Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare ser på begreppet barn i behov av särskilt stöd och hur skolans resurser möter barnens behov. Studien bygger på Foucaults teori om makt som belyser samhällets och lärarnas starka position kring maktutövandet i förhållande till elever och resurser. Bronfenbrenners ekologiska miljömodell används för att stödja synen på hur miljön runt barnet påverkar barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Studien utgår från ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv för att undersöka mönster, skillnader och likheter i lärarnas uppfattningar. Lärarna nämner vilka barn de uppfattar är i behov av stöd och de ger förslag på hur resurserna kan tas tillvara på. Generellt uppfattar lärarna att barn i behov av särskilt stöd inte får det stöd de har rätt till. Den empiriska undersökningen bygger på intervjuer av fyra lärare. Lärarna är verksamma inom årskurs 1 till 3 i kommunala skolor. Studien är huvudsakligen gjord efter en kvalitativ metod med öppna intervjufrågor. I styrdokumenten för skolan understryks att skolan ska vara en skola för alla elever. Barn med olika svårigheter ska känna en gemenskap och inkluderas i skolan.

The purpose of this study was to examine the laws, govern documents and guiding principals that are available for schools and their work regarding the work against discrimination, insulting and other forms of harassments, and then to form a method for the schools to implement this work in practice. The work to counteract discrimination, insult treatment and other forms of harassments should be done both in a short term and a long term. In this paper there is a presentation of a project, a set of lessons that was created and carried out as a trial. The project aims for conscious making among children and students in school regarding norm, deviation, discrimination and power and the fact that equal treatment is hard to achieve. The basic purpose behind the project is to offer a tool to schools and teachers so that they can decrease the possible gap between the laws and the practice of these laws by creating awareness among students and other teachers. The long term work for achieving equal treatment should be done on a political level. But at the same time one must learn to discuss the fact that there are and always will be power orders in school and all of society.

Umeå University, Sweden, 2013 Title: Mindre avvikelse från detaljplan - Kartläggning och undersökning av tillåtna mindre avvikelser från detaljplan i Umeå kommun år 2012 English title: Minor deviation from local plan – Survey and analysis of allowed minor deviations from local plan in the municipality of Umeå, Sweden year 2012 Author: Elise Ljung Language: Swedish, with an English abstract Department: Department of Geography and Economic History   The aim with this essay is to analyse the frequency of minor deviations from the local plans in the municipality of Umeå year 2012. The analysis includes what kind of building arrangements that are deviating from the local plan, in what way these buildings are deviating, what kind of buildings that are concerned of deviations and what kind of applicants that apply for building permits that are deviating from the local plan. The provisions that are concerning minor deviations are presented in the results. The analyse is also investigating why deviations are made from the social plans and how the spatial distribution of minor deviations are in the municipality of Umeå and the urban areas of Umeå.   The survey is made from datasets provided by the office of building permits in the municipality of Umeå. The data has been encoded and categorised into four main categories; Type of applicant, type of building, type of building arrangement and type of deviation from local plan. The mapping of data has been made using the property map provided by the Ordnance Survey of the municipality of Umeå.   According to the survey extensions of buildings applied for by private housing owners are the most common minor deviations that are allowed and the deviation from the plan are placement of the extension part. The minor deviations are not a spatial phenomenon in the municipality of Umeå. The occurrence of minor deviations is evenly distributed in the municipality and in the urban areas as well. Provisions of the Planning -and Building act says that a minor deviation from the local plan can be made under conditions that the deviation is small and do not contradicts against the aim of the local plan.

No description available.

