The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the professional role of women in Prison and Probation Service and a qualitative equality perspective, as well as how they are treated by male colleagues and clients. In the annual report from Swedish Prison and Probation Service, it has been stated that the gender distribution is equal, which indicates quantitative equality. This study is based on a qualitative method, where interviews have been conducted with nine women between 25 and 65, who are working in custody or prison. The women have been given a chance to talk about their feelings and thoughts about their professional role in general and how they are being treated or affected by their male colleagues and clients.  The result has shown that women are far more affected by the power structures and norms. Several women mention that male colleagues see them as weaker and make judgements about their physical capabilities. They also talk about how they are more caring of their clients, whereas the men are more focused on showing their strength and superiority. Finally, the main conclusion of this study is that there is no qualitative equality because of how the male role sets the overall norm. This, in turn, significantly affects women in their professional role of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service.

Sverige är ett av de länder i världen som erbjuder störst skydd av HBTQI+-personers rättigheter. Detta skydd utgår bland annat från de mänskliga rättigheterna och den svenska diskrimineringslagstiftningen. Det är förvaltningens uppgift att se till att diskrimineringslagstiftningen upprätthålls i det svenska samhället. Utifall att själva förvaltningen skulle frångå en lag skulle dess verkan i samhället undermineras, både genom att förvaltningen inte utför sin uppgift och eftersom den fungerar som ett exempel på hur svensk lag bör implementeras. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed att undersöka huruvida indikationer finns på att det i den svenska förvaltningen förekommer diskriminering av HBTQI+-personer. Vidare vill uppsatsen även finna indikationer på hur denna eventuella diskriminering i så fall ser ut, då HBTQI+-personernas olika minoritetsidentiteter tas i beaktande. Dessa syften ämnas uppfyllas genom en fallstudie av den svenska Kriminalvården utifrån principen mest trolig att finna diskriminering av HBTQI+-personer. För att besvara frågeställningarna genomförs en intervjustudie. Materialet från denna analyseras med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och en analysram byggd utifrån begreppet diskriminering, såsom det beskrivs i svensk lag. En av de tydligaste slutsatserna som kommit av analysen är att indikationer finns på att diskriminering av HBTQI+-personer existerar inom Kriminalvården, och därmed i den svenska förvaltningen. I slutsatserna beskrivs även indikationer på hur denna diskriminering ser ut i relation till HBTQI+-personernas olika minoritetsidentiteter.

Första kvartalet år 2023 var det 6098 personer som satt frihetsberövade på Kriminalvårdens anstalter runt om i Sverige. Gemensamt för dem är att de saknar tillgång till internet och annan digital teknik. Frihetsberövade är en grupp som tvingats in i ett digitalt utanförskap, till följd av straffet de avtjänar. Det finns idag inte så mycket forskning om hur man från samhällets sida ser på digitalt utanförskap i just den här kontexten. Utifrån det har studiens fokus och forskningsfrågor tagits fram; 1) Vilka inbyggda motsättningar finns det när det kommer till användning av digital teknik på svenska kriminalvårdsanstalter? och 2) Hur kan dessa motsättningar påverka de frihetsberövade med beaktning av digitalt utanförskap? Syftet med studien är att utforska och kritiskt granska Kriminalvårdens arbete med digital teknik för frihetsberövade, samt hur de arbetar proaktivt för att undivka digitalt utanförskap. Tidigare forskning handlar om hur andra länder arbetar med digital teknik inom kriminalvård, styrande principer som bör följas, dilemman som kan finnas samt relationen mellan socialt och digitalt utanförskap. Studien triangulerar mellan tre datainsamlingsmetoder; semistrukturerade intervjuer, dokumentstudier och en deltagande observation. Resultaten visar att det finns vissa existerande insatser inom Kriminalvården, men även en hel del möjligheter, dilemman och framtida förhoppningar. En tematisk analys har genomförts, vilken pekar på fyra olika motsättningar när det kommer till digital teknik för frihetsberövade; 1) normalitet kontra bestraffning, 2) frigivningsförberedelser kontra omöjliggöra fortsatt kriminell verksamhet, 3) differentiering kontra likabehandling och 4) digitalisering kontra mänskligt möte. Slutsatsen för studien blir således att alla dessa delar bör beaktas för att motverka digitalt utanförskap samtidigt som man upprätthåller en rimlig säkerhetsnivå och andra viktiga delar. Studien bidrar med att identifiera sådana motsättningar och hur de kan ses ur ett perspektiv av digitalt utanförskap, men det finns även delar som studien inte täcker. Vidare forskning bör därmed fokusera mer på de frihetsberövades perspektiv och hur begränsningar och existerande digital teknik faktiskt har påverkat dem. / The first quarter of 2023, there was 6098 individuals registered in prisons around Sweden. What they have