In this thesis the overall aim is to analyse conceptions of change with the point of departure being texts developed within the framework of three development partnerships financed by the European Social Fund's Equal Programme 2001-2007. The development partnerships, consisting of collaborating parties from both the public and private sector, aimed at developing new methods and ideas in order to counteract discrimination and all kinds of inequality in working life. The thesis poses the following research questions: How are the problems that the development partnerships intended to counteract described? What appears as important to change in order for discrimination in working life to decrease? In what ways are changes aimed at combating discrimination and contributing to increased gender equality and diversity in working life deemed possible? What motives emerge behind the visions of creating a working life without discrimination? How are gender and other social categories constructed and how do these constructions impact on the conceptions of change that emerge? The ideas, perspectives and interests that characterise the understanding of changes in working life in the studied texts, are illustrated with the aid of theories on how society's forms of rule have changed from government to governance and theories on how gender is done. Furthermore, why certain perspectives and ideas emerge and the consequences of them is analysed based on institutional ethnography and concepts such as social relations and ruling relations. The thesis' analysis points to how the consensus-based organisational form of partnership and the politics and principles that are reflected in the Equal Programme together with notions on growth, leadership and gender create limits for the conceptions of change. Limits that in certain respects entail that society's relations of power and inequality, instead of being challenged, are reproduced. Based on the results of the study, the importance is emphasised of continuously taking one's point of departure in identifying and challenging the limits to how one can speak of change, since the dominant conceptions of change may be an expression of the ruling relations. / I den här avhandlingen är det övergripande syftet att analysera föreställningar om förändring med utgångspunkt i texter som tagits fram inom ramen för tre utvecklingspartnerskap som finansierades av den Europeiska socialfondens Equal-program 2001-2007. Utvecklingspartnerskapen, som bestod av flera samverkansparter från privat och offentlig sektor, syftade till att utveckla nya metoder och idéer för att motverka diskriminering och all slags ojämlikhet i arbetslivet. Avhandlingen utgår från frågeställningarna: Hur beskrivs de problem som utvecklingspartnerskapen avsåg att motverka? Vad framstår som viktigt att förändra för att diskrimineringen i arbetslivet ska minska? På vilka sätt antas förändringar, som anses leda till minskad diskriminering och ökad jämställdhet och mångfald i arbetslivet, vara möjliga? Vilka motiv framträder bakom visionerna om att skapa ett arbetsliv utan diskriminering? Hur konstrueras kön och andra sociala kategorier och hur inverkar dessa konstruktioner på de föreställningar om förändring som framträder? Med hjälp av teorier om hur samhällets styrformer förändrats ”från government till governance” och teorier om hur kön görs åskådliggörs vad det är för idéer, perspektiv och intressen som karakteriserar förståelsen av förändringar i arbetslivet i de rapporter, filmer, utbildningar och metodböcker med mera som studerats. Utifrån den institutionella etnografin och begrepp som sociala relationer och styrningsrelationer analyseras vidare varför vissa perspektiv och idéer framträder och konsekvenserna av dem. Avhandlingens analys pekar på hur den konsensusbaserade organiseringsformen partnerskap och den politik och de principer som reflekteras i Equal-programmet tillsammans med föreställningar om tillväxt, ledarskap och kön skapar gränser i föreställningarna om förändring. Gränser som i vissa avseenden innebär att samhällets relationer av makt och ojämlikhet – istället för att utmanas – reproduceras. Utifrån studiens resultat poängteras vikten av att ständigt ta utgångspunkt i att identifiera och utmana gränserna för hur det går att tala om förändring eftersom dominerande föreställningar om förändring kan vara ett uttryck för samhällets styrningsrelationer.

