Constituant des réflecteurs d'urbanité, les espaces publics font aujourd'hui l'objet d'une attention accrue de la part des aménageurs et des planificateurs dans un contexte de compétition urbaine où l'attractivité devient l'une des principales stratégies de développement (Harvey, 1989). Dans cette perspective, de nombreuses transformations touchent les espaces publics, à l'instar de leur privatisation (Zukin, 1995 ; Le Goix et Loudier Malgouyres, 2005), de leur marchandisation (Sorkin, 1992 ; Zukin, 1995) ou de leur sécurisation (Németh et Hollander, 2010), soulevant alors des conflits d'appropriation. Les fonctions associées aux espaces publics, de sociabilité, d'interaction et de libre accessibilité (Ghorra-Gobin, 2001), évoluent donc considérablement. Ces changements ont été analysés par de nombreux auteurs, lesquels ont révélé les dynamiques de mise à l'écart et d'exclusion des personnes les plus marginalisées (Smith, 1996 ; Mitchell, 1997), dont la visibilité limite la portée des politiques urbaines de revitalisation. Pourtant, au-delà des espaces publics centraux et iconiques et de l'action des pouvoirs publics, des conflits d'appropriation se manifestent également dans les espaces publics ordinaires (Paddison et Sharp, 2007) et résidentiels. En construisant leurs " mondes ", certains groupes peuvent restreindre celui d'autres groupes et déclencher des cohabitations parfois difficiles. Comprendre ces conflits nécessite alors d'intégrer à l'analyse les rapports qu'entretiennent les citadins à leurs espaces de vie, primordiaux dans la structuration des espaces publics. En effet, dans leurs pratiques, dans la projection de soi dans l'espace urbain, les citadins participent à leur production (De Certeau, 1990 ; Lefebvre, 2000), et les appropriations mises en œuvre peuvent être vectrices de conflits, de mises à l'écart ou d'inaccessibilité à certains espaces publics. Plus particulièrement à une époque où les espaces publics tendent à être investis comme une extension du chez-soi, leur production dans la proximité et la participation des résidents peuvent déclencher des processus d'exclusion (Fleury, 2007) et de résistance des populations marginalisées qui investissent aussi ces lieux comme un " chez-soi ". Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'analyser ce type de conflits d'appropriation. Dans cette perspective, nous inscrivons notre réflexion dans l'interprétation de l'espace géographique comme structure topologique de positions (Desmarais, 1992 ; Hubert, 1993 : Parazelli, 1997). Ces préceptes épistémologiques nous permettent d'aborder le partage des espaces publics à travers les concepts d'appropriation et d'habiter, et de porter une attention particulière aux pratiques mises en œuvre par les riverains et les personnes marginalisées dans leurs espaces de vie. Cela nous permet notamment d'éclairer le sens de l'appropriation des espaces publics et d'expliciter les significations relatives aux conflits. En tissant également des liens théoriques avec les concepts de purification de l'espace (Sibley, 1995) et d' " out of place " (Cresswell, 1996), il s'agit de comprendre comment les pratiques mises en œuvre dans ces appropriations peuvent se contraindre les unes les autres et marginaliser davantage les personnes marginalisées. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés à deux quartiers, la Goutte d'Or à Paris et le Village Shaugnessy à Montréal, à vocation davantage résidentielle qu'iconique, et au sein desquels se manifestent des conflits pour l'appropriation des espaces publics. À travers une cinquantaine d'entrevues avec divers acteurs : des riverains et des personnes marginalisées ou des travailleurs communautaires mais également des responsables politiques, des urbanistes et architectes, nous montrons comment les espaces publics s'avèrent particulièrement importants dans les pratiques d'habiter. Ceux-ci constituent des positions attractives que les personnes marginalisées et les riverains investissent de manière à se les approprier et à pouvoir s'y reconnaître. Par les socialisations et leur occupation, les personnes marginalisées parviennent ainsi à constituer un " chez-soi " identificatoire tandis que par leur réappropriation, par l'animation et leur embellissement, les riverains les instituent comme une extension résidentielle du " chez-soi ". Or, ces dynamiques d'appropriation, et les prégnances qu'elles inscrivent dans l'espace, vont à l'encontre les unes des autres. L'inadéquation de la présence et des comportements des personnes marginalisées avec le mode de vie résidentiel désiré du quartier constitue l'un des éléments moteurs de la mobilisation des riverains et des désirs de purification de l'espace (Sibley, 1995). Face aux pratiques des personnes marginalisées s'affirment alors le " commun " des valeurs résidentielles désirées et la constitution d'un " nous ". Or ces exigences résidentielles renvoient à la volonté des riverains de créer un " intérieur coexistentiel " (Sloterdijk, 2005) protecteur dans l'ensemble des espaces publics du quartier, au sein duquel les personnes marginalisées ne sont pas incluses, à moins de s'y conformer. La diffusion de valeurs résidentielles dans les espaces publics limiterait ainsi les prégnances associées à la marginalité, réduisant leur sentiment d'appartenance au quartier et la reconnaissance de soi, et les incitant alors à se déplacer, à adopter des tactiques de résistance pour maintenir leur occupation des lieux ou à normaliser leurs comportements. De fait, dans ces espaces publics ordinaires, des rapports de force se manifestent également pour leur appropriation, mettant en lumière des rapports de pouvoir qui s'éloignent du revanchisme ou de la tolérance zéro. Ceux-ci prennent une forme plus subtile de dispersion, à travers le contrôle des références topologiques associées aux diverses positions. Ces résultats invitent alors à interroger le partage des espaces publics à travers la cohabitation et à réfléchir aux moyens de faire des espaces publics des lieux dans lesquels l'ensemble des habitants d'un quartier puisse se reconnaître.

Inspired by critiques of controlled elections under “single-party rule,” this dissertation explores the performance, implications and potentials of China’s village elections. It first reviews the most important studies on the progress of China’s grassroots democracy and then analyzes the social-political background of village self-management which to date has been neglected in the academic literature. Based on empirical studies conducted in Sichuan, this dissertation investigates the roles and attitudes of various participatory groups in village elections and in the course of electoral reforms. It also discusses the failure of the existing law to set out fundamental rules for village elections and to effectively guide people’s behavior. Further, this dissertation offers detailed recommendations to improve the existing law in order to guarantee the accessibility, authenticity and competitiveness of village elections. / Graduate / 0398 / 0616 / aloeke@gmail.com

Submitted by Suemi Higuchi (suemi.higuchi@fgv.br) on 2008-11-11T13:42:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CPDOC2008BrunodeAraujoMendes.pdf: 2285206 bytes, checksum: 4e57f1ddb97fce0aac1fb1c7552130eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2008-11-11T13:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPDOC2008BrunodeAraujoMendes.pdf: 2285206 bytes, checksum: 4e57f1ddb97fce0aac1fb1c7552130eb (MD5) / The main objective of this thesis is to analyse through a study case how the issue of 'intergrupal prejudice' can be identified in the historical development of small Brazilian municipalities. The central object chosen was Cachoeira da Prata town’s history of memory and it was searched to debate how the social differentiation process of the small community founded by the ex-slave Nicolau Teixeira took place in relation to the rest of the town. Therefore, the thesis was divided into two parts. The first is formed by the first three chapters in which it is presented the industrial village of Cachoeira de Macacos as the scenario where Commander Américo Teixeira is identified as the major leader of a political and industrial domination project that left lengthy footprints in the memory of the town’s oldest population. In this context, it was searched to debate how the post-emancipation of slavery phenomena happened in the locality, analyzing part of the ex-slave Nicolau Teixeira life’s trajectory, a loyal supporter of the Commander Américo political project that became in mid 20th century the patricarch of a community founded in the vicinity of the old industrial village. The second part, it is exclusively based on the fourth chapter in which is debated in a combined way the history of the social differentiation of the community and the different political and methodological positions that were adopted throughout the research. Thereafter the analysis, it was concluded that is only possible to understand the process meanders that took Nicolau Teixeira’s descendents to the condition of social exclusion after they were identified as capable actors to elaborate representations and narratives that help the population of Cachoeira da Prata to know 'another side' of the local history. / O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar, através de um estudo caso, como a questão do 'preconceito intergrupal' pode ser percebida no desenvolvimento histórico de pequenos municípios brasileiros. Escolhendo a história da memória da cidade de Cachoeira da Prata como objeto central, buscamos