Object of investigation – Svetus river basin. The purpose of reasearch – 1) to estimame the nurture of phytomass qantity in Svetus river basin, 2) to estimame formerly and newly formed plant community‘s botanic composition, it‘s change in diferent year seasons, and source of chage, 3) to estimame eatability do dominating grass, 4) to provide thr utilization of phytomass. The reasearch was carry out during the period 2003 – 2004. The method of reasearch – the phytomass was estimated by dry digging 50x50x20 monolith. The distance between two monolith –about 100 m., and it is about 30m from river centre. 24 monolith was digged every year (48 at all), which underground part of phytomass was taken from roots. The roots was washed, all plant parts was dryed and waighed (the weatherdry biomass was estimated). Over the period 2003-2004 the biggest amount of phytomass was in natural plant community (haying and grazing) – about 1503,5g/m2 (dry). In newly formed plant community, during 2 year period, the phytomass quantity was twice less than in formerly formed meadow plant community. The growing grass eatability in reasearched plant community was 6 points. The area of Svetus river basin – 36 ha. According two years informatikon, the increase of phytomass sutable for cattles was 118,98 t. The most sutable for second breedng.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contributed to the contraction of Tuberculosis (TB) amongst the patients who were newly diagnosed with TB at Katutura TB state hospital Windhoek, Namibia. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted to explore the factors that contributed to contraction of TB among the newly diagnosed patients. Data was collected using questionnaires from 8th June 2016 to the 8th September 2016. The respondents were the newly diagnosed TB patients (n=40) admitted at Katutura TB state hospital. The findings revealed that there is a change in gender infection rate, men are now on the forefront, comprising 57.5% (n=23) of the sample surveyed. Furthermore, some other factors emerged on the study like TB stigma, poor nutrition, and lack of education. However, some factors are very controversial such as accommodation and sanitation as they need to be explored more to see their influence on TB infection rate / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Syfte med studien var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenheter av hälsosamtal med nyanlända elever som kommit till Sverige tillsammans med sina familjer. En kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer tillämpades. Totalt inkluderades sju skolsköterskor från olika skolor i Västernorrlands län och i Stockholms län. Intervjumaterialet bearbetades genom innehållsanalys. Resultatet av studien visade på ett tema "Att vara mer än bara skolsköterska" med tre huvudkategorier; "Att utmanas i sin yrkesroll som skolsköterska i hälsosamtalet" "Att berikas i sin yrkesprofession i samband med hälsosamtalet" "Att inte räcka till i hälsosamtalet som skolsköterska" Vidare bildades 14 stycken subkategorier. Samtliga skolsköterskor betonade att mötet med nyanlända elever i samband med hälsosamtal innebar att vara mer än bara skolsköterska, baserat på både positiva och negativa faktorer. Hälsosamtal med nyanlända elever innebar olika typer av utmaningar som ofta var relaterade till avsaknad av riktlinjer, kunskapsbrist, tidsbrist och resursbrist. Trots de utmaningar som framkom i studien uppgav skolsköterskorna att de hankade sig fram. Vidare uppgav skolsköterskorna att de berikades i sin yrkesroll i samband med hälsosamtalet vilket skapade en känsla av tillfredsställelse och ett engagemang av att vilja hjälpa och finnas där för dessa elever på ett djupare plan. De beskrev också en känsla av att inte räcka till i hälsosamtalet med eleven, vilket väckte känslor som osäkerhet, frustration och maktlöshet hos skolsköterskorna samt påverkade deras professionella förhållningssätt. Alla deltagare i studien var överens om att det saknades riktlinjer för bemötande av nyanlända elever på gymnasienivå och att det fanns kunskapsluckor hos skolsköterskorna gällande kulturella skillnader. Deltagarna efterfrågade också handledning i arbetet med nyanlända elever. / The aim of this study was to investigate and disclose the experiences that school nurses encounter, in regard to health consultations, with newly arrived foreign students. The study had a qualitative design and was composed of semi structured interviews with an applied inductive approach. In total, seven interviews were performed with separate school nurses from the counties of Västernorrland and Stockholm. The interview material was processed through a content analysis. The results from the study indicated a theme of " being more than a school nurse" was composed of three main constituents; "To be challenged in one´s profession as a school nurse in health consultations" "To be enriched in one's profession in regard to health consultations" "To be inadequate in the health consultations as a school nurse" Based on both positive and negative factors, all school nurses affirmed that the meeting with