in common is that they lack access to the internet and other digital technology. Prisoners are a group forced into a digital exclusion, as a result of the sentence they are serving. There is not much research today on societys' view of digital exclusion in this particular context. Based on that, the study's focus and research questions have been developed; 1) What built-in contradictions are there when it comes to the use of digital technology in Swedish correctional institutions? and 2) How can these contradictions affect the prisoners considering digital exclusion? The purpose of the study is to explore and critically review the Swedish Correctional Service's work with digital technology in release preperations, as well as how they work proactively to avoid digital exclusion. Previous research focuses on how other countires work with digital technology within Correctional Services, governing principles that should be followed, dilemmas that can exist with it and the relationship between social and digital exclusion. The study triangulates between three data collection methods; semi-structured interviews, document studies and one participatory observation. The result has shown both existing initiatives within the Correctional Service, but also a lot of opportunities, dilemmas and future hopes. The thematic analysis points to four different contradictions when it comes to digital technology for prisoners; 1) normality versus correction, 2) release preperation versus making further criminal activity impossible, 3) differentation versus equal treatment, and 4) digitization versus human encounter. The conclusion of the study is thus that all these elements should be considered in order to counteract digital exclusion while maintaining security and other important elements. The study contributes to identifying which contradicitions really exist and how they can be viewed from a perspective of digital exclusion, but there are also parts that the study does not cover. Further research should therefore focus more on the prisoners' perspective and how limitations and existing digital technology have actually affected them.

Introduktion: Hälsan hos intagna på anstalter är sämre än hos den generella populationen. Att ha känslan av sammanhang är en viktig faktor för upplevd god hälsa samt för att kunna hantera stressfaktorer som uppkommer i livet. Teorin av känslan av sammanhang kretsar kring tre viktiga konstruktioner: begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Personalen på kriminalvårdsanstalterna är de individer som arbetar närmast de intagna under deras vistelse på anstalt och personalen är de som kommunicerar och möter dem mest under deras verkställighet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka kriminalvårdspersonalens erfarenheter av att främja begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet för intagna individer på anstalt. Metod: Den här studien använde en kvalitativ ansats där sex tidigare eller nuvarande kriminalvårdsanställda intervjuades. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman (2004). Resultat: Resultatet identifierade fem kategorier relaterat till personalens förmåga att främja känslan av sammanhang för intagna vilka var; sysselsättning, bemötande, verktyg, hinder och positiva resultat. De fem kategorierna var områden där kriminalvårdspersonalen upplevde sig erfara främjandet av begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet för de intagna på anstalt samt vilka hinder men även positiva resultat de upplevde. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien på att det fanns erfarenhet bland kriminalvårdspersonalen av att främja teorins tre komponenter för intagna på anstalt. Framtida forskning föreslås vad gäller att undersöka hur känslan av sammanhang och dess tre komponenter kan användas som en del i det hälsofrämjande arbetet på anstalt. / Introduction: Health among inmates in custody is worse compared to the general population. Having a sense of coherence is an important factor for perceived good health as well as to be able to handle stress factors that arise in life. The theory of sense of coherence centers around three important constructs: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. The staff of correctional facilities are the people who work closest to the inmates during their stay in custody and staff are those who communicate and meet them the most during their enforcement. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the correctional staff's experiences of promoting comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness for incarcerated individuals in custody. Methods: This research used a qualitative approach where six former or current correctional officers were interviewed. The data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Results: The results identified five categories related to staff´s ability to promote a sense of coherence for inmates, including were; occupation, interactions, tools, obstacles and positive results. Conclusion: In summary, the study showed that correctional staff had experience in promoting the theory´s three components for inmates in custody. Future research is suggested in terms of investigating how sense of coherence and its three components can be used as part of the health promotion work in custody.

