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<p>It might be time for critics of early Canadian literature to avoid avoiding blackness in early Canada in their work. This dissertation<em> </em>takes up the recurrent pattern of displacement that emerges in critical studies that recall or rediscover early Canada. It attends in particular to the displacements and subordinations of Canadian blackness, particularly those conspicuously avoided by critics or rendered conspicuously absent by authors in the literatures of Upper Canada during the height of the Underground Railroad era, between 1830 and 1860. Not only is blackness in Upper Canada concealed, omitted, derided, and caricatured, but these representational formulas shape the hegemonic common-sense of what Antonio Gramsci terms “the national popular.” I argue that canonical texts contain accounts of early Canadian blackness from the national popular and subsequent criticisms of them produce an attitude and a history that excises blackness when literary and cultural critics examine the complexities of early Canada. Informed by Stuart Hall’s concept of the “floating signifier,” I draw the tropes of blackness out from behind the backdrop of early Canadian texts and into the foreground of Canadian literary and cultural criticism as well as critical race studies; in turn, this theoretical model helps me to explain what cultural work “undefined and indefinable” blackness did in early Canada and in contemporary imaginings of it (Clarke <em>Odysseys</em>, 16). Working out this paradox in John Richardson’s <em>Wacousta </em>and <em>The Canadian Brothers</em>, Susanna Moodie’s <em>Roughing It in the Bush</em>, and Catharine Parr Traill’s <em>The Canadian Settlers Guide</em>, my three chapters examine how these Upper Canadian authors display as much as hide the crucial roles of blackness in the formation of Canada and Canadian national identity.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The purpose of this research was to gain insight into key factors contributing to the recruitment and retention of teachers of color in New York City, NY, with special attention to their identity formation and understanding of their professionalism as it relates to who they are and where they work. This research entails quantitative results from a survey of more than 100 public school teachers of different racial backgrounds, followed by in-depth interviews with 26 teachers of color across different social contexts of the New York City public school system. This research is grounded in a trifold conceptual framework based on identity formation, sociology of the professions, and critical race theory to examine the interwoven complexities of how teachers of color make meaning of their district and school work as it relates to their understanding of whether they are seen as professionals. This study seeks to address the gap between the current body of literature about the recruitment and retention of teachers of color and the lived experiences of teachers of color in New York City working in the post-No Child Left Behind education policy context. In the first survey phase of this study, participants are asked a series of questions about their perceptions of their sense of professionalism, including their relationships to other school community members and other parts of their work. In the qualitative, interview phase of this project, participants were asked to make meaning of the different facets of their work and the impact they have on their professional identity development, the role of racial and cultural identity in their endeavors, and how their social context informs these understandings. The research was conducted to help fill a consequential gap in the extant research literature on the role that race plays in the career prospects of teachers of color, how they see themselves and believe they are seen by others as professionals and people, and how that connects to larger policy questions about the recruitment and retention of teachers of color. The research finds that the field of education has severely under-researched the role of race and social context in their professional identity formation and in the sociology of professions. Almost all of the teachers of color in the study operate with a sense of professionalism that both allows them to survive and, in some cases, thrive despite and, in many cases, because of their working conditions. Their concentric professionalism – the confluence of preparation, dedication, and motivation, layered with their racial and cultural identities – is centered on the children (particularly of color) and communities they serve across contexts. This also demonstrates how, regardless of teachers’ expertise and experience, school as both a network of intertwined relationships and school as a tapestry of policies and practices can either elevate or decimate a sense of professionalism for teachers of color. Taken holistically, we have a plethora of evidence suggesting that teachers of color are ready, willing, and able to apply appropriate practice to their work. Yet so much of the onus to professionalize comes from people, policies, and ideas that obfuscate what it means to be professional.

This essay examines the theories of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Queer Legal Studies (QLS). CRT scholars argue that racism is not simply the product of individual prejudice but is also embedded in the legal system and other institutions. QLS scholars argue that LGBTQ+ people are subject to discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation and gender identity, and that the law must be reformed to protect their rights. The first part provides a theoretical and historical background to the theories. The second part presents an empirical study of the theories' impact on Swedish law. The third part analyzes the Swedish constitutional provision on discrimination RF 2:12, with a focus on race and sexual orientation. The fourth part provides a practical analysis of Swedish court cases using the theories' methods. The fifth and final part discusses the theories' potential for the future of Swedish law. The Swedish development of anti-discrimination legislation can be understood through Hübinette and Lundström's periodization of Swedish race relations and proposes a future period of "White Understanding" and argues that the Swedish self-image is still influenced by the politics of the 20th century. The essay finds that the shame of the racist policies of the past has influenced the language of Swedish legislation. More importantly, the essay finds that the interests of the state have been prioritized over the interests of minorities. The empirical study found that the theories have had little impact on Swedish legal sources. However, the theories had a brief period of increased influence between 2004 and 2008. It also found that the theories have had some influence on the Swedish Supreme Court, as evidenced by the cases of Skattefjällsdomen and Girjasdomen.

