Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2017-10-04T18:48:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOPEDROSPINOLA.pdf: 1798430 bytes, checksum: d931cd63837d7f7c5263d1a442666c99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-10-04T20:05:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOPEDROSPINOLA.pdf: 1798430 bytes, checksum: d931cd63837d7f7c5263d1a442666c99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T20:05:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOPEDROSPINOLA.pdf: 1798430 bytes, checksum: d931cd63837d7f7c5263d1a442666c99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-10 / Vislumbrando as transformações nas interações de família e a ampla influência da afetividade atualmente no Direito, este trabalho analisa as regras de Direito Sucessório e propõe, na tentativa de levar a afetividade a este citado ramo jurídico, a possibilidade de a relação de cuidado entre o herdeiro e o autor da herança ser considerada na avaliação da legitimidade para suceder, ainda mais nos casos de multiparentalidade. O cuidado se imporia como um encargo a ser cumprido para se estar legitimado a herdar. Essa proposta se enquadra no objetivo geral deste trabalho que é ensejar, aplicando a interdisciplinaridade, a concepção, interpretação e operação do Direito para além do viés dogmático-legalista. A imposição do cuidado como requisito para suceder é um modo de evitar que a sucessão seja motivada exclusivamente pela pretensão patrimonial, sendo esta asserção, de considerar o cuidado como requisito sucessório, o objetivo específico de que trata esta dissertação. Neste trabalho se utilizou de pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, além de interpretação e cruzamento de conhecimentos e informações obtidos em referenciais teóricos da Sociologia e do Direito. Este estudo se reveste de importância, pois pretende ensejar uma nova visão acerca das normas sucessórias, desejando abrir campo para outras discussões que possam promover o aprofundamento das ideias aqui trazidas. / Glimpsing the transformations in the family interactions and the wide influence of affectivity currently in the Law System, this work analyzes the rules of succession law and proposes, in an attempt to bring the affectivity to this branch of Right, the possibility that the care relationship between the heir and the author of the inheritance be considered in the assessment of the legitimacy to succeed, Even more so in cases of multiparentality. Care would be imposed as a burden to be fulfilled to be legitimated to inherit. This proposal fits the general objective of this work, which is to introduce, applying the interdisciplinary, the conception, interpretation and operation of the Law beyond the dogmatic-legalist bias. The imposition of care as a requirement to succeed is a way to avoid that the succession is motivated exclusively by the claim of property, being this assertion, to consider care as an inheritance requirement, the specific objective of this dissertation. For that, we used exploratory and qualitative research, with bibliographic review and documentary analysis, as well as the interpretation and intersection of knowledge and information obtained in theoretical references of Sociology and Right. This study is important because it aims to provide a new vision about succession norms, wishing to open the field to other discussions that may promote the deepening of the ideas brought here.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GildeteFC_TESE.pdf: 3832787 bytes, checksum: 9d9174675d6d1744c17168384ff52967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-12 / We have been living in a world of packed products. The package and the labels support the companies to communicate with the customers in addition to give protection, storage and convenience in proportion to the products that move in the price list. The labels mainly add up a value which helps the companies differ their products and increase the value of the brands among the final customers. However, the information given in the label are not clear sometimes. It displays a verbal-visual defective language resulted from a poor visibility, legibleness and comprehensibleness of the verbal and visual marks. The aim of this research is to verify, according to the costumers‟ view, the level of the clarity in the informative texts, harmony and ergonomic conformity of the package labels in the chocolate powder of the Claralate brand, considering the linguistic aspects presented on the labels. The criteria to evaluate the chocolate package selected were based on the linguistic field: the organization and the structure of the text derided from the classification of the textual genre; the clarity and the comprehension of the language utilized on