I denna studie utforskas relationen mellan lönearbete och ojämlikhet inom servicearbete ur ett feministiskt perspektiv. Teoretiskt förenar avhandlingen ett arbetsprocess- och ett intersektionellt perspektiv med syfte att fånga variationen och mångfalden i de maktrelationer som formar servicearbete. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ ansats och bygger på 24 djupintervjuer med hotell- och restauranganställda verksamma i en svensk storstad. Avhandlingen visar hur arbetsprocessen är grundläggande för skapandet och återskapandet av ojämlikheter, och att arbetsprocessen formas av arbetsgivares, kunders och anställdas föreställningar, fantasier och maktrelationer. Avhandling visar också hur ojämlika sociala relationer av klass, kön, sexualitet och ”ras”/etnicitet görs i själva arbetsprocessen samt hur fundamentalt lönearbete är för skapande av gemenskap, motstånd och identiteter. / This study explores the relationship between paid work and the reproduction of (gendered) inequalities, with special focus on the hotel and restaurant branch. Theoretically the study takes it points of departure in a feminist re-appraisal of a labour process perspective and in a feminist intersectional understanding of gender relations. Methodologically the research is based on a qualitative study that consists of 24 in-depth interviews with employed in the hotel and restaurant branch located within a large city in Sweden. The study shows how different forms of inequality are shaped within and through the labour process, a labour process that is also shaped by employers, customers, and employees ideas and fantasies and the power relations between them. The study also shows how fundamental the labour process is in the doing of (unequal) social relations of gender, sexuality, class and “race”/ethnicity and how central paid work is in the construction of identities, forms of resistance and belonging.

Ne se définissant pas uniquement par rapport à l’islam, le terme musulman est aujourd’hui largement polysémique en France. Cette recherche interroge donc l’usage du terme musulman et les modes d’identification sociale en tant que musulman-e-s. En première partie, elle propose une interprétation de l’évolution socio-sémantique historique du terme. Puis, en deuxième et troisième partie, elle analyse les enjeux de l’auto-catégorisation de Soi à partir d’un terrain (entretiens, questionnaires, observations). S’agit-il de se considérer d’origine musulmane et/ou de culture musulmane et/ou de religion musulmane ? Sous-tendus par la tension entre des processus d’ethnicisation, de racisation et de confessionnalisation, deux nouveaux espaces de signification sont ici développés : un nouvel usage politique questionnant la place des classes sociales, du racisme et de l’islamophobie (musulmanité) ; puis, un nouvel usage exclusivement religieux séparant la culture du religieux (muslimité). Ce dernier usage influe sur l’émergence d’une éthique islamique contemporaine et de la recherche d’un « pur religieux ». D’une manière transversale, cette thèse pose la question de ce que veut dire « est musulman-e-s » aujourd’hui en France avec la particularité de considérer à la fois l’histoire et la construction des discours sur Soi. / The word muslim, which not only refers to Islam, is nowaday polysemous to a great extent. This research analyses the uses of the word muslim and the way in which it is used to identify as muslim-s. Firstly, it focuses on the changes of the historical semantics of the term. Then it seeks to identify, from a fieldwork perspective (interviews, observations, questionnaires), what is a stake in the self-categorisation process. Is muslim an ethnicity, a religious or a cultural category ? The ethnicization, racialization and confessionalization religious processes bring about two knew signification new spaces : a new political use which raises questions on class, race and islamophobia (muslimness) and a new confessional use who cleave culture and cult (muslimity). This last use leads to the formation of a contemporary Islamic ethics and to the search of a ”pure religious”. This transversal study asks what being muslim-s means in France today, considering history as well as self-categorisation discourses.

There are several typical ideas about the suburb. The suburb is often associated with criminality and other social problems such as segregation. The purpose of this essay is to study the picture of how the suburb is constructed in a media context. The method used to answer the purpose of this study is critical discourse analysis, based on the thoughts of Norman Fairclough. The central theoretical ideas for this study are representation, stereotypes and racialization. They are all in a way linked to power. Within the media suburb discourse I have distinguished two different discourses. The stereotyped discourse and the challenging alternative discourse have been found in both articles and interview. It is the alternative discourse that challenges the stereotyped one. You can say that the alternative discourse is created in an attempt to change the representations of the suburb. The stereotyped discourse is in spite of the changing attempts still the dominant one. The media treatment of the suburb has created several stereotypes and the negative and criminal picture has become a common frame of reference in a social consciousness. In my empirical material I have seen traces of a form of underlying ideology called racialization. Racialization is based on different simplifications and categorisations of gender, class and “race”. This ideology has an influence in every level of society, which means that the editorial office despite their purpose also, reproduce the stereotyped discourse. It shows the difficulties to change an established discourse like the stereotyped one. It is important to challenge these ideas to be able to make a difference in the way we speak, think and stigmatize the suburb.

