I Varumärkenas fält ställs frågor som: Hur vinner man erkännande i Stockholms reklamvärld? Hur säljer reklamproducenter detta erkännande till sina uppdragsgivare? Vad för slags erkännande är statliga reklamköpare ute efter att vinna genom sitt samarbete med prisbelönta och erkända reklamproducenter? I kontrast till en spridd föreställning att reklamen ”speglar samhället” är grundantagandet i denna studie att reklamen i första hand speglar den värld som skapar den, dvs. reklamvärlden. Det är människorna i detta mikrokosmos vars föreställningar och idéer om samhället som reklamen primärt reflekterar – men först efter att prismatiskt ha brutits genom ett fält. Frågan är därför hur detta fält är socialt och mentalt strukturerat. Utkikspunkten är en globalt verksam amerikansk reklambyrås Stockholmskontor, där dagliga deltagarobservationer utförts under ett års fältarbete. / The Field of Brands asks questions such as: How is recognition awarded in Stockholm's advertising world? How do advertising producers sell this recognition to their clients? What kind of recognition are state-owned buyers of advertising seeking through their collaboration with award-winning elite advertising agencies? Opposed to the popular notion that advertising "mirrors society", a basic assumption in this study is that advertising primarily reflects the social world that creates it, i.e. the advertising world. The argument being that it is the members of this microcosm whose ideas about society advertising primarily reflects – although only after having been refracted through a field. The question is therefore how this field is socially and mentally structured. The vantage point is a globally active U.S. advertising firm’s Stockholm office, where daily participant observations have been conducted during one year of fieldwork.

Purpose: Our purpose with this study is to compare how the two selected schools in two different areas in Stockholm chooses to introduce and integrate newly arrived children in Sweden. The schools are located in the suburb and downtown in Stockholm. One school has chosen to integrate the child by placing him or her in a preparatory class and the other school is placing the child into a regular class. Investigation questions: We want to find out how the choosen schools are working with a newly arrived child. How is the child integrated and introduced directly into a regular class through teaching methods and teaching material and how a newly arrived child is integrated and introduced into a preparatory class through teaching methods and teaching material. We also want to find out if the community authorities in the City of Stockholm and the Swedish state have guidelines that schools are supposed to follow in the work with newly arrived children and whether our selected schools are working after these guidelines. Method: The study is based on two methods. One method are interviews, we interviewed three active persons from each selected school. We also interviewed a researcher in this subject and a person who works for the municipality with the reception of newly arrived children. The second method is based on textual analysis document issued by the Immigration Department (Migrationsverket) and the Education Department (Skolverket) as well as the Municipalities and Counties of Sweden (Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting). Theories: We have chosen to use two social theories: Mead's interactionist theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. These theories are both based on the importance of social interaction for development. Conclusions: We have concluded that the most important thing is not whether the child is placed in preparatory class or a regular class. The key factor is how the teaching is, what resources are available and what skills the teacher has. We have also concluded that there are guidelines from the Education Department but that the schools in this study did not follow.