those labels. From the ergonomic view, the informative and ergonomic conformity, based on the following requirements: legibility, symbols, characters, reading fields and intermission of the written lines. Therefore, the research done july 2007 and added july 2011 had a structured questionnaire in the interview put to the 118 customers of the chocolate package that go shopping in one of the two supermarkets in Floriano, Piau? S?o Jorge and/or Super Quaresma. The main results of the investigation show that the linguistic aspects in the informative texts of the labels provide the customers‟ expectancy partially, while the consideration of the informative ergonomic analyzed can contribute to the improvement of the information and consequent visual progress of those, on the labels of chocolate package investigated. As recommendation towards the maker of the product, the outcome of the research indicates: harmonize the proportion of the letters and numbers; enlarge the letters size; make the visual information more comprehensive determined by the reading field; put the expiry date in a better visual place / Vivemos num mundo de produtos embalados. A embalagem e os r?tulos ajudam as empresas a se comunicarem com os consumidores e a fornecerem prote??o, armazenagem e conveni?ncia, ? medida que os produtos se movimentam na cadeia de valor. Especialmente os r?tulos adicionam um valor que auxilia as empresas a diferenciar seus produtos e a aumentar o valor da marca entre os consumidores finais. Por?m, muitas vezes, as informa??es contidas nos r?tulos das embalagens n?o s?o claras, apresentando uma linguagem verbo-visual deficiente resultante da m? visibilidade, legibilidade e compreensibilidade de signos verbais e visuais. O objetivo dessa pesquisa ? verificar, na vis?o dos consumidores, o n?vel de clareza dos textos informativos, harmonia e conformidade ergon?mica do r?tulo de embalagem do achocolatado em p? Claralate , considerando os aspectos lingu?sticos e ergon?micos presentes no r?tulo do produto. Os crit?rios para avalia??o da embalagem do achocolatado selecionado foram do ponto de vista lingu?stico: a organiza??o e estrutura??o dos textos a partir da classifica??o do g?nero textual; a clareza e compreens?o da linguagem utilizada no r?tulo. Do ponto de vista da ergonomia, a conformidade ergon?mica informacional, com base nos requisitos: legibilidade, s?mbolos, caracteres, campo de leitura e espa?amento de linhas. Para tanto, a pesquisa de campo realizada em julho de 2007 e, ampliada em julho de 2011, utilizou um question?rio estruturado na entrevista a 118 consumidores de achocolatados que realizam suas compras em um dos dois supermercados de Floriano-Pi. S?o Jorge e/ou Super Quaresma. Os principais resultados da investiga??o mostram que os aspectos lingu?sticos presentes nos textos informativos do r?tulo atendem parcialmente ?s expectativas dos consumidores, enquanto a considera??o dos requisitos ergon?micos informacionais analisados podem vir a contribuir para o aperfei?oamento das informa??es e consequente melhoria visual destas, no r?tulo de embalagem do achocolatado investigado. Como recomenda??o ? fabricante do produto, o resultado da pesquisa aponta: Harmonizar a propor??o das letras e algarismos; Aumentar o tamanho das letras; Tornar melhor compreensiva a informa??o visual determinada pelos campos de leitura; Colocar a data de validade em local de melhor destaque

Complexity in products is increasing, and still there is lack of a shared design language ininterdisciplinary development projects. The research questions of the thesis concern differencesand similarities in requirement handling, and integration, current and future. Futureintegration is given more focus with a pair of research questions highlighting obstacles andenablers for increased integration. Interviews were performed at four different companieswith complex development environments whose products originated from different fields;hardware, software, and service. Main conclusions of the thesis are: Time-frames in different development processes are very different and hard to unite. Internal standards exist for overall processes, documentation, and modification handling. Traceability is poorly covered in theory whilst being a big issue in companies. Companies understand that balancing and compromising of requirements is critical fora successful final product. The view on future increased interdisciplinary development is that there are more obstaclesto overcome than enablers supporting it. Dependency is seen as an obstacle inthis regard and certain companies strive to decrease it.The thesis has resulted in general conclusions and further studies is suggested into morespecific areas such as requirement handling tools, requirement types, and traceability.