This thesis explores constructions of gendered and gender political positions and practices of men identifying as ‘feminist’. The analysis is based on qualitative interviews with 28 men aged 20-34. At issue is how seemingly contradictory positions for men as feminists are made comprehensible in theory and practice. An introduction showcase theoretical discussions on gendered experiences and the possibilities of men being feminist, mainly from standpoint, radical feminist and poststructuralist radical constructionist perspectives. Men doing feminism emerge as an unresolved complex matter. This is followed by a critical discussion of state feminism, double emancipation and research on men and masculinities in the welfare state. The support for men’s participation, predominantly as white heterosexual fathers, in the Swedish gender equality project has consequences for the construction of men as potentially ‘new’, ‘good’ gender equal feminist subjects. In the construction of profeminist positions in interview performances, interviewees are located in-between the radical feminist, poststructuralist and gender equality perspectives on men, masculinity and feminism. Two themes involve an implementation of the concept of passing and introduce the analytical concept of co-fielding. Passing consists of the microsociological process of making radical and deconstructive profeminist positions authentic and yet being able to manage masculinity in homosocial contexts. Co-fielding refers to the conjoint interlacing of experiences, knowledge and meaning-making in interview interaction where relations of researcher-researched are characterized by discursive closeness and overlapping positions. Co-fielding practices affect the outcomes of co-construction of interview performances, the negotiation of gender and power relations and the reflexive use of (in this case feminist) knowledge in qualitative interviews. In analyzing the presentations of self, ambiguous meanings of profeminist positions emerge and the doing, undoing and redoing of feminism and masculinity appear multi-faceted. Radical feminism and radical constructionism seem intersected in making men’s feminist positions comprehensible. Such rebellious positions emerge as oxymoronic and, when critically brought into the gender equality context, located in a no man’s land out of place. In all, the thesis seeks to bring together theoretical, national and empirical locations of profeminist men, and in a concluding chapter also explore issues of ethics in feminist research and cross-gender interviewing.

The objective of this study is to examine various aspects of the difference between the acquisition of English and Spanish by Swedish learners in compulsory education and its causes. The two subjects have the same syllabus, with the difference that English studies start 3 years earlier, but studies of the competences of the Swedish students in these two languages (see f.ex. First European Survey of Language Competences, 2012)suggest that the gap between the languages is bigger than what could be expected and that there is an existing difference in attitude towards the two languages. The conclusion is that the predominance of English in the immediate environment of the surveyed students is considerable. The study has shown large differences between the input in English and Spanish. Students receive input in Spanish, communicate in Spanish and acquire knowledge of Spanish / Latin American cultures almost exclusively at school. On the other hand, they acquire knowledge, receive input and interact in English both in school and in their spare time. We also found considerable differences in attitudes towards the two languages and the perceived ability of the students. The Spanish is perceived as more difficult, less necessary, less fun and less useful in their future lives. New technologies create new platforms for communication that allow students to participate in interaction in the target language. This study shows that these situations occur mostly in English but also in Spanish, which in our opinion could be more used in teaching.

自美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院於一九九八年State Street Bank一案，肯認商業方法軟體得為法定之專利標的後，全球之金融業、電腦業與網路公司莫不尋求以專利作為保護其商業方法之武器，商業方法專利申請之案件遂絡繹而來。惟商業方法軟體是否得為專利之標的，至今美國學界仍有爭議而見解不一，日本專利局係採與美國專利局相同之立場，然歐洲專利局目前似仍採否定見解。對此一議題，我國已有相當文獻討論，並均採肯定之見解。惟並未對何以可專利性之理由詳予闡述，至於專利侵害之問題，亦未就我國法深入分析。 本文擬自比較法之觀點，分析美國實務運作及學界之論述、歐洲發明專利公約及專利局實務之見解、日本法之規定與特許廳之意見，汲取其中之經驗與見解以為借鏡。第二章首先就商業方法軟體加以定義，並探究現今商業方法軟體之架構及其特殊性，以作為專利標的適格性分析之基礎。第三章分析商業方法軟體之施以專利保護，對產業與實務造成之影響。包括實務所面臨的困難﹙如先前技術資料庫之建立、審查人員之訓練、法院面臨之困難等﹚，及我國軟體產業應如何調適。第四章係探討商業方法軟體之專利標的適格性分析，依次分析美國法之規定與學說實務之見解、歐洲專利公約與專利局之立場、日本特許法之規定與特許廳之態度，以及國內學說實務之見解，並由我國專利法之立法意旨與商業方法軟體架構之特殊性，論述商業方法軟體在現今軟體發展之架構下，應非發明專利保護之標的，另亦就我國智慧財產局所公布之「電腦軟體相關發明專利審查基準」，加以探討並提出個人淺見，並摘錄智慧財產局已核准若干商業方法軟體專利之個案，加以分析。第五章自發明專利保護要件之觀點，探究商業方法軟體專利保護之問題。第六章則自美國法之觀點，分析商業方法軟體於網際網路上，所發生之跨國界專利侵害問題，並試從國際私法之角度，處理此類問題。最後，於第七章提出個人對商業方法軟體專利之淺見，並就我國現行專利制度提出未來保護方向之建議，以為結論。