Bokstavskunskap, ordavkodningsförmåga och fonologisk medvetenhet inklusive RAN (rapid automatized naming, benämningshastighet) har i tidigare studier visats vara prediktorer för den tidiga läsförmågan. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga vilka kognitiva förmågor som kunde predicera utveckling av läsförståelse. Stort fokus lades på fonologisk medvetenhet i föreliggande studie. Metoder att mäta fonologisk medvetenhet utvärderas och diskuteras. Deltagarnas resultat från första klass jämfördes med deras prestation i andra klass. Det deltog 36 barn i föreliggande studie och de förmågor som undersöktes var: fonologisk medvetenhet, ordavkodning, läsförståelse och bokstavskunskap. Resultatet visade att läsförståelse i första klass predicerade läsförståelse i andra klass. Signifikanta korrelationer mellan läsförståelse och ordavkodning samt fonologisk medvetenhet konstaterades i föreliggande studie. Ordavkodning och fonologisk medvetenhet förklarade 58 % av variansen av läsförståelse i årskurs två.  Testet Fonologisk bearbetning förklarade den största delen av variansen. Vid undersökning av tester som mäter fonologisk medvetenhet framkom det att testet för RAN visade ett signifikant samband med rimtestet men inte med testet Fonologisk bearbetning. Resultatet beror troligen på att testerna mäter olika delar av fonologisk förmåga. Slutsatsen är att läsförståelse vid årskurs ett predicerar läsförståelse i årskurs två samt att fonologisk bearbetning tycks vara en stark prediktor för läsförståelse i årskurs två. / Letter knowledge, word decoding and phonological awareness including RAN (rapid automatized naming) are known to predict early reading ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of reading comprehension from first to second grade. Phonological awareness holds an important role in this study; different ways to measure this ability will be discussed.  In the study, 36 second graders participated and the following abilities were measured; phonological awareness, word decoding, reading comprehension and letter knowledge. Performances in first and second grade were compared. The results showed that reading comprehension in first grade predicts reading comprehension in second grade. Furthermore, significant correlations between reading comprehension, word decoding and phonological awareness were observed in second grade. Word decoding and phonological awareness together explains 58 % of the variance of reading comprehension in second grade. The test Phonological processing alone explains the biggest part of the variance in reading comprehension. The tests for phonological awareness show that RAN had a significant correlation with the rime test but not with the test Phonological processing. The correlation indicates that the tests measure different aspects of phonological skills. In conclusion reading comprehension in first grade predicts reading comprehension in second grade. Additionally, phonological processing seems to be a strong predictor for reading comprehension in second grade.

Starting in the everyday life of Söderhamn’s youth, this thesis presents the driving forces that affect youth as they make decisions to stay in or to leave their home region. The research has been done with an interactive approach in close collaboration with youth and adults, and a number of different methods have been used. Based on the interviews, essays, questionnaires, conversations and meetings that underlie this work, the ambition has been to participate and contribute to the formation of knowledge in dialog with the youth and the adults who surround them. The dissertation (thesis) shows that society’s basic structures have great influence on youth’s decision whether to stay or leave. Important factors are actual circumstances, such as the access that youth have to resources – economical, social, and cultural. Society’s gender order has a big impact on the question whether to move or stay. Likewise, the tension between center and periphery plays an essential role – where the power to define what is “right” and “natural” coincides with values on how youth “are” and “should be”. The dissertation (thesis) shows that the interplay between these factors appears different for different individuals and groups, and that the interplay has significance both for the move/stay –decision and for the youth’s desire and possibility to participate in and have influence over society’s development in the region. / Med utgångspunkt i Söderhamnsungdomarnas vardag visar denna avhandling vilka drivkrafter som påverkar ungdomar i de beslut de fattar om att stanna kvar i, eller flytta ifrån, hemregionen. Forskningen har skett utifrån en interaktiv ansats i nära samverkan med ungdomar och vuxna, och flera olika metoder har använts. Utifrån de intervjuer, uppsatser, enkäter, samtal och möten som ligger till grund för arbetet har ambitionen med avhandlings-arbetet varit att delta i och bidra till ett kunskapsbildande i dialog med ungdomarna och de vuxna i deras närhet. Avhandlingen visar att samhällets grundstrukturer har ett stort inflytande på ungdomarnas flytta/stanna-beslut. Viktiga faktorer är de faktiska förhållandena i samhället där unga har olika tillgång till resurser, såväl ekonomiskt, socialt som kulturellt. I flytta/stanna-frågan har den samhälleliga genusordningen har stor genomslagskraft. Likaså spelar spänningen mellan centrum och periferi en väsentlig roll – där makten att definiera vad som är ”rätt” och ”naturligt” sammanfaller med värderingar av hur ungdomar ”är” och ”ska vara”. Avhandlingen visar att samspelet mellan dessa faktorer ser olika ut för olika individer/grupper och att utfallet av samspelet spelar en väsentlig roll dels för de ungas flytta/stanna- beslut, men också för de ungas vilja och deras möjlighet att delta i och ha inflytande över samhällsutvecklingen i regionen.