discutir como ocorreu o processo de diferenciação social da pequena comunidade formada pelos descendentes do ex-escravo Nicolau Teixeira do restante da cidade. Para tanto, dividimos a dissertação em duas partes. A primeira é formada pelos três primeiros capítulos, nos quais apresentamos a vila fabril de Cachoeira de Macacos como o cenário, no qual o cel. Américo Teixeira é identificado como o líder maior de um projeto de domínio político e industrial que deixou marcas duradouras na memória da população mais antiga da cidade. Nesse contexto, buscamos discutir como o fenômeno do pós-emancipação da escravidão se manifestou na localidade, analisando parte da trajetória de vida do ex-escravo Nicolau Teixeira, um leal apoiador do projeto político do cel. Américo, que se tornou, na primeira metade do século XX, o patriarca de uma comunidade criada nas imediações da antiga vila fabril. Na segunda parte, composta exclusivamente pelo quarto capítulo, discutimos de maneira conjugada, a história da diferenciação social da comunidade e diferentes posicionamentos políticos e metodológicos que adotamos ao longo da pesquisa. Após essa análise, concluímos que só é possível entender os meandros do processo que levou os descendentes de Nicolau Teixeira à condição de exclusão social após percebê-los como atores capazes de elaborar narrativas e representações que auxiliam a população de Cachoeira da Prata a conhecer um 'outro lado' da história local.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ismael.pdf: 2238943 bytes, checksum: 320141c48f88391b9d6579b4d7cb8490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the installation of the first coal mine companies at the town of Criciúma, a ample contingent populational, coming mostly from coastal regions migrating to the city and looking for jobs at the coal sector. Between the years 1930 and 1960, the extraction of coal reached a peak, creating a series of problems in the social field. In this same period, they anchor at the citty autarchies governmental, civil entities and religious associations, having as a goal implement with the miner population a series of public policies looking for social assistance. The villages of the coal mine complex it was the principal space of action of these institutions. The village of Próspera was the biggest and more populational village, beeing property of National steel metallurgy Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional), became the principal place for inumerous assistance projects, having for objective disciplinary the workers inside and outside the factory. Manager by the coal mine companny and financial by SESI SC. Part of these workers were realized by the assembly from the Congregation of little sisters of divine providence, by series of popular courses,tryed to introduce between the miners families practices and values from bourgeoisie familiar norms / A partir da instalação das primeiras companhias mineradoras na cidade de Criciúma, um grande contingente populacional, oriundo principalmente das regiões litorâneas migrou para o município em busca de empregos no setor carbonífero. Entre os anos de 1930 e 1960, a extração do carvão mineral chegou a seu ápice, gerando uma série de problemas no campo social. Neste mesmo período, instalaram-se na cidade autarquias governamentais, entidades civis e congregações religiosas, com intuito de implementar junto às populações mineiras uma série de políticas públicas voltadas à assistência social. As vilas operárias do complexo carbonífero criciumense foram o principal espaço de atuação destas instituições. Dentre estas, a vila operária Próspera, a maior e mais densamente povoada e de propriedade da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, tornou-se alvo de inúmeros projetos assistenciais tinham por objetivo disciplinar o operariado dentro e fora da fábrica. Gerenciados pela própria empresa mineradora e financiados pelo SESI-SC parte destes trabalhos foi realizado pela congregação das Pequenas Irmãs da Divina Providência, que através de uma série de cursos populares, tentaram introduzir entre as famílias de mineiros práticas e valores da norma familiar burguesa