This thesis deals with the possibilities of using the programme Philosophy for Children to fulfill the objectives of the cross-curricular subjects at Primary school. The theoretical part includes a summary of the objectives of elementary education, then it describes the cross-curricular subjects of the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education and Philosophy for Children and their interconnection. In the practical part, seven lessons using methods of Philosophy for Children, taught in the 5th year of Primary school, are described and they are analyzed from the philosophical point of view and from the point of view of including the cross-curricular subjects. In the reflection, these lessons are evaluated and the possibility of developing certain skills of pupils in case of longer-term using of this programme is mentioned.

Working in a township is a challenging but also rewarding way of living. In this dissertation the researcher, in collaboration with the co-searchers, explore ways to mentor one another as they learn how to deal with trauma, either by experiencing trauma directly or witnessing secondary trauma. This leads to new ways of being 'in the moment', coping with trauma, forming a community of care and learning to be in an aware and empowered position. The responsibility of practical theology and the commitment to pastoral care are explored in the context of theology, and spesifically feminist theology, contributing to 'do hope' in Mamelodi. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

This explorative case study was undertaken to uncover how transformative self-discoveries were facilitated through Gestalt playtherapy, enabling agency of a single pre-school participant. Data were captured around the participant's baseline agentic status; emerging agency, facilitated trough the intervention and post-intervention agentic status. A content analysis aided thematic coding. Theme 1 identified inherent agency trends and the agency blocks "what is that". Theme 2 dealt with patterns of active resistance "I don't want to feel / I don't want to know". Theme 3 captured enhanced agentic behaviour "I can and I understand". Through the intervention the participant's entrapped agency was unleashed, leading to an awareness of her `being', enabling her `doing' and thereby allowing her to `become'. Enabled agency increased the participant's active involvement in her life and her engagement in developmental tasks was increased. Implications of the findings support further investigation and application of this intervention. / Educational Studies / M. Diac (Play Therapy)

The Study of Theology plays a crucial role in the construction of a sound theology in this post liberation era of Southern Africa. This exercise is conformed to the academic learning and creates an environment where theology can dialogue with other disciplines. It helps in the critical reflection on the issue of God and human beings as the object of theology in African context. The study of theology and the doing of theology are methods which bring praxis and theory together. The doing of theology is the daily work of a pastor in a congregation. It is an exercise that put theological theories into practice. This is a methodology that guides the process of developing a contextual theology in Southern Africa. It is a process of taking theology from classroom to the congregations the community. The study of theology and the doing theology are soul mates. They work hand in hand to address contemporary situations. Human beings should know their physical organic environment. They are the object of theology. People experience God from natural science. Liberation theologies e.g. Africanist, Black and Women/Feminist theologies should use new approaches in order to meet the post liberation error challenges. The wholesome approach is another alternative to be used by these theologies. The approach is based on the interconnectedness of God, human beings and physical organic universe (Theanthropocosmic principle). The principle of Theanthropocosmic helps to direct theology in Southern Africa to be contextual and universal. Some new contextual theologies are born because of the theanthropocosmic approaches to modern challenges. The modern society is build under principles of democracy, good governance, peace and tranquility. The major role of theology is to ensure that the society enjoys those principles. Theology is directed to a group and individuals. The social, political and economical challenges should be approached as a group. The wholesome approach is an appropriate method to address challenges imposed by globalization ideologies. The increase rate of poverty in Southern Africa brings up other social illness in communities e.g. corruptions, crime, diseases. There is a need to engage theology in economic globalization. The concept of Botho calls everyone in the community to participate in the fight against these social illnesses in the society. Theology is obliged to restore economic justice. The Church is encouraged to participate in the cultural liberation and renewal. She is compelled to do mission work in this paradigms of cultural changes. African renaissance is an urgent thing to be implemented order to overcome challenges imposed by globalization in Southern Africa. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

