With the increasing demand and interest in wind power worldwide, it is interesting to study the effects of running windfarms on the activity of reindeers and estimate the associated Zone of Influence (ZOI) relative to these disturbances. Through simulation, Hierarchical Likelihood (HL) and adaptive Lasso methods are used to estimate the ZOI of windfarms and catching the correct threshold at which the negative effect of the disturbances on the reindeer behaviour disappears. The results found some merit to the explanation that the negative effect may not disappear abruptly and more merit to the fact that a linear model was still a better choice than the smooth polynomial models used. A real-life data related to reindeer faecal pellet counts from an area in northern Sweden were windfarms were running were analyzed. The yearly time series data was divided into three periods : before construction, during construction and during operation of the windfarms. Logistic regression, segmented model, and HL methods were implemented for data analysis by using covariates as distance from wind turbine, vegetation type, the interaction between distance to wind turbine and time period. A significant breakpoint could be estimated using the segmented model at a distance of 2.8 km from running windfarm, after which the negative effects of the windfarm on the reindeer activity disappeared. However, further work is needed for estimation of ZOI using HL method and considering other possible factors causing disturbances to the reindeer habitat and behaviour.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att klargöra om den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker är förenlig med egendomsskyddet i artikel 1 första tilläggsprotokollet Europakonventionen. För att uppfylla det syftet utreds hur den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker ser ut, hur egendomsskyddet i Europakonventionen är utformat och slutligen om den svenska regleringen är förenlig med egendomsskyddet. Eftersom Europakonventionen är ett folkrättsligt traktat som dessutom har till syfte att skydda mänskliga rättigheter påverkas tolkningen av konventionen dels av folkrättsliga regler om traktatstolkning, men också av andra folkrättsliga instrument som exempelvis rör skydd för mänskliga rättigheter. Samerna är ett urfolk, och det finns folkrättsliga regler som skyddar urfolks markrättigheter. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte utreds därför frågorna hur Europakonventionen påverkas av folkrätten, samt vilket skydd urfolk har för sina markrättigheter enligt folkrätten. Utredningen av den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker visar att det är mycket svårt och kostsamt för samerna att i domstol styrka att de har rätt till vinterbete. Detta leder till rättsförluster eftersom samerna inte har råd att gå i svaromål i tvister rörande sin rätt till vinterbete. De områden där samerna kan låta sina renar beta om vintern minskar på grund av detta, vilket påverkar rennäringen som är en viktig del av den samiska kulturen negativt. När de folkrättsliga reglerna för urfolks markrättigheter utreds visar det sig också att den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker inte ger samerna ett skydd vilket är lika starkt som vad som följer av den folkrättsliga standarden. Utredningen av de tolkningsregler som är tillämpliga vid tolkningen av Europakonventionen visar att de folkrättsliga reglerna om urfolks markrättigheter är högst relevanta för hur konventionen ska tolkas. När egendomsskyddet i artikel 1 första tilläggsprotokollet tolkas med beaktande av de folkrättsliga reglerna blir det tydligt att den svenska regleringen av samernas vinterbetesmarker inte är förenlig med Europakonventionen. / The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain whether the Swedish rules concerning Sami reindeer winter pastures is compatible with the right of property provided for in Article 1 of the First Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). To fulfill this purpose, the rules concerning Sami winter pastures and the right to property in the ECHR will be examined, and finally it will be ascertained whether the Swedish rules are in harmony with the right of property in the ECHR. Because the ECHR as a treaty is part of public international law, and since its purpose is to protect human rights its interpretation can be affected by both international rules for treaty interpretation as well as other international law instruments. The Sami, as an indigenous people, have certain land rights according to several different international instruments. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis in a satisfactory manner will therefore require an examination of how the ECHR is affected by other rules in public international law, as well as the protection international law offers for indigenous peoples’ land rights. When the Swedish rules concerning Sami land rights are examined, it becomes apparent that it is very difficult and costly for the Sami to prove their right to winter pastures in court. Because of this the Sami oftentimes are not able to afford the legal costs necessary for them to adequately protect their right to reindeer winter pastures. Consequently, the areas which can be used by the Sami for reindeer herding during winters are shrinking. This affects the traditional Sami occupation of reindeer husbandry, which is an important part of Sami culture negatively. The examination of indigenous land rights under international law shows that the Swedish rules are not up to par with international standards. The examination of how the ECHR should be interpreted makes it clear that indigenous rights under international law are relevant for the interpretation of the convention. Finally, when the right to property in the ECHR is examined with regard to international rules concerning indigenous land rights it is clear that the Swedish rules concerning Sami reindeer winter pastures are not compatible with the ECHR.