As the historical text by João Cabral de Melo, even today many severinos - husbands, fathers, sons and brothers - leave the Northeast, motivated by dreams of thriving in toil and find a meaning for their existence, fleeing from a place that feels like death and going in search of another life. However, in these new times, the destination is not the city-capital, but distant and almost uninhabited regions of the country. A question arises: if to the men still remains this possibility, for the women who stay here, what is reserved? And what is expected of them? And what they expect? Through some narratives, this work aims to discuss and problematize the meetings of Severinas women, northeastern of the backlands of Sergipe, with the news and vices that the work of his men gives them and the changes it produces in the life of the place and the people. How to occupy, if they occupy, those territories and what tatics invent to better put themselves in them. How they see themselves in these places and how in them, they assign territories, between lack of the kinsman, the expectation for his return and requirements that him absence presentified. / Como no histórico poema cabralino, ainda hoje muitos Severinos - maridos, pais, filhos e irmãos - saem do Nordeste, motivados pelo sonho de prosperar na labuta e encontrar um sentido para suas existências, fugindo de um lugar como sendo de morte e indo em busca de outra vida. Porém, nesses novos tempos, o destino não é a cidade-capital, mas regiões distantes e quase inabitadas do país. Surge uma questão: se aos homens resta ainda essa possiblidade, às suas mulheres que aqui ficam, o que é reservado? E o que delas se espera? E o que elas esperam? Por meio de algumas narrativas, esse trabalho propõe discutir e problematizar os encontros de mulheres Severinas, nordestinas do sertão sergipano, com as novidades e vicissitudes que o trabalho de seus homens lhes propicia e as alterações que produz na vida do lugar e das pessoas. Como ocupam, se é que ocupam, aqueles territórios e que táticas inventam para melhor se colocarem neles. Como se enxergam nesses lugares e como neles fixam territórios, entre a falta do ente, a expectativa por seu retorno e as exigências que sua ausência presentifica.

This Masters Thesis, titled |A Política dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais na Busca Sisifiana pelo Desenvolvimento|, aims to analyze the structural changes expressed by adjusting socio productive in the municipalities of Porto da Folha (SE) and Gararu (SE) with the institutionalization the National Policy on Support to Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs), considered as catalysts of development included in the territorial approach. The analysis was based on the assumptions of dialectical materialism, observing the main determinations in contradictory relation between capital/work on different scales. Speaking of Territorial Development submits the Hinterland of Sergipe to a Development Plan that involves the internalization and devolution of productive activities in Sergipe, linking the field to the market through the National Policy to Support LPAs. We have analyzed the limits of planning the state, while the second order mediation, from the regulator thought and the tripartite relationship Capital-Market-State, and we have investigated the contradictions of Local Development opposite the Structural Crisis of Capital, as well as its bases on studies about productive agglomerations and their ideological substrate. In this context, unveil the LPA on the scales of capital and its forms of local control forth the market, while totalizing process, mischaracterizing planning under the uncontrollable character of capital. The expansion of the logic of capital carries the intensification of exploitation of labor. Without autonomy, the peasant suffers from capitalist control of production, labor and land. Finally, we have analyzed the main contradictions of institutionalization of APL through the involvement of familiar production units characterized as small productive centers; the adequacy and enhancement of the productive process for the market; search for sustainable activities; incorporation of productive innovations; the territorial pact and encouraging the named social capital. We have concluded that LPA is part of the Development Project which seeks to alleviate the crisis of capitalism by market regulation. Thus, the state acts as mediator of the capital, the guarantee of private property as a function of capitalist system. Beyond duality between the Keynesian view and the liberal, the analysis of LPA has showed that the State and the market are inseparable in the capital system. In this sense, the quest for production control, land and labor reveals the quest for expansion and domination of territory to the capital, emerged in the insolubility of its structural crisis. / A presente Dissertação de Mestrado, intitulada A Política dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais na Busca Sisifiana pelo Desenvolvimento , teve como objetivo analisar as alterações estruturais expressadas pelo ajustamento sócio produtivo nos municípios de Porto da Folha (SE) e Gararu (SE) com a institucionalização da Política Nacional de Apoio aos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs), considerados como catalizadores do desenvolvimento, inscritos na abordagem territorial. A análise