Cette thèse interroge et compare les constructions des conditions noires entre Afrique et Amériques Latines. Plus précisément entre la société gabonaise et la société afro-mexicaine. Ces conditions noires sont travaillées par des restes idéologiques et des effets des phénomènes de racialisations et de subalternisations issus des expériences coloniales (Traite esclavagiste et Colonisation). Dans la première partie, il est décrit les itinéraires et les dynamiques de racialisations entre le Gabon et le Mexique Noir. La deuxième partie établit les logiques et les relations de pouvoir entre les deux sociétés. Ces dernières permettent de comparer les enjeux de citoyenneté incarnés sur la couleur des individus entre ces deux contextes. La troisième partie porte une attention aux réponses construites par les individus et les collectifs face à ces logiques et relations de pouvoir entre le Gabon et le Mexique. La quatrième partie montre l’essor des circulations des signes, idées « afro » et leurs incidences au niveau local entre les deux sociétés étudiées. Au travers d’une démarche transatlantique caractérisée par des ethnographies multi-situées, nous établissons une comparaison entre le Gabon et la Costa Chica. Cette dernière nous permet de rendre compte des logiques de pouvoir différentes et similaires, et des effets contemporains de la mondialisation « afro ». Cette dernière provoque des « découvertes » entre sujets afro-américains et africains produisant des sens en traversant l’Atlantique. / This thesis questions and compares the constructions of black conditions between Africa and Latin America. More precisely between the Gabonese society and afromexican society. These black conditions are worked by ideological remains and effects of the phenomena of racializations and subalternisations from the colonial experiences (Slavery and Colonization). The first part describes the pathways and racializations dynamic between Gabon and Black Mexico. The second part establishes the logical and power relationship between the two societies. They allow the comparison of the citizenship issues incarnated through the color of individuals in these two contexts. The third part pays attention to the responses built by individuals and groups facing these logics and power relationship between Gabon and Mexico. The fourth section shows the growth of traffic signs, ideas of 'Afro' and their impact at local level between the two societies studied. Through a transatlantic approach characterized by multi-located ethnographies, we compare Gabon and the Costa Chica. It allows us to account for the different logic of power and similarities, and contemporary effects of the globalization of "Afro". The latter causes "discoveries" among African-American and African subjects producing direction across the Atlantic.

A partir de six terrains d’étude menés dans plusieurs régions du Sénégal (Petite Côte, Saloum, Saint-Louis, Sénégal oriental et Dakar), cette thèse explore l’articulation différenciée des enjeux de classe et de race dans des contextes de mobilités et de migrations issues d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord. Les trajectoires, pratiques et modes relationnels enquêtés sont liés au tourisme balnéaire et culturel, à l’entrepreneuriat individuel en situation post-touristique, à des mobilités pour étude, et aux parcours professionnels du volontariat et de l’expatriation. Ces configurations sociales mondialisées, souvent inscrites dans des champs de recherche dissociés, favorisent l’analyse croisée de la construction de deux ethnicités, la blanchité et l’africanité, conçues comme notions emic et etic. Leurs productions socio-identitaires se déploient, se croisent et se répondent, selon des mécanismes récurrents de hiérarchisation de classes et de confrontation raciale à l’échelle des interactions individuelles et des dynamiques collectives. Elles font aussi écho à des logiques de stratification et de sélection sociale, intrinsèques à la société sénégalaise, qui vont au-delà du marqueur chromatique et se combinent à des représentations culturalistes et ethniques. Les échelles socio-historiques, les asymétries de classe transnationales, les identifications religieuses, phénotypiques et genrées, présents dans les contextes de mobilités et migrations étudiés, soulignent la valeur heuristique des catégorisations identitaires de la blanchité dans les processus de classification sociale, racialisée et ethnicisée, au regard des définitions plurielles de l’africanité. Analyser ces mécanismes d’assignation et de distinction dans une société africaine telle que le Sénégal permet également de penser la question postcoloniale au cœur des ambivalences du champ social et invite à interroger la positionnalité des chercheur.e.s dans la pratique ethnographique et la production des savoirs sur l’Afrique. / Based on six fieldworks conducted in several regions of Senegal (Petite Côte, Saloum, Saint-Louis, Oriental Senegal and Dakar), this thesis explores the social mechanisms which articulate class and race issues in different contexts of mobility and migration from Europe and North America. The trajectories, practices and ways of socializing investigated are related to seaside and cultural tourism, individual entrepreneurship in post-tourist contexts, study abroad programs and professional flows of voluntary service and expatriation. These social and globalized settings, often addressed in distinct fields of research, underlie a cross analysis of the constructions of two ethnicity – whiteness and africaness – considered as emic and etic notions. The social identities they produce respond to one another and reveal recurring patterns in social hierarchy and racial confrontation throughout individual interactions and collective dynamics. They also echo logics of social stratification and selection within the Senegalese society, which are combined with culturalist and ethnic representations, beyond color markers. The contexts of mobility and migration investigated are embedded into specific socio-historical backgrounds, transnational asymmetry of class and process of identification based on religion, phenotype and gender. They all reflect the heuristic value of whiteness and its production of identity in social, racialized and ethnicized categorization, regarding multiple meanings of africaness. Analyzing these mechanisms of social distinction in an African society such as Senegal leads to face postcolonial thinking with the ambiguities of social spheres. It also questions the positionality of researchers through ethnography and in the production of knowledge about Africa.