I have in this thesis problematized the Swedish climate transition potentially making Sweden one of the first fossil free welfare states in the world. The forest industry has been designated as one of the central components of climate transition in that it will help replace fossil fuels and other unsustainable materials. One group being affected by the increased forestry is that of the Sámi reindeer herders. Not only are they already affected by the effects of climate change to a great extent, but the forest industry in turn causes problems for reindeer husbandry and is a direct source of reduced quality in forests which provide lichen, the primary food source for reindeer. I have conducted interviews with five reindeer herders in the Malå forest Sámi village, in Västerbotten, in northern Sweden, to gain a keener understanding of the effects of climate change and the forest industry on reindeer herding, from a security perspective. The results show that the interviewees perceive climate change and large-scale forestry as a threat to their livelihood connected to reindeer husbandry and, in turn, a significant part of Sámi culture and existence, and that the two exacerbate the effects of each other. Among the effects, are the loss of forest that provides shelter and sustenance for reindeer, as well as the wellbeing and spirituality of the reindeer herders. Using theories drawn from Anthropocene and postcolonial literature, I hereby problematize the climate transition in Sweden in that it is based on a particular way of viewing the relationship between humans and nature. This causes problems for reindeer husbandry, and ultimately a reduction in security for reindeer herders that is reminiscent of and upholding the frictional and colonial bonds between Sweden and Sápmi (the region inhabited by Sámi people).

Gruvindustrin växer i norra Sverige och sedan början av 2000-talet har ansökningar om bearbetningskoncessioner ökat drastiskt. Planerande av gruvor kan dock vara problematiska när de sker i renskötselområden och företrädare för det samiska samhället har kritiserat gruvbolagen för att inte ta hänsyn till samebyarnas synpunkter i sina miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar för nya gruvprojekt. Denna rapport ämnar synliggöra samebyn Jåhkågasska tjielldes perspektiv angående påverkan för deras rennäring av en eventuell gruvetablering i Kallak/Gállok. Med hjälp av en litteraturstudie samt kartläggning i ArcGIS har en scenarioanalys gjorts för att kunna beskriva och bedöma möjliga framtidsscenarier för Jåhkågasska tjielldes rennäring. Därefter har en jämförelse gjorts mellan scenarioanalysen och gruvbolagets syn på gruvans påverkan på rennäringen. Scenarioanalysen visade att samebyn ser en större påverkan på rennäringen än vad gruvbolaget gör. Bidragande orsaker till det är att gruvbolagets miljökonsekvensbeskrivning saknar utredd påverkan av kumulativa effekter, den har en för snäv systemgräns samt att den inte har tagit med berörda renskötares kunskaper om rennäring. Detta gör att det saknas en helhetsbild av påverkan på rennäringen, vilket gör att olika uppfattningar och konflikter uppstått. / The mining industry is expanding in northern Sweden and ever since the beginning of the 21st century the applications for exploitation concessions have increased rapidly. However, the planning of mines can be problematic when it's done in reindeer husbandry areas and representatives for the sami society have criticized mining companies for not taking the sami people’s aspect into account in their environmental impact assessments for new mining projects. This report aims to make visible the perspective of the Sami village of Jåhkågasska tjiellde regarding the impacts on their reindeer husbandry due to a potential mining establishment in Kallak/Gállok. With the help of a literary study and maps created in ArcGIS, a scenario analysis has been made to describe and evaluate possible scenarios for the future of the reindeer husbandry in Jåhkågasska tjielldes. After that, a comparison between the scenario analysis and the mining company's view of the mine’s impact on the reindeer husbandry has been made. The scenario analysis showed that the Sami village sees a greater impact on the reindeer husbandry than the mining company. Causal factors for the different views are that the company's environmental impact assessment lack an evaluation of impacts of cumulative effects, has a too narrow system boundary and does not include the reindeer herders knowledge about reindeer husbandry. This leads to an absence of an overall picture of the impacts on the reindeer husbandry, which has led to different opinions and conflicts.