Social work is a profession where documentation about people’s behavior and life circumstances is common. In the beginning of the essay we ask ourselves, if these descriptions about people can be problematic? To explore this, we studied social documentation, from the past. We used a historical source because history can help usunderstand the social work that is being conducted today. The aim of our study was to findout how early welfare work defined and described deviant behavior in child care issues, and how the child care agency handled these issues. Out method was a document analysis off the children’s care protocols in Kalmar, from 1929 to 1937. We present our results along with two illustrative case descriptions. Our theoretical approaches are Howard S Becker and Erwing Goffman´s theories of deviation. Their conclusion is that deviation is created by society, not by individuals or their actions. Since cases of children’s neglect and cases with deviant children were common and well documented we focused our empirical presentation on what was included in these terms. Children’s neglect cases focused on parent’s inability to provide the child with proper food, clothes, housing and similar factors. We also found that they made a distinction between mothers and fathers responsibility in these cases. Regarding the deviant children they also made a distinction between the sexes, identifying different behaviors deviant for girls andboys. Though some factors, such as being a illegitimate child and being unreliable is a definition used on both sexes. Since, according to our theories, deviation is created by our society our conclusion is that both children’s neglect and problem children can be seen as a result of societies expectations, and we present examples of how that can be understood in our analyze. In our final discussion we discuss how the definition of deviant behavior is relevant today. We discuss our findings in relation to BBIC, a Swedish child protection investigation guide. Our conclusion is that we still create deviations through documentation.

Denna uppsats behandlar den dolda folksjukdomen IBS och dess konsekvenser för individens sociala delaktighet. Syftet med studien är att studera individens upplevelse av delaktighet och erfarenhet av att leva med sjukdomen. IBS är en så kallad funktionell mag- och tarmsjukdom och står för Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Colon/Kolon irritabile), Irriterad tarm i svenskt tal och kännetecknas av återkommande eller kroniska symtom från mag- tarmkanalen. Medicinskt sett anses IBS vara en godartad sjukdom, men den kan vara besvärlig att leva med och ibland ge nästintill handlingsförlamande konsekvenser för individen och dennes sociala livsvärld. Forskarna vet inte orsaken bakom IBS och det finns inget medicinskt test som visar att det är IBS som en patient lider av, men man vet att individens sjukdomshistoria ofta är typisk och att sjukdomen är vanligast bland kvinnor. Av världens alla invånare lever det många människor med sjukdomen IBS, som kommit att bli en ny folksjukdom, då man beräknar att närmare 10-20 procent av den vuxna befolkningen har IBS. Individens upplevelse av vad som är normalt kontra avvikande när det gäller det friska och det sjuka visar en bild av hur samhället tycks vara skapat. Individens hälsotillstånd påverkar livskvaliteten och diagnosen bidrar till en förändrad identitet, och för varje individ som lever med IBS har begreppet delaktighet; att vara social med andra och i samhället i stort, fått en helt ny mening i och med deras sjukdom.   Min förhoppning är att denna studie ska uppmärksamma läsaren kring den nya folksjukdomen IBS och hur den påverkar individens sociala liv. / This essay deals with the new widespread disease IBS and its consequences for the social participation of the individual. The purpose of the study is to look at the experience of social participation of the individual and her experience of living with this disease. IBS is a so-called dynamic/functional belly- and intestinal disease, which stands for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and is symbolized by recurrent or chronical symptom from the belly- and intestinal canal. From a medical view IBS is considered as a benign disease, but it can be tricky to live with and sometimes give heavy problems for the individual and its social life. The scientists doesn`t know what the cause is behind the disease and it doesn`t exist any medical test who can prove that a patient is suffering by IBS, but they do know that the case-history of the individual is very typical and that the disease is more common among women. From a social view studies show that the social life of the individual is strongly affected, and that the identity and how she look at normalcy/variation is no longer the same as it was when she was healthy. For every individual whos is living with this disease has also the concept of participation; to be social with other people and in society at large, got a whole new meaning as a result of their disease.