Em Engenharia de Produção, os processos de decisão constituem um dos temas centrais e envolvem fatores de naturezas diversas, que os cercam de dificuldades. Nesses processos, não raramente, estão presentes fatores de natureza subjetiva, informações imprecisas, quando não vagas e mesmo conflitantes, que podem levar a decisões distorcidas, comprometendo a clareza e a objetividade de uma análise. Para manipular logicamente um conjunto de informações vagas, subjetivas, inconsistentes ou paracompletas, são necessárias lógicas alternativas da clássica, pois esta não pode, ao menos diretamente, ser empregada para tal fim. Assim, a lógica paraconsistente pode, em princípio, ser uma ferramenta adequada para a tarefa. No presente trabalho será apresentado um processo de auxílio às tomadas de decisão, denominado de Método de Análise pelo Baricentro (MAB), que se baseia na lógica paraconsistente anotada evidencial Et e no algoritmo para-analisador, introduzidos em (DA COSTA et al., 1999) e (DA SILVA FILHO; ABE, 2001). Esse método permite, de modo não trivial, o tratamento de informações com aquelas características e evidencia a possibilidade de aplicações da lógica Et em Administração, Marketing, Engenharia de Produção, previsão de diagnósticos, aplicações financeiras, entre outros temas. Um estudo de caso real, com resultados plenamente satisfatórios, mostra sua aplicabilidade na prática. Além disso, o MAB abre, entre outras, a perspectiva de se transformarem análises qualitativas em quantitativas. / In Production Engineering, decision making processes represent one of the most important topics and involve factors of various natures, which are, in turn, surrounded by difficulties. Quite often in these processes, there are factors of subjective nature, inaccurate data, sometimes even vague or conflicting information, which may lead to distorted decisions that eventually compromise the clarity and objectiveness of the analysis. In order to logically handle a set of vague, subjective, inconsistent or paracomplete information, logic other than classic is required, once the latter cannot, at least directly, be applied for such purpose. Hence, paraconsistent logic can, in principle, be an adequate tool for the task. In this paper, we will present an auxiliary process in decision making called Baricenter Analysis Method (BAM), which is based in Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Et and in a para-analyzer algorithm, introduced in (DA COSTA et al., 1999) and (DA SILVA FILHO; ABE, 2001). This methodology allows, in quite an unusual way, the treatment of information containing those characteristics and points out the possibility of applications of logic Et in Business Administration, Marketing, Production Engineering, anticipation of diagnosis, financial applications, among other subjects. Furthermore, BAM opens the possibility of transforming qualitative into quantitative analysis.

Introdução: A síndrome do intestino curto (SIC) representa um estado clínico de má absorção grave, e a gestão dietética de pacientes com SIC é extremamente desafiadora. Uma vez que o grau de desnutrição é frequentemente considerável, a intervenção dietética bem sucedida depende da estimativa mais exata possível das necessidades energéticas para prever as metas da terapia nutricional. Objetivo: Quantificar o gasto energético total (GET) em pacientes com SIC pelo método da água duplamente marcada (ADM). Materiais e Métodos: Neste estudo observacional, o GET foi mensurado pelo método da água duplamente marcada em 22 voluntários, 11 com SIC e 11 controles pareados por sexo, idade e IMC (grupo Controle). O GET foi estimado pela equação de Escott-Stump e a partir de acelerômetro, e foi comparado com o GET determinado pela ADM. O gasto energético em repouso (GER) foi mensurado por calorimetria indireta (CI) e comparado com o GER estimado