In 2017, Sweden adopted a climate policy framework to meet zero emissions of greenhouse gases until the year 2045. In order for this to happen, Sweden must undergo a so-called green transition in which wind power could play a significant role. On the other hand, this development is not as indisputable as it seems, as it encounters resistance from other parties who share legitimate interests, for the land use, namely the Sami. This essay will therefore highlight the possible land use conflicts that may arise during the establishment of the wind turbines. The essay will be based on the collected empirical evidence that was done via interviews with the various parties, the wind power industry, and representatives from the reindeer herding Sami. This conflict over the land use can be restated as a wicked problem. That is, these two in a sense equally valid claims to the land use cannot easily be resolved as there exists no hierarchy of which claim is more important, or which claim is “right” which is also one of the main frameworks that will be analyzed in this essay together with potential environmental justice where this concept is discussed from three different perspectives. The results of this study show that the indigenous people feel that the menace from the wind farms not only threatens reindeer husbandry but also their culture and that these conflicts are due to too little consideration being given to it. Even though the Sami villages are compensated for the encroachments, the lost reindeer pastures are something they feel cannot be fully compensated. The conclusion refers that the main and alternatively the best solution to this insidious problem is to have an early dialogue with both parties and that a greater understanding needs to happen for the Sami to realize their importance. / Sverige antog 2017 ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk för att klara nollutsläpp av växthusgaser fram till år 2045. För att det ska ske måste Sverige genomgå en så kallad grön omställning där vindkraft kan spela en betydande roll. Dessutom är denna utveckling inte så obestridlig som den verkar, eftersom den möter motstånd från andra parter som delar legitima intressen, för markanvändningen, nämligen de renskötande samerna. Denna uppsats kommer belysa de möjliga markanvändningskonflikter som kan uppstå vid etableringen av vindkraftverken. Uppsatsen kommer att baseras på den insamlade empiri som gjorts via intervjuer med de olika parterna, vindkraftsindustrin och representanter från renskötande samer. Denna konflikt om markanvändningen kan återges som ett lömskt problem (wicked problem). Det vill säga att dessa två i en mening lika giltiga anspråk på markanvändningen kan inte lätt lösas eftersom det inte finns någon hierarki över vilket påstående som är viktigast, eller vilket påstående som är "rätt", vilket också är en av huvudramarna som kommer att analyseras i denna uppsats tillsammans med potentiell miljörättvisa där detta koncept diskuteras ur tre olika perspektiv. Resultaten av denna studie visar att urbefolkningen upplever att hotet från vindkraftsparkerna inte bara hotar rennäringen utan även deras kultur och att dessa konflikter beror på att det tas för lite hänsyn till det. Även om samebyarna kompenseras för intrången är de förlorade renbetesmarkerna något som de upplever inte kan kompenseras fullt ut. Slutsatsen visar att den främsta och alternativt bästa lösningen på detta lömska problem är att ha en tidig dialog med, och att en större förståelse behöver ske utifrån båda parter.

In environmental impact assessment (EIA), accident risk should be considered as one impact. However, few studies have compared assessed risk levels with documented accidents. There is thus a need for assessing accuracy of risk assessment methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop and examine a risk assessment guideline based on environmental assessment. The guideline examination was carried out along the railway and the road between Kiruna and Narvik, Northern Scandinavia. The examined hazards were avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, slush flows, torrents, moose and reindeer. Documented accidents were quantified into an accident level. For each hazard type, six sections/sites were assessed. The propensities of these hazards were analysed through environmental assessments, especially by utilising geomorphology. Then, the accident densities along the sections/sites were compared with assessed accident phase indices describing risk and hazard in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The average uncertainty factors for both the risk and the hazard indices were about 5. This implies a fairly good precision. Risk and hazard indices were also rated and compared to the accident density rates. Thereafter, railway and road information was split up as different proposal alternatives in an EIA context. The total risk for each proposal was compared with the total accident density. The risk assessment guideline proved to be cost-efficient, rapid and relatively reliable in comparing accident risk.