foi fundamentada nos pressupostos do materialismo dialético, observando as principais determinações na relação contraditória capital/trabalho em suas diferentes escalas. O discurso do Desenvolvimento Territorial submete o Sertão Sergipano a um Plano de Desenvolvimento que envolve a desconcentração e interiorização das atividades produtivas em Sergipe, vinculando o campo ao mercado através da Política Nacional de Apoio aos APLs. Analisamos os limites do planejamento do Estado, enquanto mediação de segunda ordem, a partir do pensamento regulador e pela relação tripartide Capital-Estado-Mercado, e investigamos as contradições do Desenvolvimento Local frente à Crise Estrutural do capital, como também sua base nos estudos sobre aglomerações produtivas e seu substrato ideológico. Nesse contexto, desvelamos o APL nas escalas do capital e suas formas de controle local ante o mercado, enquanto processo totalizante, descaracterizando o planejamento sob o caráter incontrolável do capital. A expansão da lógica do capital carrega consigo a intensificação da exploração do trabalho. Sem autonomia, o camponês fenece ao controle sociometabólico da produção, do trabalho e da terra. Por fim, analisamos as principais contradições da institucionalização dos APL por meio do envolvimento das unidades de produção familiar caracterizadas como pequenos núcleos produtivos; da adequação e potencialização do processo produtivo para o mercado; da busca por atividades sustentáveis; da incorporação de inovações produtivas; do pacto territorial e do estímulo ao chamado capital social. Tendo concluído que o APL faz parte de um Projeto de Desenvolvimento que busca mitigar a crise do capitalismo por meio da regulação do mercado. Dessa forma, o Estado age como mediador do capital, na garantia da propriedade privada em função do sistema sociometabólico. Para além da dualidade entre a visão keynesiana e a liberal, a análise do APL permitiu concluir que o Estado e o Mercado são indissociáveis no sistema do capital. Neste sentido, a busca pelo controle da produção, da terra e do trabalho revela a busca pela expansão e domínio do território para o capital, emergido na insolubilidade de sua crise estrutural.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ednilse M Willers.pdf: 678061 bytes, checksum: 3cb9de74dc7de49b5474f9b62f1c13d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / The objective of this research was to analyze and to define a strategy of economic development that consolidates the economic emergency of Terra Roxa City - PR. Based on the theoretical premise of Hirschman (1974, 1996), in which the industrial expansion is a consequence of the economic development and the local is becoming the space of reference of strategic actions stimulating this expansion, the causes of the economic emergency of Terra Roxa were identified. The results of this research evidenced that its emergency is a consequence of the industrial base formed by micro, small and medium companies that are specialized in the branch of infantile confections. This industrial base has been responsible for the changes in the productive structure of the city, from urban-agricultural to urban-industrial, producing a sequence of events, stimulators of the local economy. As final result of this research, a strategy of economic development for the base was proposed. This strategy aims to the consolidation of the industrial base of infantile confections in Terra Roxa, stimulating the necessary structural changes to the productive chains that will lead, with the times, the economic development of the city. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar e definir uma estratégia de desenvolvimento econômico que consolide a emergência econômica do município de Terra Roxa - PR. Partindo da premissa teórica de Hirschman (1974, 1996), que a expansão industrial é um reflexo do desenvolvimento econômico e que o local passa a ser o espaço de referência de ações estratégicas que estimulam essa expansão, foi identificado às causas da emergência econômica de Terra Roxa. Através dos resultados da pesquisa constatou-se que a sua emergência adveio da base industrial formada por micro, pequenas e média empresas que se especializaram no ramo de confecções infantis. Esta base industrial esta sendo responsável pelas mudanças na estrutura produtiva do município, de urbano-rural para urbano-industrial, produzindo uma seqüência de eventos estimuladores da economia local. Como resultado final da pesquisa, foi proposta uma estratégia de desenvolvimento econômico pela base. Esta estratégia visa à consolidação da base industrial de confecções infantis de Terra Roxa, estimulando as mudanças estruturais necessárias aos encadeamentos produtivos que levarão, ao longo do tempo, o desenvolvimento econômico do município.