the newly arrived foreign students, in regard to health consultations, resulted in being more than a school nurse. Health consultations with the students involved different types of challenges that consisted of inadequate guidelines, knowledge, time and resources. In spite of the challenges posed by the findings in this report, the school nurses asserted that they inched forward. The school nurses argued that they were enriched in their role in relation to the health consultations, which resulted in a sense of satisfaction and a commitment of wanting to help and be there for these students on a deeper level. The nurses reported a feeling of being inadequate during the consultations with the students, which brought forth feelings of insecurity, frustration and helplessness with the nurses. They reported that even their professional disposition had been affected. All participants in this study agreed that current high school health consultation guidelines were inadequate and confirmed that they lacked some knowledge in regard to cultural differences. The participants also requested guidance in their work involving newly arrived foreign students.

The path to a career in nursing begins on the first day of nursing training and is not completed until the nurses have worked one year in their profession. During the training period, the student nurses have training elements in two different activitysystems: the higher education institution and the healthcare sector. The aim of this study is to examine and highlight the relationship between the different parts of the training as well as how the relationship is manifested during the newly qualified nurses’ initial period in the profession. The research’s overall question is what makes the newly qualified nurses’ learning and knowledge development easier or harder in relation to the different parts of the nursing training. Interviews have been used to create data which have been analysed based on activity theory, a social theory of learning and different ways of describing knowledge. The research findings show that the activity systems have different knowledge cultures, learning processes and patterns of action. The study participants describe the differences in terms of being in ‘different worlds’. The newly qualified nurses do not always have the practical skills that are sought after and, therefore, cannot always act as independent subjects, but become marginalized non-participants who observe the course of events. Supervision and the rounds are the two most demanding duties during the first year in the profession, since these duties have been practiced to a limited extent during the nurse training placement. The supervisory function appears different to newly qualified male and female nurses. The women in the study feel that it is problematic to be a supervisor for older experienced assistant nurses, in that the assistant nurses do not accept them as supervisors. The men do not indicate this as being a problem, rather emphasizing that the assistant nurses support them in the supervisory function. During the rounds, the nurses must inform the doctor of the state of the patients’ health and care needs. The participants feel that it is difficult to live up to the doctors’ demands ahead of the rounds. In summary, my findings show that the different knowledge cultures in the higher education institution and the healthcare sector make the newly qualified nurses’ learning and knowledge development more difficult. During the first year in the profession, the newly qualified nurses learn to be nurses, and they talk about themselves as nurses in a totally different way than at the start of that year. The changed way of talking about themselves indicates that they have recreated their identity from student nurses to nurses.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Intensivvård innebär att förebygga och behandla hotande eller manifest svikt i ett eller flera organsystem hos svårt sjuka patienter. När den nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskan påbörjar sitt arbete på en intensivvårdsavdelning inleds en övergångsperiod. Denna kan pågå upp till två år och är en kritisk period där den nyanställda sjuksköterskan kan känna sig stressad och överväldigad. Mentorskap är en form av handledning där mentorn bland annat agerar som guide och förebild och tillhandahåller kunskap och råd inför den nya rollen. För drygt två år sedan påbörjades ett mentorprogram på en intensivvårdsavdelning i en storstadsregion i Sverige. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att ha deltagit i ett mentorprogram. Metod: Fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes och intervjumaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenteras under fyra kategorier. Mentorprogrammet – dess syfte och struktur belyser generella aspekter om programmet. Övergången – från student till en ny roll som intensivvårdssjuksköterska presenterar resultat angående den första tiden i den utökade yrkesrollen. Mentorskapet – adeptens och mentorns relation belyser olika aspekter av relationen och Mentorsamtalet – att prata av sig beskriver adeptens och mentorns samtal. Slutsats: Mentorprogrammet behövs och fyller en viktig funktion men behöver struktureras och individualiseras. Det är betydelsefullt hur adepter och mentorer matchas och det faktum att de även är kollegor bör beaktas om problem dem emellan uppkommer. Klinisk betydelse: För att underlätta övergången för nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor kan mentorprogram införas och vissa aspekter bör beaktas innan uppstarten men även efter dess införande. / Background: Intensive care means treat and prevent threatening or manifest failure in one or several organ systems in very sick patients. The transition period, about two years, is critical for the newly hired intensive care nurse that often experience stress and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Mentorship is a sort of guidance where the mentor guide and act as a role-model as well as provide knowledge and advice. About two years ago a mentoring program started in an intensive care unit in a large city area in Sweden. Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine newly graduated intensive care nurses´ experiences after participation in a mentoring program. Method: Focus group interviews were completed and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The result from the study is presented in four categories. The Mentoring program – aim and structure present general aspects of the program. The transition – from student to a new role as an intensive care nurse present results concerning the first period in the new profession. The Mentorship – the mentee and mentor relationship highlights different aspects of the relationship and The Mentorship Dialogue – to unburden describes the dialogue. Conclusion: The mentoring program is needed and performs an important function but should be structured and individualized. The matching between mentees and mentors are important and the fact that they are colleagues should be borne in mind if problems occur. Clinical matter: A mentoring program can ease the transition but certain circumstances should be taken into consideration.

Bakgrund: Erfarna sjuksköterskor upplever att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor har svårigheter att arbeta självständigt, hantera det höga arbetstempot, planera sitt arbete och delegering. Dock anser sjuksköterskestudenter att utbildningen förbereder dem för sjuksköterskerollen, samt att de är kompetenta nog att klara arbetet som sjuksköterska. Sjuksköterskestudenter menar även att yrket är mer komplext än de tidigare trott. Metod: Kvalitativ, systematisk litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes. Analys av 13 artiklar. Syfte: Att beskriva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda. Resultat: Resultatet består av två teman och sju subteman. Att vara nybörjare inkluderade upplevelsen av att inte vara redo, att ha höga förväntningar, att erfara det oväntade samt att uppleva ett behov av stöd och handledning. Att bli ett med sjuksköterskerollen handlade om att sjuksköterskorna upplevde sig mer självsäkra, var mer tillfreds i sjuksköterskerollen samt hade fått en bättre förståelse för sjuksköterskerollen. Slutsats: Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde första tiden som oroväckande och svår. Sjuksköterskerollen kändes överväldigande men med tiden blev den lättare att hantera. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde att de fått en bättre förståelse för arbetet, var mer självsäkra samt höll en högre kvalitet i vårdandet. Resultatet skulle kunna vara till nytta för erfarna sjuksköterskor, arbetsgivare och nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor. / Background: Experienced nurses experience that newly qualified nurses have difficulties in working independently, coping with the high work rate, planning their work and delegating. However, nursing students thinks that nursing school prepares them for the nursing role, and that they are competent enough to handle the work as a nurse. Nursing students also mean that the work is more complex then what they originally thought. Method: Qualitative, systematic literature review with a descriptive synthesis. Analysis of 13 articles. Aim: To describe newly qualified nurses’ experiences of nursing. Results: The result was built out of two themes and seven subthemes. To be a beginner included the experience of not being ready, to have high expectations, to experience the unexpected, and to experience a need for support and preceptorship. To the nurses, becoming one with the nursing role meant becoming more self-confident, to be satisfied with the nursing role and had gotten a better understanding for the role of nursing. Conclusion: Newly qualified nurses experienced the first period, as nurses, to be disquieting and hard. The nursing role felt overwhelming but got easier with time. The newly qualified nurses experienced that they had gotten a better understanding of the profession, had become more self-confident and kept a higher quality of care. The results could be of use for experienced nurses, employers and for newly qualified nurses.