pela equação de Harris e Benedict. O acelerômetro também foi utilizado para estabelecer o nível de atividade física. Resultados: Os participantes tinham idade (média ± DP) de 53 ± 8 anos. O GET medido por ADM foi significativamente menor no grupo SIC comparado ao grupo Controle (p < 0,01); no entanto, o GET estimado não diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. O GET medido foi significativamente maior do que o GET estimado por fórmula no grupo SIC, (respectivamente 1875 ± 276 e 1517 ± 175 kcal/dia, p < 0,01), assim como para o grupo Controle (2393 ± 445 e 1532 ± 178 kcal/dia, p < 0,01). No entanto, o GET medido foi significativamente menor do que o GET predito a partir do acelerômetro no grupo SIC (2075 ± 298 kcal/dia, p = 0,02), e não diferiu significativamente no grupo Controle (2207 ± 355 kcal/dia, p = 0,21). Não foram verificadas diferenças significantes entre o GER medido e predito para ambos, e entre os grupos. Conclusão: O GET medido em pacientes com SIC foi significativamente maior do que o GET estimado por fórmula, e foi menor quando comparado com os valores dos sujeitos controles. No entanto, o GET estimado a partir do acelerômetro, superestima o GET medido por ADM. As fórmulas atualmente utilizadas na prática clínica parecem subestimar as necessidades de energia de pacientes com SIC. Desta forma, adaptações da estimativa atual, aumentando as prescrições de ingestão energética nestes pacientes parecem ser adequadas para apoiar as necessidades diárias de energia e evitar a subnutrição. / Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a serious malabsorption disorder, and dietetic management of SBS patients is extremely challenging. Once the degree of undernutrition has been assessed, successful dietary intervention depends on the most accurate estimation and provision of energy needs to provide nutritional therapy goals. Objective: To quantify total energy expenditure (TEE) in SBS patients using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Design: In this observational study, TEE was measured by the DLW method in 22 participants, 11 with SBS and 11 gender-age-and BMI-matched controls (Control group). Predicted energy requirements were determined using the Escott-Stump equation and by using and accelerometer, and they were compared with TEE determined with DLW. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry and compared with predict REE using the Harris and Benedict equation. The accelerometer was also used to determine physical activity level. Results: Participants were aged (mean ± SD) 53 ± 8 years. Measured TEE was significantly lower in the SBS group compared to the Control group (p < 0.01); however, predicted TEE did not differ significantly between the groups. Measured TEE was significantly higher than predicted TEE for the SBS group, (1875 ± 276 and 1517 ± 175 kcal/d, p < 0.01) and also for the Control group (2393 ± 445 and 1532 ± 178 kcal/d, p < 0.01) when determined by formula. However, measured TEE was significantly lower than predicted TEE (2075 ± 298 kcal/d, p = 0.02) for the SBS group, and did not differ for the Control group (2207 ± 355 kcal/d, p = 0.21) when determined by accelerometer. No significant differences were seen between measured and predicted REE both within and between groups. Conclusion: Measured TEE in SBS patients was significantly higher than predicted using standard equations, but also lower than values for age, BMI and gender-matched non-SBS controls. However, predicted TEE using accelerometer overestimated the measured TEE. Currently-used formulas in clinical practice appear to underestimate energy requirements of SBS patients. Therefore, adjustments to the current estimation, increasing the energy intake requirements in these patients appear to be adequate to support the daily energy requirements and avoid undernutrition.

