ways the ja’farite court violate women’s human rights. To answer these questions the research method used is a text analysis through a qualitative method where the analysis and the conclusion present the results of the research. The result and the conclusion present that the ja’farite court violate several articles from the CEDAW; Lebanon as a state has ratified CEDAW and is obligated to commit to their undertakings. Therefore, Lebanon should first and foremost engage in the abolishment of the religious courts but also establish adequate oversight mechanism to guarantee women’s human rights.

Bakgrund Gynekologisk cancer drabbar många kvinnor globalt och är ett samlingsnamn för äggstockscancer, vulvacancer, livmoderhalscancer och livmodercancer. Vanliga behandlingsmetoder inkluderar strålbehandling, cellgiftsbehandling (cytostatika) och kirurgi. Dessa behandlingsmetoder kan leda till påtagliga biverkningar som kan påverka den sexuella funktionen. Sexualitet utgör en viktig del av människans välbefinnande och har betydelse för övergripande hälsa. Det är dock viktigt att notera att upplevelsen av sexualitet är subjektiv och variationer kan förekomma bland individer. Rätten till sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa är universell, och hälso- och sjukvården bör sträva efter att tillgodose och främja denna rättighet genom att tillhandahålla information och resurser på ett personcentrerat sätt. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser av sexuell hälsa vid gynekologisk cancer. Metod ​​En allmän litteraturöversikt som undersökt vetenskapliga originalartiklar från databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. För att hitta dessa artiklar användes Mesh-termer och Cinahl Subject Headings och sökord relaterade till sexuell hälsa och gynekologisk cancer. Sökningen resulterade i elva utvalda artiklar som användes till resultatet. Resultat Denna litteraturöversikt fann att gynekologisk cancer och dess behandling negativt påverkar kvinnors sexualitet genom fysiska och känslomässiga förändringar, inklusive minskad sexlust och påverkan på relationer. Bristande informationsutbyte och stöd från sjukvårdspersonal ökar osäkerhet och lidande. Denna litteraturöversikt identifierade fyra teman relaterade till kvinnor som diagnostiseras och behandlas för gynekologisk cancer: sexuell funktion, kroppsbild och kvinnlig identitet, relationstillfredsställelse och kontakt med vården. Slutsats ​​Kvinnors sexualitet påverkades i olika grad av en gynekologisk cancerdiagnos och medföljande behandling. Det framkom dock att dessa upplevelser skiljde sig från person till person vilket förtydligar vikten av ett personcentrerat och holistiskt perspektiv i mötet med dessa personer. Ytterligare forskning krävs för att vidare undersöka kulturella skillnader, åldersskillnader och upplevelser hos dessa kvinnor. / Background Gynecological cancer affects many women worldwide and encompasses ovarian cancer, vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer. Common treatment methods include radiation therapy, chemotherapy (cytostatics), and surgical interventions. These treatment modalities may entail challenging side effects that can impact sexual functioning. Sexuality is a crucial aspect of human life and influences overall health. However, sexuality is subjective, and cultural differences in the experience of sexuality may exist. Everyone has the right to sexual and reproductive health, and it is essential for healthcare to meet and promote these needs through, among other things, personalized information and resources.​ Aim The aim was to describe experiences of sexual when effected with gynecological cancer​. Method A general literature review that examined scientific original articles from the Cinahl Complete and PubMed databases. To find these articles, Mesh terms and Cinahl Subject Headings, as well as keywords related to sexual health and gynecological cancer, were used. These resulted in eleven selected articles. Results This literature review found that gynecological cancer and its treatment negatively impact women's sexuality through physical and emotional changes, including decreased libido and effects on relationships. Insufficient information exchange and support from healthcare professionals increase insecurity and suffering. This literature review identified four themes related to women diagnosed and treated for gynecological cancer: sexual function, body image and female identity, relationship satisfaction, and healthcare communication. Conclusions Women's sexuality was variably affected by a diagnosis of gynecological cancer and its accompanying treatments. However, it became evident that these experiences differed among individuals, underscoring the significance of a person-centered and holistic perspective when engaging with these individuals. Further research is warranted to explore cultural variations, age-related differences, and the unique experiences of these women.​

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