In environmental impact assessment (EIA), accident risk should be considered as one impact. However, few studies have compared assessed risk levels with documented accidents. There is thus a need for assessing accuracy of risk assessment methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop and examine a risk assessment guideline based on environmental assessment. The guideline examination was carried out along the railway and the road between Kiruna and Narvik, Northern Scandinavia. The examined hazards were avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, slush flows, torrents, moose and reindeer. Documented accidents were quantified into an accident level. For each hazard type, six sections/sites were assessed. The propensities of these hazards were analysed through environmental assessments, especially by utilising geomorphology. Then, the accident densities along the sections/sites were compared with assessed accident phase indices describing risk and hazard in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The average uncertainty factors for both the risk and the hazard indices were about 5. This implies a fairly good precision. Risk and hazard indices were also rated and compared to the accident density rates. Thereafter, railway and road information was split up as different proposal alternatives in an EIA context. The total risk for each proposal was compared with the total accident density. The risk assessment guideline proved to be cost-efficient, rapid and relatively reliable in comparing accident risk.

Abstract In Finland there is a food monitoring program which has found elevated dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in the muscle of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves. This led to further research on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in reindeer muscle, liver, and other internal organs. The research was further expanded on wild moose (Alces alces) muscle and liver. The main objective of this thesis is to increase knowledge of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) pollution levels in the Finnish terrestrial environment, and in semi-domesticated reindeer and wild moose in particular. The research gives information of exposure conditions in the reindeer’s food chain, as well as species differences and individual variation in accumulation and distribution of pollutants in reindeer and moose. Local differences between the contaminant concentrations were explored. Toxic equivalencies (TEQs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were calculated in order to assess the validity of selling reindeer and moose tissue. It was observed that there is a species-, individual-, and tissue-specific accumulation of dioxins, dioxin-like PCB, and PBDE compounds in reindeer and moose. Varying exposure conditions mainly explain the differences, although taking into account the age of an individual animal, its metabolic patterns have a role, too. Reindeer placenta and milk proved to be important factors in the transporting of compounds from hind to calf. The highest PCDD/F and PCB concentrations (as WHO-TEQs) were observed in reindeer calves in the study area in which animals are fed in natural pastures only. Despite the findings, it was concluded that it is safe to eat reindeer and moose meat since the concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the muscle are relatively low, and because of the low fat content in these animals. Reindeer liver, for its part, had quite a lot of dioxin-like compounds that may compromise its safety as food, at least on a regular basis. The study shows that Finnish semi-domesticated reindeer and wild moose are good indicator species of POP contamination in a terrestrial environment, reindeer describing the situation in northern parts of the country especially. / Tiivistelmä Suomalaisessa ruokamonitorointitutkimuksessa löydettiin kohonneita dioksiinien ja polykloorattujen bifenyylien pitoisuuksia puolivillin poron vasojen lihaksista. Se johti lisätutkimuksiin pysyvien orgaanisten yhdisteiden pitoisuuksista poron lihaksessa, maksassa ja muissa sisäelimissä. Tutkimus laajeni koskemaan myös hirven (Alces alces) lihasta ja maksaa. Väitöskirjatyö lisää tietämystä polykloorattujen dibentso-p-dioksiinien (PCDD), polykloorattujen dibentsofuraanien (PCDF), polykloorattujen bifenyylien (PCB) ja polybromattujen difenyylieettereiden (PBDE) pitoisuuksista suomalaisessa maaympäristössä ja