A comprehensive assessment of water security incorporates a range of water-related concepts, since water policy issues to specific technical aspects of hydrological conditions and their interactions with societal needs and ecosystem functioning. This doctoral thesis is organized into three chapters that address such range of water security-related topics, aiming to establish a conceptual baseline and propose deterministic and stochastic accounting frameworks for a river basin water security evaluation. Specific assumptions and research questions are defined in each chapter, and are related to the management of \'Cantareira water supply system\' (located in Southeastern Brazil), focusing on different scales and on its political and hydrological aspects as well. The first chapter acts as a conceptual baseline for water security assessment, by examining general aspects of the Brazilian water policy and water allocation system. This study contrasts Brazilian and American water management systems applied to water transfer projects, discussing experiences from the \'Cantareira system\' and Colorado river basin. A deterministic accounting framework is presented in the second chapter, which is based on management of blue and green water kinds (defined in accordance with hydrological processes and storage types), and demonstrates how a quantitative analysis of provisioning and use (abstraction and consumption) of both water kinds can be conducted. An agricultural basin (291 km²) within the Cantareira water supply system (located upstream of the Cachoeira reservoir) was used to illustrate this approach. The impact of blue and green water use on median water resources conditions is accounted by the scarcity indicator, while the vulnerability indicator considers the probability of low availability of water resources. In the third chapter quantifies and discusses the impacts of uncertainties on water security indicators (proposed in the chapter 2), based on a multi-model and resampling framework, that considers several uncertainty sources including those related to: i) observed streamflow data; ii) hydrological model structure; iii) residual analysis; iv) Environmental Flow Requirement methods; v) the definition of critical conditions for water provision; and vi) the critical demand imposed by human activities. Then, the uncertainty is propagated through different methodological arrangements applied to the same study basin of chapter 2. In brief, the first chapter indicates that both Brazilian and American water management system can potentially contribute to each other. In the second chapter, the Blue/Green water-based accounting framework reveal clear spatial and temporal patterns of water scarcity and vulnerability levels within the basin, thereby improving our understanding of how and where water-related threats to human and aquatic ecosystem security can arise (so called hot-spots). The third chapter provide a general method that can form basis for meaningful support to end-users facing water resource challenges by enabling them to incorporate a viable uncertainty analysis into a robust decision making process. Further investigation are proposed in each research step of this doctoral thesis. / A avaliação da segurança hídrica pode incorporar vários conceitos relacionados à água, desde aspectos da política de recursos hídricos até questões hidrológicas específicas e suas interações com a sociedade e ecossistemas. Esta tese de doutorado busca estabelecer uma base conceitual e propor esquemas metodológicos com base determinística e estocástica para avaliação da segurança hídrica de bacias hidrográficas. Objetivos específicos são definidos em cada capítulo e relacionam-se à gestão do \'Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento de água\' (localizado no Sudeste do Brasil), com foco em diferentes escalas, bem como aspectos políticos e hidrológicos. O primeiro capítulo é apresentado como baseline conceitual, examinando aspectos gerais da política de recursos hídricos e sistemas alocação de água. Este estudo compara sistemas de gestão aplicados a projetos de transposição de água inter/intra-bacias no Brasil e Estados Unidos, discutindo experiências do Sistema Cantareira e da bacia do rio Colorado. O segundo capítulo, por sua vez, propõe e analisa um esquema metodológico determinístico baseado na gestão das águas azul e verde (definidas de acordo com processos hidrológicos e unidades de armazenamento). Este estudo demonstra como uma análise quantitativa da provisão e utilização de ambos os tipos de água pode ser conduzida, propondo indicadores de escassez e vulnerabilidade hídrica. Esta abordagem foi aplicada em uma bacia agrícola (291 km²), localizada a montante do reservatório Cachoeira, que é integrante do Sistema Cantareira. O terceiro capítulo quantifica e analisa os impactos das incertezas sobre os indicadores de segurança hídrica propostos no capítulo 2, utilizando um esquema metodológico estocástico baseado em múltiplos modelos e reamostragem, que incorpora variadas fontes de incerteza, tais como: i) dados observados de vazão; ii) estrutura do modelo hidrológico; iii) análise de resíduos do modelo hidrológico; iv) estimativa de vazão ambiental; v) definição de condições críticas de provisão e vi) demanda hídrica. Em seguida, as incertezas são propagadas através de diferentes arranjos metodológicos aplicados na mesma bacia estudo do capítulo 2. Em conclusão, o primeiro capítulo sugere uma potencial troca de contribuições provenientes de ambos os sistemas de gestão brasileiro e americano. O segundo capítulo revela padrões espaciais e temporais dos resultados dos indicadores de escassez e vulnerabilidade, melhorando assim a compreensão de como e onde ameaças à segurança hídrica podem surgir. Por sua vez, a análise de incertezas desenvolvida no terceiro capítulo é capaz de gerar suporte a gestores de recursos hídricos e processo de tomada de decisões robustas. Recomendações específicas são geradas em cada capítulo da presente tese de doutorado.