Syftet med studien är att få en ökad förståelse för några bakomliggande orsaker till varför människor begår kriminella handlingar. Studiens övergripande frågeställningar är följande; På vilket sätt påverkar umgängeskretsen en individs förutsättningar för att utveckla en kriminell livsstil? Hur kan dessa bakomliggande orsaker till kriminalitet förklaras och förstås? Frågeställningarna besvaras genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem individer med tidigare kriminell bakgrund. Med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod struktureras intervjumaterialet upp i tre teman vilka har formulerats med utgångspunkt i det datamaterial som har samlats in. Analysen görs med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teorier om differentiella associationer och förstärkningar, symbolisk interaktionism, stämpling och sociala band. Studien visar att de intervjuade hamnade i kriminalitet till följd av att deras uppväxt, skolsituation och umgänge interagerade negativt med varandra. Gemensamt för samtliga intervjuade informanter är att de hade bristfällig kontakt med båda föräldrarna under uppväxten. Den uteblivna tryggheten från föräldrarna var något de istället sökte i sin umgängeskrets. Informanternas skolgång kantades av dåliga skolprestationer där de ofta umgicks med personer som misskötte sig. / The purpose of this study is to gain a greater understanding of some underlying causes of why people commit criminal acts. The general questions of the study are; in what way does the social circle of friends affect the individual’s prerequisites for developing a criminal lifestyle? How can these underlying causes of crime be explained and understood? The questions are answered by semi-structured interviews with five individuals with previous criminal background. With the use of a thematic analysis method the interview material was structured into three themes that have been formulated based on the datasets that have been collected. The analysis is done with the use of previous research and theories of differential association and reinforcements, symbolic interactionism, labeling and social bond. The study shows that the interview participants end up in crime as a result of their growth, school situation and their circle of friends interacted in a negative way. Common to all those interviewed informants is that they had insufficient contact with both parents during childhood. The lack of assurance from the parents was something they instead searched for in their social circle of friends. The informants schooling was consisted of poor school performances, and they often socialized with friends who also misbehaved.

The usage of agency social workers in Sweden have increased during the past few decades and there is a lack of research on this topic. This study aims to describe how the agency social workers experience the work within the swedish social services and how it affects their role with regards to their deviant type of employment. The study is comprised of qualitative interviews with seven agency social workers who have differentiated experience in social services assignments. The results of the study is based on thematic analysis and Becker’s theory of outsiders. The results show that the agency social workers don’t necessarily regard themselves as outsiders in a negative sense, but rather in a positive way. However, they tend to use strategies to avoid behaviour that can appear deviant and therefore avoid being labelled as outsiders. This includes for instance living up to both formal and informal expectations, being careful when it comes to criticizing the hiring organisation and being cautious in their involvement in social relationships to the permanent staff. Opposed to previous studies, these results indicate that the agency social workers expresses more positive experiences in relation to the hiring organisation.

Antalet neuropsykiatriska diagnoser och antal personer som diagnostiseras har ökat de senaste året. Diagnostiseringen kan dock ha djupare betydelse och bidra till stigmatisering och utanförskap, men samtidigt medföra stöd och ge identitet och samhörighet. En förhållandevis ny och omdebatterad diagnos är Asperger syndrom (hädanefter refereras som AS). Diagnosen ströks 2003 och ingår numera i autismspektrumsyndrom. AS-begreppet används dock ändå och alltfler personer växer upp och/eller identifierar sig med diagnosen. Jämförelsevis få studier söker fånga individers upplevelser och därför försöker denna studie undersöka hur personer med AS-diagnos själv beskriver sin upplevelse. Syftet med denna studie var således att beskriva upplevelsen av att ha en AS-diagnos i relation till identitet och självbild kopplat till normalitet/avvikelse. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt, baserat på semistrukturerad intervjuer, har använts. Fem personer med AS-diagnos över 18 år i södra Sverige intervjuades; resultaten analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades: (1) Att få och att ha AS (upplevelser, känslor och vad AS betyder för individen); (2) att kamouflera, passera och framträda (informanternas upplevelse av sin skillnad, de svårigheter som AS kan medföra samt de ansträngningar de gör för att övervinna dessa); (3) mötet med okunskapen – att leva i fördomarnas paradis (den betydelse okunskapen om AS-diagnosen har för informanterna och hur detta kommer till uttryck och får för konsekvenser för identitet/självbild i form av att samhället betraktar personer med AS-diagnos som annorlunda och avvikande); och (4) att leva i en slags marginal av normalitet, i gränslandet mellan avvikande och normal (informanternas upplevelse av att inte riktigt passa in i vare sig normalitetsmallen eller funktionshindermallen). Att ha en AS-diagnos är alltså komplext och mångfacetterat. / The number of neuropsychiatric diagnoses and the number of persons being diagnosed have increased during recent years. To receive a diagnosis may, however, have a deeper meaning, e.g. stigmatisation and alienation, but also increased societal support, and an identity and a sense of belonging. One such diagnosis is Asperger’s Syndrome (henceforth referred to as AS). However, both the diagnosis per se, and diagnostics, have remained highly debated, and since 2003 AS has been omitted, instead included in the overall Autism Spectrum Syndrome. The AS concept is, however, still in use, and an increasing number of persons are growing up and identify with having AS. But, the question remains what it actually means for a person to have AS. Comparatively few studies have focused the individual experience of AS, fewer yet concerning self-image/identity, normality/deviation in relation to AS. Hence, the aim of this study was to describe the experience of having AS concerning identity and self-image in terms of normality/deviation. A qualitative method was used; data gathered with semi-structured interviews with five persons with AS, and over 18 years of age, living in southern Sweden. Results were analysed thematically, and fell into four main categories: (1) Getting AS (or to receive, and have AS), including reaction upon learning of the diagnosis, and experiences and emotions connected to the individual meaning of the diagnosis); (2) camouflaging, passing and showing, i.e. the ways in which the individual deal with self-consciousness surrounding questions of being different, but also worries of what difficulties they can experience, and how to overcome these issues; (3) meeting ignorance, i.e. how the general state of ignorance and preconceptions concerning Asperger syndrome affects the individual, how such aspects manifest, and how they may affect self-image and identity; and (4) living on the margins of normalcy, to live in on the border between abnormal and normal, and to not fit in, neither with societal norms of normality, nor concepts of disability. Hence, based on the overall results of the study, it was concluded that having AS is a multi-faceted and complex experience.