I denna studie utforskas relationen mellan lönearbete och ojämlikhet inom servicearbete ur ett feministiskt perspektiv. Teoretiskt förenar avhandlingen ett arbetsprocess- och ett intersektionellt perspektiv med syfte att fånga variationen och mångfalden i de maktrelationer som formar servicearbete. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ ansats och bygger på 24 djupintervjuer med hotell- och restauranganställda verksamma i en svensk storstad. Avhandlingen visar hur arbetsprocessen är grundläggande för skapandet och återskapandet av ojämlikheter, och att arbetsprocessen formas av arbetsgivares, kunders och anställdas föreställningar, fantasier och maktrelationer. Avhandling visar också hur ojämlika sociala relationer av klass, kön, sexualitet och ”ras”/etnicitet görs i själva arbetsprocessen samt hur fundamentalt lönearbete är för skapande av gemenskap, motstånd och identiteter. / This study explores the relationship between paid work and the reproduction of (gendered) inequalities, with special focus on the hotel and restaurant branch. Theoretically the study takes it points of departure in a feminist re-appraisal of a labour process perspective and in a feminist intersectional understanding of gender relations. Methodologically the research is based on a qualitative study that consists of 24 in-depth interviews with employed in the hotel and restaurant branch located within a large city in Sweden. The study shows how different forms of inequality are shaped within and through the labour process, a labour process that is also shaped by employers, customers, and employees ideas and fantasies and the power relations between them. The study also shows how fundamental the labour process is in the doing of (unequal) social relations of gender, sexuality, class and “race”/ethnicity and how central paid work is in the construction of identities, forms of resistance and belonging.

Reading difficulties is the most common learning difficulty in the western world and it is common that people with reading disabilities also exhibit arithmetic difficulties. Different theories about the cause of the relationship exists, one theory describes the importance of good phonological ability in reading as well as in arithmetic, while another theory describes the importance of a reliable number system and that only a subgroup of students with reading disabilities also have difficulties with arithmetic. The purpose of this study is to investigate how students with reading difficulties (RD), without any known mathematical difficulties, perform on mathematical tasks relative to a control group. The study was theoretically grounded on the Triple code model (Dehaene, 1992), which is a model for numerical information processing that describes how various numerical and arithmetic tasks are processed through three distinct representation systems in the brain, a verbal and a visual representation system and a quantity system. Reading skills, phonological skills, arithmetic skills and number processing skills were examined in 61 students through a variety of tests. After examination of reading ability, the participants were split into two groups, students with RD and a control group. Statistical comparisons were calculated by one-way analysis of variance between the two groups on each task, and for some tasks one-way analysis of covariance were used. The results provided partial support for the present hypotheses. The main findings showed that students with RD have difficulties within the verbal and visual representation system but exhibit an intact quantity system. Within the verbal representation system, students with RD performed significantly worse in retrieval of arithmetic facts (addition, subtraction and multiplication), they retrieved fewer established answers from long-term memory on all of the three arithmetic operations compared to the control group. The students with RD also made more errors regarding subtraction and multiplication and within the visual representation system they had significantly fewer answers that were correct on written arithmetic calculation and was significantly slower in symbolic number comparison, compared with the control group. It is discussed whether a connection difficulty, namely difficulties in linking a particular symbol with a semantic content, is the cause of the exhibited arithmetic difficulties in students with RD. / Lässvårigheter är den vanligaste inlärningssvårigheten i västvärlden och det är vanligt att personer med lässvårigheter även uppvisar aritmetiska svårigheter. Skilda teorier kring orsaken till sambandet finns och en teori beskriver vikten av god fonologisk förmåga vid läsning såväl som vid räkning. En annan teori beskriver vikten av ett tillförlitligt antalsystem och att endast en undergrupp av elever med lässvårigheter också har svårigheter med aritmetik. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur elever med lässvårigheter (LS) utan kända matematiksvårigheter presterar på matematiska uppgifter i förhållande till en kontrollgrupp. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är Trippel-kod-modellen (Dehaene, 1992), vilket är en modell för numerisk informationsbearbetning som beskriver hur olika numeriska och aritmetiska uppgifter antas bearbetas genom tre representationssystem i hjärnan, det vill säga verbalt och visuellt representationssystem samt kvantitetssystem. Läsfärdighet, fonologisk förmåga, aritmetisk färdighet samt antalsuppfattning undersöktes hos 61 elever genom ett flertal test. Efter undersökning av läsfärdighet delades deltagarna upp i två grupper, elever med LS och en kontrollgrupp. Statistiska jämförelser beräknades genom envägs variansanalys mellan grupperna på respektive uppgift och för vissa uppgifter beräknades även envägs kovariansanalys. Resultatet gav delvis stöd för de uppsatta hypoteserna då huvudfyndet visade att elever med LS har svårigheter inom både verbalt och visuellt representationssystem men uppvisar ett intakt kvantitetssystem. Inom verbalt representationssystem presterade eleverna med LS signifikant sämre än kontrollgruppen på uppgiften framplockning av aritmetiska talfakta inom addition, subtraktion och multiplikation då de hade färre svar att plocka fram från minnet på alla tre räknesätt. Eleverna med LS hade också fler fel gällande subtraktion och multiplikation. Inom visuellt representationssystem uppvisade de signifikant färre rätt på skriftlig aritmetisk kalkylering samt var signifikant långsammare gällande symbolisk antalsuppfattning jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Utifrån resultaten diskuteras huruvida en kopplingsproblematik, det vill säga svårigheter att koppla en bestämd symbol med ett semantiskt innehåll, ligger till grund för de uppvisade aritmetiska svårigheterna hos elever med LS.

Denna studie bygger på en fältstudie i två klasser på gymnasieskolans Byggprogram. Intresset är riktat mot hur ett antal ungdomar, vilka samtliga är pojkar och i varierande grad är ointresserade av så kallade teoretiska studier, förhåller sig till kärnämnena. Mer precist är syftet att analysera deras förhållningssätt till kärnämnena som en del av deras identitetsskapande i relation till dessa ämnen. I studien ses skolan och klassrummet som en social arena där mycket annat än formell undervisning pågår och är relevant för ungdomar när de befinner sig i skolan. Den teoretiska förankringen för studien består i ett interaktionistiskt perspektiv på identitet, bland annat influerat av Richard Jenkins. Därutöver utgörs den av ett genus- och klassperspektiv, samt motståndsteoretiska utgångspunkter. Metodologiskt ansluter sig studien till den etnografiska traditionen. Data som analyseras är observationsdata, intervjudata och inspelade samtal mellan eleverna. Analysen visar bland annat att ungdomarna använder sitt kommande yrke och sitt ointresse för skolarbete i teoretisk tappning som utgångspunkter när de pratar om sin utbildning, olika ämnen eller sitt agerande i relation till skolarbetet. Analysen visar också att ungdomarna både är konforma och oppositionella gentemot kärnämnena. De anpassar sig efter skolans makt att bedöma deras studieinsatser, men gör bl.a. motstånd mot den ordning lärare söker åstadkomma och den tristess och påfrestning som de menar att kärnämnena medför. Till sina konsekvenser innebär denna form av motkultur ett identitetsskapande som avviker från ideal som låg bakom införandet av kärnämnena, vilket innebär ett motstånd mot en statlig påverkan på deras liv, så som denna påverkan kommer till uttryck genom utbildningssystemet. Mot bakgrund av deras kombination av motstånd och konformitet tolkas deras förhållningssätt till kärnämnena emellertid som motsträvighet än som ett renodlat motstånd. / This study is based on a field study that was conducted in two classes in a vocational programme (the Construction Programme) at a Swedish upper secondary school. The main concern of the study is how the pupils, all of whom are boys who are indifferent to varying degrees to so-called theoretical studies, relate to the academic subjects (or core subjects) of their education. More precisely, the aim is to analyze their attitudes towards the core subjects as part of their identity work. In this respect, the school setting is viewed as a social arena in which much more than formal education is going on and has relevance for the pupils when they are in school. The theoretical framing of the study is based on an interactional perspective on identity, primarily influenced by Richard Jenkins. Additionally, a gender and class perspective as well as theories of resistance are used to understand the views and actions of the boys. Methodologically, the study draws on an ethnographic tradition. The data consist of observations, interviews and