The purpose of the study is to develop a method that generates areas in the municipality of Karlstad that satisfies the habitat area requirement for the bird species lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor). The purpose is also to compare two different databases (kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map). Habitat area requirement for lesser spotted woodpecker is 40 ha of forest dominated by deciduous trees, which may be fragmented over a maximum of 200 ha. The software ArcMap was used to developed method to generate habitat areas, based on input from the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map databases. The habitat areas were reviewed and compared by overlay analysis and compared to reported observations. Generated habitat areas from the kNN-Sweden database and generated habitat areas from the Vegetation Map database differed significantly. The format of the input data and the threshold values are probably contributing reasons of the difference. An important shortage of the kNN-Sweden database is that a buffer zone around the water surfaces at generalization has been masked off and hence the volume of mature deciduous forest generally underestimated. The number of observations of lesser spotted woodpecker within the habitat areas differed between the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map that fulfilled the requirement. The Vegetation Map had 138 observations of lesser spotted woodpecker while the KNN-Sweden only had 38 observations. / Karlstads kommun behöver finna potentiella habitat för fågelarten mindre hackspett, som är en förslagen ansvarsart i kommunen. Mindre hackspett behöver minst 40 ha äldre lövdominerad skog inom ett område på upp till 200 ha för häckning. Behovet kan ses som artens habitatvillkor vid utsökning av potentiella områden för dess habitat. Syftet med studien är att utveckla en metod för att finna områden i Karlstads kommun som uppfyller habitatvillkoret för mindre hackspett. Syftet är även att jämföra två olika databaser, kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, vid dess användning som indata. kNN-Sverige är en rikstäckande databas med information om Sveriges skogar och dess grundformat är digitala kartor i rasterformat med en upplösning på 25 meter. Informationen i kNN-Sverige bygger på en kombination av fältdata från Riksskogstaxeringens stickprovsinventering och heltäckande data från satellitbilder. Vegetationskartan består av polygonskikt innehållande klassning av olika vegetationstyper. Underlaget för vegetationsdata är flygbilder av närainfrarödkänslig färgfilm som har tolkats och karterats utifrån dominansförhållanden hos olika vegetationstyper, med stöd från aktivt fältarbete. Med hjälp av programvaran ArcMap 10.3 utvecklades en metod som genererade habitatområden, baserade på indata från kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan. Därefter granskades och jämfördes resultaten genom överlagringsanalys och kontroll mot inrapporterade observationer av mindre hackspett. Genererade habitatområden för kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan skiljde sig åt och det genererades betydligt fler områden med kNN-Sverige. Grundformatet på indata och valet av gränsvärden är troligen en bidragande faktor till skillnaderna.   Resultaten från analysen av Vegetationskartan bedöms rimligare än kNN-Sveriges resultat. För kNN-Sverige saknades även en del områden där det finns mycket lövskog, till exempel vid Klarälvsdeltat. Vegetationskartans resultat påvisade däremot att det fanns områden med mycket lövskog kring Klarälvsdeltat. En stor brist hos kNN-Sverige är att en zon kring vattenytor har maskats bort vid generaliseringen och volymen av äldre lövskog generellt har underskattats, vilket bland annat kan förklara varför inte viktiga områden kring vatten kommit med. Antal observationer som låg inom habitatområden skilde sig betydligt mellan kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, inom habitatområden som uppfyllde villkoret hade Vegetationskartan 138 observationer av mindre hackspett medan kNN-Sverige endast hade 38 observationer.