Ce travail est le résultat de recherches réalisées d’abord dans le cadre d’un programme d’archéologie préventive (2001-2004), puis d’une bourse doctorale à l’ULB entre 2004 et 2010 (Introduction générale). Les sites étudiés sont localisés dans la région de Kribi (côte camerounaise) et sont essentiellement composés de fosses, qui sont très certainement les vestiges des premières entités villageoises ayant habité la zone forestière atlantique du Cameroun vers ca. 3000BP (Chap. 1). La méthodologie adoptée varie sensiblement selon les deux programmes (Chap. 2). Le matériel analysé, surtout la céramique (Chap. 3, 4 et 5), a été récolté au cours des fouilles de sauvetage et programmées et a permis de définir une chronoséquence générale entre ca. 1000 BC et ca. AD 1000 (Chap. 6) qui comprend trois traditions céramiques :la Tradition de Bissiang (période de Transition Âge de la Pierre/Âge du Fer, Cal 1000-400 BC), le Groupe de Mpoengu (Âge du Fer I, Cal 400-50 BC) et la Tradition de Bidjoka (Âge du Fer II, Cal AD 0-1000). Cette dernière tradition est aussi contemporaine de l’apparition de sociétés complexes sur la côte méridionale camerounaise et ses environs, dont les sites se caractérisent surtout par la présence de ce qui semble être des structures funéraires, dans lesquelles on trouve de nombreux objets en fer (parures, armes, etc.) disposés de manière particulière et généralement associés à de poteries carénées décorées.<p>Une étude comparative de la chronoséquence de la zone côtière a été faite avec celles déjà établies pour les zones avoisinantes, notamment au centre du Cameroun et dans les pays voisins (Chap. 7). Ce rapprochement a permis de conclure, entre autres, à une parenté culturelle entre la Tradition de Bissiang et celle d’Obobogo identifiée dans la région de Yaoundé (zone de forêt mixte). Enfin, l’ensemble des études comparatives a aussi conduit à faire quelques spéculations sur le peuplement de l’Afrique Centrale forestière depuis environ 3000 BP (Conclusion générale). <p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis "Zbraslavsko in sources of collective character 17.-19. century" treats informations from the register of births, marriages and deaths of the church St. James the Greater in Zbraslav in 1652-1800 years. The purpose of this thesis next to basic demographical data is the first name question - what (or who) had a bearing on this selection. Here are writing out all first names of this time together with the main factors, which have been able to decide on bearing the first name.

This study investigates different ways of efficiently educating learners to become bi- or multilingual. In the introduction relevant background information concerning the definition of bilingualism is given and related issues are being discussed, such as language learning, language awareness, bilingual instruction and bilingual education models. Human beings are characterised by language, but also by social and cultural tradition. In the context of globalisation pluralism and multiculturalism are common factors affecting even previously isolated communities. Bi- and multilingualism are some of the strategies of adaptation to this reality. It can be assumed, that this development will continue rapidly as the inhabitants of the global village grow in and adapt to this realisation. In countries with a history and tradition of multilingual and bilingual education like South Africa, Canada, Luxembourg and Belgium and also in countries where immigration results in issues of multilingual and bilingual challenging society like in the USA one finds a great variety of answers to these problems posed. The situation in Germany is different, because bilingualism became an issue only fairly recently due to the actual demands brought by the European union. In South Africa the social context determines largely that people are inclined to bi- and multilingualism and the educational system tries to promote this predisposition by means of bi- or multilingual models in schools, so that the learners become efficient facing the bi- and multilingual challenges of their diverse and pluralistic society. In the USA on the other hand the need arises to provide for minority groups, so that they can retain their mother tongue (e.g. Spanish) while becoming fluent in the predominant language (i.e. American). Lastly the new development of the European Union has led Germany to actively promote bi- und multilingual education to aid the integration of Germans in the Union. The various models developed in these countries are studied in the wide variety of their different social and historical contexts. The main part of the study comprises a systematic overview of the various bilingual education models that are being implemented in different countries. These countries include the USA, Canada, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium and lastly and more detailed, South Africa. A number of different circumstances surrounding bi- or multilingualism in the various countries have given rise to a large variety of models attempting to address the challenges posed by the various issues. A number of different goals have been addressed and the results have been just as varied. This leads to a concluding comparison of the western and European models with those of the South African models. Much research has been done on bi- and multilingualism and specifically bilingual education, as humans since earliest times were concerned with this subject. For my study I have relied mainly on more recent sources (1990 to the present) from the USA, Canada and Germany. However as the academic study of this issue has been going on for quite a time in some countries like South Africa, I have also referred to older books and journals (1945<). Due to the overwhelming information about this subject a drastic limitation of sources was necessary. / Dissertation (MA (German))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Modern European Languages / unrestricted