erityisesti porossa ja hirvessä. Tutkimus antaa tietoa yhdisteille altistumisesta sekä viitteitä lajien- ja yksilöiden välisistä eroavai¬suuksista yhdisteiden kertymisessä ja niiden jakaantumisessa eri kudosten välillä. Alueellista vaihtelua yhdisteiden pitoisuuksissa selvitettiin myös. Maailman terveysjärjestön (WHO) asettamia PCDD/F- ja PCB-yhdisteiden toksisuusekvivalenttiarvoja (TEQ) tarkasteltaessa pystyttiin arvioimaan kemiallista elintarvikekelpoisuutta suhteessa EU:n antamiin sallittuihin pitoisuuksiin. Työssä havaittiin laji-, yksilö-, ikä- ja kudosspesifistä dioksiinien, dioksiinienkaltaisten PCB- ja PBDE-yhdisteiden kerääntymistä porossa ja hirvessä. Tämä on todennäköisimmin seurausta vaihtelevasta altistumisesta yhdisteille, mutta myös lajien metabolisissa toiminnoissa yksilön eri ikäkausina voi olla eroavaisuuksia. Poron istukan ja maidon havaittiin olevan tärkeitä yhdisteiden kulkeutumisessa emolta sikiölle ja vasalle. Korkeimmat dioksiinien ja dioksiinien kaltaisten PCB-yhdisteiden konsentraatiot (WHO-TEQ-pitoisuuksina) havaittiin poron vasoilla tutkimusalueella, jossa eläimet olivat laiduntaneet ainoastaan luonnonlaitumilla. Huolimatta havaituista haitta-ainepitoisuuksista todettiin, että sekä luonnostaan vähärasvaisen poron että hirvenlihan syönti on turvallista suhteellisen alhaisten dioksiinien ja dioksiininkaltaisten PCB-yhdisteiden pitoisuuksien perusteella. Poron maksa puolestaan sisälsi melko korkeita dioksiinien kaltaisten yhdisteiden pitoisuuksia, mikä voi vaikuttaa sen turvalliseen käyttöön elintarvikkeena ainakin usein syötynä. Suomalainen puolivilli poro ja villi hirvi sopivat hyvin POP-kontaminoitumisen indikaattoreiksi maaympäristössä; poron erityisesti kuvaten tilannetta maan pohjoisosissa.

Abstract A study is made of the dealings of the local people with the Board of Forestry in matters connected with the crown forests of Northern Finland in the 19th century, setting out from the creation of the Forestry Board, the establishment of its ways of working and its local impact on settlement and sources of livelihood. This state of tension was perpetuated by delays in implementation of the Great Partition and by the presence of cottagers and pioneer settlers living in the crown forests. One major question was whether these forests were intended primarily to serve the purposes of state forestry or of settlement in the north of Finland. An account is given of the attitude of the Forestry Board towards the traditional modes of forest use typical of the crown forests, including swidden cultivation, tar burning and the cutting of wood for domestic use. New information is presented on the part played by the Forestry Board in regulating swidden cultivation and tar burning. Another topic not previously addressed is illicit exploitation of the crown forests. This was common practice in the Tornio and Ii river valleys in particular, to the extent that forest wardens on the border with Sweden were supplied with pistols to deal with this threat. The sale of timber cut illegally from the crown forests to sawmills in both Finland and Sweden was widespread, and it was common in the Ii Valley to trade in the timber which the Forestry Board allowed private persons to cut as a form of relief to the poor. The grazing of livestock in crown forests was another bone of contention between Forestry Board officials and the local people, the controversy over cows and what damage they actually did to the crown forests continuing well into the 20th century and ultimately remaining unresolved. Similar disputes arose over spruces carrying beard lichen, on which the reindeer fed, once the demand for spruce pulpwood increased. The actions taking by the foresters in accordance with the law and the demands of their office aroused much criticism in Finland, and this polemic spread to the newspapers, the Diet and the literature of the day. It was the fate of the Forestry Board and its officials to become an object of suspicion and even downright hatred. Their interference with traditional sources of livelihood, modes of land use and ancient rights of exploitation was apt to give rise to friction and maintain an attitude of mistrust on both sides. The present work provides new explanations for the author Pentti Haanpää's famous saying, "Beware of fine gentlemen – and of foresters most of all", and modern forest management conflicts can be appreciated and understood better in the light of these events. / Tiivistelmä Olen