recorded conversations between the pupils. The analysis points out that the pupils use their future work as construction workers and their indifference to theoretical schoolwork as important starting points when they talk about their education, different subjects or their own actions in relation to their schoolwork. The analysis also stresses that the boys employ modes of both conformity and opposition in relation to the academic subjects. They adjust to the power the school has when it comes to assessing their schoolwork, but they also resist the classroom order their teacher is trying to achieve and the stress and strain of everyday life in the academic subjects. This forms a counter culture, the consequences of which imply identity work that to a large extent differs from the ideas that conditioned the implementation of the core subjects. In this respect the pupils are also resisting governmental steering of their lives as it is expressed in the educational system. However, since the boys have modes of both conformity and opposition in their attitudes towards academic subjects, their overall attitude towards this part of their education is interpreted as a form of reluctance rather than full-scale resistance.

This thesis follows a group of youths placed in secure unit care who have participated in a chain-of-care project aiming to better plan their discharge and aftercare. The overall aim of the thesis is to link a detailed description of these young people with an analysis of the project they participated in, and to undertake one- and two-year follow-up studies. Analytic focus is on the significance of gender, class and ethnicity. The study is mainly based on structured interviews performed at the secure units upon entry into care, discharge and at a one-year follow up. Data have also been used from criminal records and interviews with project staff. When entering care, these youths exhibited extensive problems in both family conditions and own behaviour. The major problem in boys was criminality while girls reported poor mental health. Professionals judge youth of foreign background as more criminal than youth of Swedish background despite a lack of difference in self-reported data. Some difference is also noticeable regarding class. Analysis of the project shows that out-of-home care was the most frequent intervention after leaving secure unit care, while other interventions were difficult to uphold over time. Few girls received help with their mental health problems. At the one-year follow up, the youths reported an overall better situation, although extensive problems still remained. Above all, girls’ mental health problems remained as before. At the 2-year follow up the study group was compared with a control group in order to investigate effects of the project regarding criminality and recommitment to secure unit care. The comparison shows that the project had no effect. This is discussed in relation to poor organization and the difficulty of adjusting a project like this to the target group, along with the substantial part played by gender, class and ethnicity in how the youth are construed and treated.

Problem statement and purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze in what way first-time voters chose to take part of political information. The questions we aimed to answer was how first-time voters use media and other information channels for political purposes, what importance and trust the first-time voters give the different information channels and finally which indicators there is for that structural or individual factors affect the media consumption and political interest. Method and material: We did interviews with twelve 18 years old first-time voters from six different high school programs in Sundsvall, Sweden. Results: The study showed that the premier source of political information were traditional news media, in particular the debates on TV. It’s also in the debates the first-time voter’s trust the most. Even though the social medias are constantly present in their everyday life and even though the first-time voters believe the social medias have potential for engaging young people politically, the possibilities are only taken in advantage by people who are already politically interested. The first-time voters are being affected by both structural and individualized factors. The structural, the social standing in particular, matters for the individual’s political interest and use of traditional media, while the individualized factors primarily matters for the use of social medias.