It`s blameful to do nothing. You should catch the day and its possibilities. Every second, minute and day, you have the potential to be constantly productive. Do not lose a second of time that you can use to create an imprint of your existence. Do not waste your time when you have the opportunity to create something measurably valuable. Soon you are gone and the competition is great. Doing nothing is a task that fewer and fewer are devoted to, to a lesser extent. We are expected to always be accessible and keep up to date with what is happening around us. There is a constant occupation of our sense of mind, thoughtfulness and rest is unprioritized. We try to maximize the part of our time when we are productive and active to absurdity. The goal seems to make as big imprint of our existence as possible. Fast and more is applauded until the day we burn ourselves out. In my work, I investigate passivity as backlash in a faster world, in a world where focus is on production, efficiency and results. A world where everything worth valuing is measurable. What is really a desired result and is it always possible to measure? Who really gets that gain from our fast life? Can passivity and slowness act as an activist act? Can one passively create something measurable? Is burning time perhaps our time´s most provocative act? With my work, I want to question my constant bad conscience about being insufficient and my feeling of not doing enough. If I can´t do enough, I do nothing instead. / Det är skuldbelagt att göra ingenting. Du bör fånga dagen och dess möjligheter. Varje sekund, minut och dag har du potential att vara konstant produktiv. Förlora inte en sekund av tid som du kan använda till att skapa ett avtryck av din existens. Slösa inte med din tid när du har möjlighet att skapa något mätbart värdefullt. Snart är du borta och konkurrensen är stor. Att göra ingenting är en syssla som allt färre ägnar sig åt. Vi förväntas alltid vara tillgängliga och hålla oss uppdaterade om vad som händer runt oss. Det sker ständigt en ockupation av våra sinnesintryck. Eftertänksamhet och vila prioriteras bort. Vi försöker att maximera den del av vår tid då vi är produktiva och aktiva till absurditet. Målet verkar vara att hinna sätta ett så stort avtryck av vår existens som möjligt. Snabbare och mer applåderas till den dagen då vi bränner ut oss. I mitt arbete undersöker jag passivitet som motreaktion till en snabbare värld, i en värld där fokus ligger på produktion, effektivitet och resultat. I en värld där endast det som är mätbart ges ett värde. Vad är egentligen ett önskat resultat och är det alltid möjligt att mäta? Vem är det egentligen som får vinsten av vårt snabba liv? Kan passivitet och långsamhet fungera som en aktivistisk handling? Kan man passivt skapa något mätbart? Är ”att bränna tid”  kanske vår tids mest provokativa handling? Med mitt arbete vill jag ifrågasätta mitt konstanta dåliga samvete om att vara otillräcklig och min känsla av att jag inte gör tillräckligt. Om jag inte kan göra nog så gör jag istället ingenting.

The core concern of my thesis is with shifting the focus from the description on how innovation is done (predominantly STS accounts of innovation in-the-making) to what designers do with conceptions of innovation. The thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork within a group of interaction designers of Milan. Despite the different conceptions and traditions of innovation that these designers bring in – the artistic and technological ones – I observed that a design-centered conception of innovation is reproduced, as well as the idea that plans and intentions precede things. However, another key idea of my fieldwork is the importance designers give to imagining things as they might be, rather than focusing on how things are. This is where different models of action, planned and open ones coexist in creative ways: it is these processes that the ethnography details.