The aim is to study how two newly-arrived pupils in the subject of Swedish cooperate with each other through code-switching. The study is based on a qualitative method with three observations during classes in the subject of Swedish. The study showed me that newly arrived pupils use a lot of codeswitching when they are paired up with each other. In particular, this study found that they used code-switching when their vocabulary in Swedish did not suffice, as well as when they had problems with interpreting certain words. In most cases, the subjects show a preference for intrasentiell code-switching (switching within the sentence for a few words) over the intersentiell variety, although both occur.

Two study plots containing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) newly infested by Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) were established and photographed with large-scale (1:1000), colour infrared film on July 29. 1979 - approximately three months after possible insect attack. Ground checking confirmed attacked trees and also showed that at the time of photography all trees had visually green, healthy-appearing foliage. All trees, both attacked and non-attacked in each plot were matched to their photographic images, and visual photo interpretation for damage types and densitometric analysis of the original transparencies were done. For each tree-crown image included, the yellow, magenta and cyan dye layer density measurements were taken and these values plus three ratios derived from them were tested statistically using analysis of variance and stepwise discriminant analysis. Significant differences were found between the optical density values of the images of healthy and attacked trees. The ratio values had much smaller variances than did the individual dye layer densities and all three ratios showed significant differences between healthy and attacked trees. Stepwise discriminant analysis produced significant separation of damage classes. Two-thirds of the successfully attacked trees were correctly classified and were confirmed by a second ground check in January, 1980. It is concluded that successfully beetle-attacked trees have a unique spectral signature than can be detected on colour infrared air photos approximately three months after initial attack when the trees still support visually green, healthy-appearing foliage. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Bakgrund: För den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan kan den första tiden i yrket upplevas som utmanande och påfrestande då förväntningarna inte alltid möter verkligheten. Stress är ett ofta förekommande fenomen inom sjuksköterskeyrket och kan manifestera sig på en rad olika sätt. Stressen påverkar både människan och utförandet av den holistiska patientvården.Syfte: Syftet var att belysa upplevelsen av stress för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor under sitt första verksamma år.Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes genom att systematiskt söka i två olika databaser vilket genererade tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Databearbetningen utfördes genom en klart framträdande innehållsanalys.Resultat: I resultatet belyses det hur stress påverkar den första tiden för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor och vad stressen kan leda till hos en nyutexaminerad sjuksköterska. Resultatet presenteras i tre teman som svarar på studiens syfte. De teman som belyses är: bristande självkänsla, rädsla för bristande vårdresultat och utmattning. Stress kunde leda till att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde brister i arbetets utförande, kände sig otillräckliga och behövde ta ansvar för dåliga vårdresultat. Stressen kunde även leda till utmattning och risk för att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor lämnade professionen.Slutsats: Hos den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan kan stress inverka på olika sätt. Stress kan påverka hur nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor utför sitt arbete, samt i vilka situationer stressen uppkommer och vad den kan leda till. / Background: For the newly graduated nurse the first year can be perceived as challenging and strenuous because the expectations do not always measure up with reality. Stress is a widely discussed phenomenon within the nursing profession and can manifest in a variety of ways. Stress can also affect both the person and the holistic patientcare.Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate the experience of stress for newly graduated nurses during their first professional year.Method: The literature study was conducted by systematically searching two databases which generated ten scientific articles. The data processing was carried out by a clearly prominent content analysis.Findings: The result illustrates how stress affects newly graduated nurses and what the stress could lead to for a newly graduated nurse. The results are presented in three themes that answer the study ́s purpose. The themes are: lack of self-esteem, fear of poor care results and exhaustion. Stress could lead to deficiencies in the performance of the work, feelings of being insufficient and having to take responsibility for poor care results. Stress could also lead to fatigue and a risk of newly graduated nurses leaving the profession.Conclusion: Stress can affect newly graduated nurses in different ways. Stress can affect how newly graduated nurses perform their work, as well as in what situations the stress arises and what it can lead to.