<p>The goal of this project was to evaluate three main proposals, by the Property Management Department (PMD) of St. Louis County, which the department hoped would reduce energy consumption at their Duluth Jail facility. This particular facility was opened in 1995 and houses approximately 170 inmates. Despite its relatively new construction, the building produces some of the highest utility bills of all of the County’s buildings.</p><p>The proposals put forth by the PMD were the following: to reduce natural gas consumption by using solar water heating for the domestic hot water; to reduce heating and cooling costs by enclosing a light well which is currently open to the sky with a transparent, insulated roof; and to utilize a white roof to reduce cooling demand during the summertime.</p><p>The solar water heating proposal was evaluated by determining the energy the solar system could provide annually and comparing these energy- and monetary savings to the cost of the system. Two solar options were evaluated; one system with 20 collectors and another with 50. Both systems also included condensing boilers to provide supplementary heating during times of low solar output. The annual savings of the 20- and 50 collector systems were 128 and 173 MWh, respectively. This led to a payback period of approximately 17 years for the 20 collector system and 16 years for the 50 collector system.</p><p>Enclosing the open light well, which is an open area inside the perimeter of the building which is designed to give rooms on the inside of the building natural daylight, was evaluated by performing an energy flow analysis comparing the existing condition with one in which a roof topped the well. This involved calculating the U-values of the walls before the skyroof and then using heating and cooling degree days to determine the heat flows through the walls. The enclosed light well was evaluated by performing an energy balance on the well to determine the temperature of the enclosed well. This temperature could then be used to calculate the heat flow through the enclosed light well’s walls. The difference in these heat flows between the two options was then converted to an economic cost to evaluate a payback period. Two grades of Kalwall-brand insulation were evaluated; the “Nanogel” grade and a mid-range grade. The Nanogel-enclosed light well reduced the heating demand by 16 MWh but increased the cooling load by 9 MWh, while the mid-grade enclosed well decreased the heating load by 11 MWh but increased the cooling load by 4 MWh. These added up to net annual savings of $650 for the Nanogel roof and $470 for the mid-grade skyroof. However, the investment costs were so high that the payback periods were between 450 and 550 years.</p><p>Two white roofing options were considered and corresponded to a newly installed roof and one that had weathered for 3 years, thereby reducing its reflectivity. These options were evaluated by determining the mean monthly roof temperatures throughout a typical year and calculating the heat flows through the roofs based on these temperatures. The temperatures were determined by performing a heat balance on the roofs’ surfaces and considering the solar radiation incident on the roofs. The heat flows with the existing black colored roof and the proposed white roofs were thencompared and converted into heating and cooling costs. The white roofs led to summertime air-conditioning savings but created more wintertime heat losses and therefore caused net annual energy cost increases of $560 and $240 for the new and weathered roofs, respectively.</p><p>The recommendations therefore were to implement the solar thermal system but not the other two proposals. Other areas which might benefit from additional investigations include lighting efficiency improvements, water use reductions, and replacement of the existing boilers with either more efficient natural gas units or wood-pellet/biomass boilers.</p>

The goal of this project was to evaluate three main proposals, by the Property Management Department (PMD) of St. Louis County, which the department hoped would reduce energy consumption at their Duluth Jail facility. This particular facility was opened in 1995 and houses approximately 170 inmates. Despite its relatively new construction, the building produces some of the highest utility bills of all of the County’s buildings. The proposals put forth by the PMD were the following: to reduce natural gas consumption by using solar water heating for the domestic hot water; to reduce heating and cooling costs by enclosing a light well which is currently open to the sky with a transparent, insulated roof; and to utilize a white roof to reduce cooling demand during the