Denna deduktiva fallstudie har genomförts på företaget e-Component Sweden AB som tillverkar stål- och plåtdetaljer efter kundspecifikation. Företaget producerar huvudsakligen detaljer till den marknadsledande tiltrotatorn (grävmaskinens handled) från engcon. Studien avsåg att undersöka processen för hantering av avvikelser och kassationer. Det övergripande syftet var att, genom den relativt nya förbättringsmodellen DASIAS, studera en förbättringsmöjlighet med avseende på kvalitet genom att finna gap mellan nuläget och ett önskat nyläge. Därefter har lämpliga förbättringar samt en plan för implementering av förbättringarna föreslagits.  Studien har tillämpat de metoder, verktyg och analyser som DASIAS föreskriver. Datainhämtning har skett genom observationer, intervjuer och dokumentinsamling. Resultatet visar att en förbättringsmöjlighet finns och har identifierat resurserna; metod, mätningar, material, maskin, mission och management som orsaker till förbättringsmöjligheten. Vidare  visar studien att det genom en optimerad process för hanteringen av avvikelser och kassationer efter justerade rutiner och arbetssätt som skapar förutsättningar för att börja process- och kvalitetsleda, finns möjlighet att förebygga och genom ständiga förbättringar minimera avvikelser och kassationer i produktionen. Tidigare studier, den teoretiska referensramen och denna studies resultat tyder på att de konkreta förslag på tvärvetenskapliga åtgärder som utarbetats skulle ge positiva effekter på företagets kvalitet. Analysen visar att det önskade nyläget skulle föra företaget närmare uppställda kund- och intressentkrav. / This deductive case study has been carried out at the company e-Component Sweden AB, which manufactures steel- and sheet metal details, to customer specifications. The company mainly produces details for the market-leading tiltrotator (the excavators wrist) from engcon. The purpose of the study was to examine the process for handling defects and deviations from the main production. The overall aim was to, through the relatively new possibility- and improvement model DASIAS, study an opportunity for improvement with regard to quality by identifying a gap between the current procedure and a desired new procedure. Thereafter, appropriate improvements including a plan for implementing the improvements has been proposed.  The study has applied the tools and analyzing methods as prescribed by DASIAS. Data has been collected through observations, interviews and document collection. The study's result suggests that there is an opportunity for improvement and have identified the resources method, measurements, materials, machine, mission and management as reasons for the improvement opportunity. Further, the study suggests that through an optimized process for handling defects and deviations – following adjusted routines and working methods and creating conditions for implementing process and quality management, there is an opportunity to prevent and through continuous improvements minimize defects and deviations in the main production. Previous studies, the theoretical frame of reference and the results of this study suggest that the concrete interdisciplinary measures proposed would have a positive impact on the company’s overall quality. The analysis shows that the desired new situation would bring the company closer to customer- and stakeholder requirements.