tutkinut metsähallituksen ja pohjoissuomalaisten kanssakäymistä ja suhteiden muotoutumista Pohjois-Suomen kruununmetsissä 1800-luvulla. Lähtökohtina ovat metsähallinnon perustaminen, toiminnan vakiinnuttaminen sekä metsähallinnon vaikutus paikallisiin elinkeinoihin ja asutustoimintaan. Kangertelu metsänhoidossa ja liiketoiminnan aloittamisessa sekä yhteenotot paikallisen väestön ja lehdistön kanssa sävyttivät metsähallinnon ensimmäisten vuosikymmenten toimintaa. Hidastunut isojako sekä kruununmetsiin hakeutunut asutus, kruununmetsätorpat ja uudistilat, ylläpitivät jännittynyttä suhdetta. Suuri kysymys oli, olivatko kruununmetsät valtion metsätaloutta vai Pohjois-Suomen asutusta varten. Tutkimuksessa myös selitetään, miten metsähallinto suhtautui perinteisiin, juuri kruununmetsiin suuntautuneisiin metsänkäyttötapoihin, kuten kaskenpolttoon, tervatalouteen ja puun kotitarvekäyttöön. Metsähallinnon osuus kaskeamisen ja tervanpolton ohjailussa nousee esille uudella tavalla. Kruununmetsien haaskaajat eli varkaat ovat myös ennen tutkimaton teema. Kruununmetsien varastaminen oli yleistä erityisesti Tornionjokilaaksossa ja Iijokilaaksossa. Ruotsin rajan läheisyydessä toimineet metsänvartijat jopa aseistettiin pistoolein metsävarkaita vastaan. Varastetun puutavaran toimittaminen niin Suomen kuin Ruotsin sahoille oli maan tapa. Iijokilaaksossa turvauduttiin metsähallinnon käsikauppa- eli lupapuihin, joista tuli köyhäinavun, mutta myös keinottelun muoto. Keinottelu varsinaisilla valtionmailla eli haku uudistilalliseksi vain puutavaran vuoksi, kuuluu myös Pohjois-Suomen metsähistoriaan. Eläinten laiduntaminen kruununmetsissä myös asetti metsähallinnon virkamiehet ja paikallisen väestön vastakkain. Vielä 1900-luvulla lehmä kruununmetsissä oli kiistan kohteena. Lopullista selvyyttä siihen, mitä vahinkoa lehmä teki kruununmetsille, ei saatu koskaan. Lisäksi porojen käyttämät luppopuut eli naavakuuset hiersivät suhteita tilanteessa, jossa kuusipuulle oli syntymässä kysyntää paperipuuna. Metsänhoitajat saivat kritiikkiä toimiessaan viran ja lain vaatimalla tavalla Pohjois-Suomessa. Metsäherroja polemisoitiin sanomalehdissä, valtiopäivillä ja kirjallisuudessa. Metsähallinnon ja metsäherrojen osana oli 1800-luvulla olla epäluulon ja suorastaan vihamielisyydenkin kohteena. Puuttuminen perinteisiin elinkeinoihin, maankäyttötapoihin ja muinaisiin tapaoikeuksiin synnytti kitkaa suhteisiin ja ylläpiti epäluuloa molemmin puolin. Pentti Haanpään teksti "Herroja on epäiltävä aina – metsäherroja yli kaiken" on saanut uutta, selittävää ainesta ympärilleen. Nykyiset metsäkonfliktit avautuvat paremmin ja tulevat ymmärrettävimmiksi 1800-luvun metsähistorian kautta.

This thesis scrutinises the state plans for future mining operations in two specific areas in northern Sweden, namely Rönnbäck/Rönnbäcken and Gállok/Kallak, and how these plans have become issues of intense dialogues and debates nationwide during the previous years. This is partly because of environmental reasons but the primary matter is because these two areas have traditionally belonged to the indigenous Saami people where they are pursuing reindeer husbandry. Despite the many voices of the Swedish society as well as the Saami people that have been raised against the mining plans in these two specific areas, the Swedish government still approved the mining companies to start pursing their activities in both cases. Because of this, several human rights issues have been invoked against the Swedish state in terms of the directly affected Saami’s rights as an indigenous people. Some of these invocations have been made by referring to the ICERD and UNDRIP. Therefore, on the basis of the Saami’s right to fair rectification as an indigenous people, the aim of this work is to further examine how state actions for rectification, because of previous state conducted human rights violations, are being perceived by different actors; in this case the Swedish state and the Saami people. By applying the theoretical framework of rectificatory justice, and conducting the method of analysing the arguments and perceptions of the Saami people as well as the Swedish state, the main focus of the thesis is to further examine the two cases of Rönnbäck/Rönnbäcken and Gállok/Kallak. The thesis’ main finding is that there are many discrepancies between the Saami people and the Swedish state in terms of their views on fair rectificatory arrangements as well as the rights of the Saami as an indigenous people.