summertime. The solar water heating proposal was evaluated by determining the energy the solar system could provide annually and comparing these energy- and monetary savings to the cost of the system. Two solar options were evaluated; one system with 20 collectors and another with 50. Both systems also included condensing boilers to provide supplementary heating during times of low solar output. The annual savings of the 20- and 50 collector systems were 128 and 173 MWh, respectively. This led to a payback period of approximately 17 years for the 20 collector system and 16 years for the 50 collector system. Enclosing the open light well, which is an open area inside the perimeter of the building which is designed to give rooms on the inside of the building natural daylight, was evaluated by performing an energy flow analysis comparing the existing condition with one in which a roof topped the well. This involved calculating the U-values of the walls before the skyroof and then using heating and cooling degree days to determine the heat flows through the walls. The enclosed light well was evaluated by performing an energy balance on the well to determine the temperature of the enclosed well. This temperature could then be used to calculate the heat flow through the enclosed light well’s walls. The difference in these heat flows between the two options was then converted to an economic cost to evaluate a payback period. Two grades of Kalwall-brand insulation were evaluated; the “Nanogel” grade and a mid-range grade. The Nanogel-enclosed light well reduced the heating demand by 16 MWh but increased the cooling load by 9 MWh, while the mid-grade enclosed well decreased the heating load by 11 MWh but increased the cooling load by 4 MWh. These added up to net annual savings of $650 for the Nanogel roof and $470 for the mid-grade skyroof. However, the investment costs were so high that the payback periods were between 450 and 550 years. Two white roofing options were considered and corresponded to a newly installed roof and one that had weathered for 3 years, thereby reducing its reflectivity. These options were evaluated by determining the mean monthly roof temperatures throughout a typical year and calculating the heat flows through the roofs based on these temperatures. The temperatures were determined by performing a heat balance on the roofs’ surfaces and considering the solar radiation incident on the roofs. The heat flows with the existing black colored roof and the proposed white roofs were thencompared and converted into heating and cooling costs. The white roofs led to summertime air-conditioning savings but created more wintertime heat losses and therefore caused net annual energy cost increases of $560 and $240 for the new and weathered roofs, respectively. The recommendations therefore were to implement the solar thermal system but not the other two proposals. Other areas which might benefit from additional investigations include lighting efficiency improvements, water use reductions, and replacement of the existing boilers with either more efficient natural gas units or wood-pellet/biomass boilers.

This bachelor’s thesis deals with how the spatiality of libraries can correlate with instances of disorderly user behaviors. The fact that public libraries are among the types that are most prone to disorder, while Kriminalvården’s (the Swedish correctional service’s) librarians rarely experience similar problematic behaviors, could be said to illustrate a balancing act between anarchy and a manic need for control; where the most ideal compromise is, is based both upon personal values and the situation at hand.   To compare different reasonings about the room and the users, public librarians’ perspectives on factors of architecture and design have been contrasted with how librarians within Kriminalvården view the matter. The study has mainly been carried out using qualitative semi-structured interviews as well as a supplementary questionnaire. Operationalized factors of spatial influence in the form of categorized opposites (accessible/inaccessible, comfortable/repellent, visible/obscured, enabling/forbidding), which were identified early on and have guided the investigation, are used both implicitly in the interview guides and the questionnaire as well as explicitly in reading for the thematic analysis.   The terms “ideal type”, “heterotopia”, and “panopticon/panopticism” are used theoretically to deepen the understanding of the essay’s collected data: their suitability emerges in the nuances of what libraries can/should be; what happens when you bring together multiple functions in one space; as well as how control through surveillance can be understood and applied in library spaces.   