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka om och hur lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa, utbildade vid GIH arbetar normkritiskt utifrån faktorerna klass, kön och etnicitet. Vidare har ett syfte varit att undersöka vilka pedagogiska verktyg som de har fått från GIH för att förbereda dem att arbeta med dessa faktorer. Frågeställningar: Hur arbetar lärarna normkritiskt i sin undervisning utifrån klass, kön och etnicitet? Hur har lärarutbildningen vid GIH förberett lärarna att arbeta normkritiskt med dessa faktorer? Metod Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ utgångspunkt där djupintervjuer användes som metod. Urvalet bestod av fem idrottslärare som undervisar i gymnasieskolan. Samtliga respondenter har gått lärarprogrammet på GIH och arbetat maximalt tre år som idrottslärare. En intervjuguide utformades utifrån syftet och Lindströms modell av Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). Vilken även användes vid analys av resultatet. Resultat Resultatet visar att de intervjuade lärarna till viss del arbetar normkritiskt när det gäller genus genom att ge utrymme för diskussion och genus-uppgifter. Resultatet visar även att lärarna i studien uppvisar pedagogiska ämneskunskaper när det gäller normer kring genus, något som saknas när det gäller normer kring klass och etnicitet. Vidare visar resultatet att alla respondenter fått en teoretisk utbildning från GIH när det gäller normer kring genus och en del praktiska kunskaper för tillämpning i undervisningen. När det kommer till teoretiska kunskaper gällande normer kring både klass och etnicitet delger alla respondenter att dessa kunskaper har ingått minimalt i undervisningen på GIH. De didaktiska kunskaperna kring samma normer menar alla intervjuade lärare att det saknades helt eller endast diskuterade vid ett fåtal tillfällen. Slutsats   Lärarna uppvisar liknande arbetssätt när det handlar om normkritisk pedagogik. Lärarna arbetar inte normkritiskt enligt Lindströms pedagogiska ämneskunskaps modell. Dock arbetar de normkritiskt till viss del då det handlar om genus, men detta arbete saknas när det kommer till faktorerna klass och etnicitet. Lärarna arbetar snarare aktivt med de normer och den värdegrund som styrdokumenten anger samt låter eleverna arbeta med genus på ett uppgiftsorienterat sätt. Att det ser ut på detta sätt kan kopplas till GIH:s lärarutbildning då den lägger fokus på genus medan de andra faktorerna hamnar i skymundan. / Aim The aim of the study was to investigate if and how Physical Education (PE) teachers, with an education from the Swedish school of sports and health science (GIH) and a maximum work experience of 3 years work with norm critical teaching according to the study factors social class, gender and ethnicity. Moreover, an aim has been to investigate what kind of pedagogical tools the interviewed teachers have received from GIH to prepare them how to teach with these factors in mind. Research questions: How do the teachers work norm critical in their teaching according to social class, gender and ethnicity? How has the teacher education at GIH prepared the teachers to work norm critical with these factors? Method The study was carried out in a qualitative perspective and in-depth interviews were used as research method. One PE teacher teaching in the Swedish compulsory school participated in the pilot interview and five PE teachers teaching at Swedish high schools participated in the study. All respondents in the study have finished a teacher program at GIH and a maximum of 3 years’ working experience as a PE teacher. An interview guide was created according to Lindström’s model of PCK. Results The Result shows that the interviewed teachers work in a norm critic way to some degree when it come to gender through discussions and gender tasks. Furthermore the result shows that the respondents show some sort of Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) when it comes to norms regarding gender, something that they do not have when it comes to norms regarding social background and ethnicity. Moreover the result shows that the respondents have acquired a theoretical knowledge and some practical knowledge about gender norms from GIH. When it comes to theoretical knowledge concerning social background and ethnicity norms all the respondents agree that this knowledge have been included minimally in their education. The didactical knowledge about these norms was not included in their education or was discussed at very few occasions. Conclusions The teachers of the study show similar working methods regarding norm critical pedagogy. According to Lindström’s PCK model, the teachers do not work norm critical. Though, they do in some extent work norm critical regarding gender, but this work does not exist regarding the factors social class and ethnicity. The teachers under study rather work actively with the norms and value principle stated by curriculum. Furthermore they work with gender in a task oriented way. The reason for this can be linked to GIH’s teacher program since the education focus on gender, the other factors, social class and ethnicity only is emphasized briefly during the education.