People who are racialized in Sweden as ‘Asian’—a panethnic category—come from different countries or ethnic backgrounds and yet, often face similar, gender-specific forms of discrimination which have a significant impact on their whole lives. This thesis centres women who are racialized as 'Asian', focusing on how their racialization affects, and is shaped by, their social, professional and intimate relationships, and their interactions with others—in particular, with white majority Swedes, but also other ethnic minorities. Against a broader context encompassing discourses concerning ‘Asians’ within Swedish media, art and culture, Swedish ‘non-racist’ exceptionalism and gender equality politics, the narratives of nine women are analysed through the lenses of the racializing processes of visuality and coercive mimeticism, and epistemic injustice.

Manipulation of stories and events expose issues of false representation and stereotyping within the mainstream media. This research examined the media’s role in shaping the behaviors and experiences of African American male athletes while using Critical Race Theory as the framework in conducting research. A focus group consisting of six former African American male student athletes was conducted. A semi-structured interview schedule was used in order to allow for open discussion. The Constant Comparison Method was instrumental in thematizing the data while QDA Miner software was used to analyze the data. The findings suggested that African American male athletes feel they are portrayed negatively in relation to leadership abilities as well as being portrayed as thugs and rappers. African American male athletes do feel pressured to challenge certain stereotypes presented by the media in order to become better role models for the African American community. Future research should explore the media’s impact on younger generations of African American male athletes as well as African American female athletes to compare whether similarities exists between the groups.

Cette thèse présente une étude de la représentation de la race et son rôle dans la formation des discours littéraires et identitaires au Québec. À partir de la phrase célèbre de Félix-Antoine Savard, « une race qui ne sait pas mourir », jusqu’au roman de l’écrivain haïtien Dany Laferrière, Je suis un écrivain japonais, en passant par L’appel de la race de Lionel Groulx, sans oublier les propos sanglants de Michèle Lalonde dans Speak White et ceux de Pierre Vallières dans Nègres blancs d’Amérique, la littérature canadienne-française et québécoise est hantée par la question de la race. C’est précisément à cause de la présence persistante, souvent angoissante, du concept que je me propose d’en analyser les modalités discursives et les significations dans des textes écrits à divers moments clés entre 1839 et 2008: le rapport de Lord Durham (1839); L’appel de la race (1922) de Lionel Groulx; Menaud, maître-draveur (1937) de Félix-Antoine Savard; Ashini (1960) d’Yves Thériault; Speak White (1974) de Michèle Lalonde; Nègres blancs d’Amérique (1972) de Pierre Vallières; Comment faire l’amour avec un Nègre sans se fatiguer (1985) et Je suis un écrivain japonais (2008) de Dany Laferrière; et Quatre mille marches (2004) de Ying Chen. Pour ce faire, cette thèse se situe dans un cadre théorique interdisciplinaire qui intègre la théorie critique de la race, le féminisme et la théorie queer.

Cette thèse présente une étude de la représentation de la race et son rôle dans la formation des discours littéraires et identitaires au Québec. À partir de la phrase célèbre de Félix-Antoine Savard, « une race qui ne sait pas mourir », jusqu’au roman de l’écrivain haïtien Dany Laferrière, Je suis un écrivain japonais, en passant par L’appel de la race de Lionel Groulx, sans oublier les propos sanglants de Michèle Lalonde dans Speak White et ceux de Pierre Vallières dans Nègres blancs d’Amérique, la littérature canadienne-française et québécoise est hantée par la question de la race. C’est précisément à cause de la présence persistante, souvent angoissante, du concept que je me propose d’en analyser les modalités discursives et les significations dans des textes écrits à divers moments clés entre 1839 et 2008: le rapport de Lord Durham (1839); L’appel de la race (1922) de Lionel Groulx; Menaud, maître-draveur (1937) de Félix-Antoine Savard; Ashini (1960) d’Yves Thériault; Speak White (1974) de Michèle Lalonde; Nègres blancs d’Amérique (1972) de Pierre Vallières; Comment faire l’amour avec un Nègre sans se fatiguer (1985) et Je suis un écrivain japonais (2008) de Dany Laferrière; et Quatre mille marches (2004) de Ying Chen. Pour ce faire, cette thèse se situe dans un cadre théorique interdisciplinaire qui intègre la théorie critique de la race, le féminisme et la théorie queer.

This thesis is not structured as a conventional empirical study (theoretical background, method, results, discussion), but instead consists of an iterative series of attempts at making sense of same-race prejudice – hopefully systematically homing in on a richer and more acute understanding of the phenomenon. The chapters are grouped together in pairs or triplets – each grouping addressing different but related perspectives on the problem. Chapters 1 and 2 are contextual, setting the scene historically and conceptually. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 introduce three different perspectives on using phenomenology as a means of approaching the issue of same-race prejudice. Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to looking at the themes of same-race prejudice, a critical interrogation of the themes from the interview discussions, the literature and how same-race prejudice is experienced, played out and sustained. Chapter 8 links back to Chapter 1 by casting another look at sensitivity and responsiveness to same-race prejudice by organisations whose work is supposedly on prejudice eradication. The chapter further links with both Chapters 3 and 4 by calling upon a phenomenological understanding to humanity as what can bring a liveable change to humanity regarding same-race prejudice. Chapter 9 serves as a summary of all the chapters, what each individually and collectively hoped to achieve, and the general findings and statements about same-race prejudice from the chapters’ theoretical discussions, research interviews, and critical interrogation of both the mundane and theoretical understanding. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).