The results show several differences at the operational level, but also similarities in terms of the librarian’s approach and view on problematic factors. Public libraries often have many functions (that do not always interact harmoniously) and offer more freedom, which risks their orderliness, while Kriminalvårdens library operations (which consists almost exclusively of literature distribution) have more order – but at the expense of user´s freedom.    The study’s outcome can be used as a basis of knowledge for practical planning of library design, but also as a springboard for further research. The effect of spatiality on users can prove important for the orderliness, atmosphere, and security of a library: cultivating an awareness regarding these possibilities of influence can thus be considered of great interest. / Denna kandidatuppsats hanterar hur biblioteks spatiala utformning kan korrelera med förekomster av ”biblioteksstök”. Att folkbibliotek är bland de mest stök-utsatta typerna, medan Kriminalvårdens bibliotekarier sällan upplever liknande problembeteenden, skulle kunna sägas illustrera en balansakt mellan anarki och kontrollmani; var den mest idealiska kompromissen ligger bygger på personliga värderingar och vad situationen kräver.    För att jämföra olika resonemang kring rummet och användarna har folkbibliotekariers perspektiv på arkitektoniska och designmässiga faktorer satts i kontrast mot hur bibliotekarier inom Kriminalvården ser på saken. Studien har genomförts främst med hjälp av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en kompletterande enkät. Operationaliseringar av spatiala påverkansfaktorer i form av kategoriserade motpoler (tillgängligt/svårtillgängligt, komfortabelt/avvisande, överblickbart/skymt, tillåtande/hindrande), som i förtid identifierats och styrt undersökningen, har använts både implicit i intervjuguiderna samt enkäten och explicit i utläsningen för den tematiska analysen.  Begreppen ”idealtyp”, ”heterotopi”, och ”panoptikon/panopticism” används teoretiskt för att fördjupa förståelsen av uppsatsens empiri: deras lämplighet framkommer i nyanserandet av vad bibliotek kan/bör vara; effekten av att sammanföra flera användningsområden i samma utrymme; samt hur kontroll genom övervakning kan förstås och appliceras i biblioteksutrymmen.    Resultatet visar på flera skillnader på verksamhetsnivå men även likheter i fråga om bibliotekariernas förhållningssätt och syn på problematiska faktorer. Folkbibliotek har ofta många funktioner (som inte alltid samspelar harmoniskt) och erbjuder mer frihet vilket riskerar kosta ordning, medan Kriminalvårdens biblioteksverksamhet (som utgörs närmast uteslutande av litteraturförmedling) har mer ordning – men på bekostnad av användarnas frihet.   Studiens utfall kan användas som kunskapsgrund för praktisk planering av biblioteksutformning, men även som en språngbräda för vidare forskning. Det spatialas influens över användare kan ha betydelse för biblioteks ordning, atmosfär, och trygghet: att kultivera en medvetenhet kring dessa påverkansmöjligheter kan därmed anses vara av stort intresse.

Crime and gang violence are often subjects of media attention in today's society. This has led to an increased debate and a widespread perception that it is a societal issue. There is a division among politicians about which strategy is considered most effective in reducing crime. Some belive that harsher penalties will lead to reduced crime, while others argue that preventive work and investments in social work are needed. The purpose of the study is to examine whether the social work being conducted is sufficient to prevent a greater degree of recidivism or whether authorities need to work differently. To conduct the study, five social workers participated in interviews where they were asked about their views on the reintegration model that exists in Sweden, as well as whether they believe other strategies are needed. Since these social workers have different professional roles, their answers provide a broader perspective on how different professions work with criminals. The results of the study show that more preventive work is needed from an early age to prevent individuals from committing criminal acts. When authorities become involved, it is usually to late, and the individual is already trapped in a cycle of crime that is difficult to break. To prevent this, signicicant investments are needed in various social activities that are there to support early on. Additionally, the study shows that society must give the criminals a fair opportunity to reintegrate into society by, for examle, employing individuals who have served their sentence to reduce social exclusion.