Syftet med förevarande undersökning är att bidra med en djupare förståelse om hur rasifierade kvinnor framställer sina autobiografiska berättelser utifrån tre feministiska poddar. För att genomföra undersökningen kommer studien att använda sig av Pierre Bourdieus (1997) teoretiska ramverk om kapitalteori samt teoretiska begrepp fält och doxa. Ramverket centraliserar sig även kring feministen Sara Ahmeds postkoloniala ståndpunkter gällande hur tecken och koder resulterar i att känslor klibbar sig fast på olika grupper av människor och värden skapas (Ahmed, 2011).  Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys undersöker jag podcastprogrammen The Broad Experience, Unladylike, Call Your Girlfriend. / The purpose of the present study is to contribute with a deeper understanding of how women of color present their autobiographical stories through podcasting. To conduct the study I will be using a theoretical framework based on Pierre Bourdieus’s (1997) capital theory and Bourdieus’s theoretical concepts of field and doxa. The study’s theoretical framework also centralizes around the feminist Sara Ahmed's postcolonial viewpoint regarding how codes result in emotions that sticks to different groups of people (Ahmed, 2011).

No description available.

Ce mémoire porte sur le processus de racialisation des personnes de confession et/ou de culture musulmane. Il cherche à éclairer la manière dont cette racialisation s’incarne à l’égard des personnes musulmanes qui prennent part aux débats sociopolitiques de leur société (plus spécifiquement ceux entourant les enjeux de laïcité et de signes religieux). La posture scientifique adoptée allie expérience individuelle et analyse sociologique. Dans le cadre analysé, la participation à un débat public au Québec, en 2013 et 2014, autour d’un projet de loi sur la laïcité et la neutralité religieuse de l’État (le projet de loi no 60) a donné lieu à une campagne de diffamation ciblant l’auteure de cette recherche et culminant en une démarche en justice. Ce type de diffamation, qui a pour cible une personne musulmane, puise dans un registre conspirationniste de l’islamisation et de l’infiltration des institutions démocratiques et des organisations de la société civile par les musulman.es vivant dans les sociétés occidentales. À travers un cas comme celui-ci, il est possible d’observer, par une sorte d’effet grossissant, une cristallisation de plusieurs propriétés de la racialisation telle qu’elle s’incarne à l’égard des personnes musulmanes. L’analyse mobilise des vidéos et des publications diffusées sur un blogue actif en 2013 et 2014, véhiculant des thèses conspirationnistes anti-islam, des documents tirés du dossier juridique (poursuite en diffamation), ainsi qu’une reconstruction narrative des évènements. / This dissertation examines the process of racialization of people of Muslim faith and/or culture. It seeks to shed light on the way in which this racialization is exemplified with regard to Muslims who participate in the political and social debates within their society (more precisely, the debates concerning secularism and religious symbols). The scientific approach adopted in this dissertation combines individual experience and sociological analysis. In the case being studied, the participation by the author of this research in a public debate in Quebec, in 2013 and 2014, surrounding a bill on State secularism and religious neutrality (Bill 60) gave rise to a smear campaign targeting her and culminating in legal action. Since the target of this campaign was Muslim, the defamation drew on conspiracy tropes of Islamisation and the infiltration of democratic institutions and of civil society organizations by Muslims living in Western societies. By studying a case such as this it is possible to observe, by a kind of magnifying effect, the crystallisation of several properties of racialization as it is exemplified with regards to Muslims. The analysis in this dissertation employs videos and posts published on a blog that was active in 2013 and 2014 that peddled in anti-Muslim conspiracy theory, documents from the legal file (defamation suit), as well as a narrative reconstruction of the events.

This study aims to explore the relationship between racist police practices and the production of space in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Acknowledging the systemic inequalities inherent in Nordic welfarism and how past Swedish colonialist efforts inform such systems, it presupposes that racist police practices should be considered structural rather than dependent on individual actors. To holistically explore how intersections of essentialist categorizations such as race, gender, and class are imposed on individuals, it focuses on the intertwined concepts of space, mobility, power, resistance, and subjectification. Building on three interviews with racialized men with different ethnical backgrounds and class affiliations living in Malmö, the study suggests that the impacts of racist police practices on the informants’ everyday lives are profound. Such practices do not merely restrict and determine physical movement but also shape the production and perception of space, both public and private. While room to maneuver is limited, it is important to recognize that resistance, too, is an element in the production of space. The experiences and narratives of the informants highlight both explicit and implicit acts of resistance as well as self-protection, challenging dominant narratives and protecting them from the gaze and sometimes the violence of the police, and reclaiming space and mobility. Moreover, racist police practices significantly impact processes of self-formation, as racializing and criminalizing stereotypes are internalized through conforming to society’s expectations and through challenging such expectations. In mitigating the impacts of police encounters, the informants modify their daily actions and appearances.

No description available.