This essays aim is to examine the different reading process categories tested in PISA's survey as well as the national test in Swedish and how it is tested. Furthermore, the aim is to compare it with the skills and knowledge regarding reading required in the syllabus and the reading process categories that are included in the knowledge requirements. Three questions have been asked: Which reading process categories are tested in PISA's reading comprehension and how are they tested? Which reading process categories are tested in the national exam in reading comprehension for grade 9 and how are they tested? What knowledge and skills regarding reading is required in the syllabus and which reading process categories are visible in the knowledge requirements for Swedish subjects in Lgr11 for years 7-9? To answer these questions, a qualitative and quantitative content analysis has been made and the theoretical point for the essay is PISA's reading framework on reading process categories. The result shows that all three reading process categories are present in both the PISA survey, the national exam and the curriculum from 2011 for the compulsory school, preschool class and the recreation center’s knowledge requirements for the subject Swedish. The analysis also reveals that there are some similarities and differences between the PISA survey of 2009 and the national exam from 2012/2013. Such a similarity is that "integrate and interpret" is the reading process category that gets the largest space in both the PISA survey and the national test. Regarding the syllabus "reflect and evaluate" is the most appearing reading process category.

Le contradictoire est sans nul doute une exigence qui s’impose à toute société. Contredire c’est se dire l’un l’autre. Pris dans la sphère juridique, il s’agit du droit de savoir et de discuter. Il est composé de deux éléments intrinsèques : la communication et la discussion. Ces deux éléments appartiennent à un ensemble plus large des étapes d’un processus décisionnel, à savoir l’information sur la procédure, condition d’un contradictoire effectif, la communication entre les parties des prétentions juridiques et des pièces sur lesquelles elles se fondent, la discussion sur ces pièces et enfin la motivation de la décision, le prolongement nécessaire de la contradiction. Les composantes du contradictoire s’adaptent à la particularité de la procédure, et plus spécifiquement aux procédures non juridictionnelles du droit de la sécurité sociale. Le « siège naturel » du contradictoire étant la décision, une classification des décisions prononcées par les organismes de sécurité sociale à l’encontre des usagers est réalisée afin de repérer les manifestations du contradictoire au sein de cette branche. La recherche offre alors un panel de décisions soumises au respect de cette exigence procédurale, qui incite à plaider pour la reconnaissance d’un principe du contradictoire dans les procédures non juridictionnelles du droit de la sécurité sociale. / The contradictory certainly is a requirement that is obligatory to every community. To contradict is to tell one another. In the legal sphere, it is about the law of knowing and discussing. It is composed of 2 fundamental elements : communication and discussion.These 2 elements belong to a wider whole of the steps of the decision-making process such as information about procedure and condition of an effective contradictory. Communication between the parts, legal claims and legal documents on which they are based. The discussion on these documents and finally the motivation of the decision. The needed extension of contradiction.The contradictory components accomodate to the characteristic of the procedure and more specifically to the juridictional proceedings of social security law. The « natural place » of the contradictory being the decision, a classification of legal decisions pronounced by the social security agencies against users is made in order to recognize the contradictory protests within this branch. The research offers a panel of decisions submitted to the respect of this procedural requirement which prompts the litigation of the acknowledgement of a contradictory principle in the non juridictional procedures in the law of social securit

Abstract Requirements engineering (RE) is an important process in systems development. This research was carried out in the context of Very Large-Scale Requirements Engineering (VLSRE) within the scope of a requirement screening (RS) process. The RS process is defined as a front-end process for screening incoming requests, which are received in a constant flow. The goal of the RS process is to efficiently identify the most promising requests for further analysis, development and implementation while filtering out non-valuable ones as early as possible. The objective of this study was to understand the challenges related to the RS process and develop solutions to address those challenges. A qualitative research approach was utilised to achieve the research goals. The overall research process follows an action research method, in which each action research cycle includes at least one individually defined and executed case study. Action research and case studies are research methods that are well suited to studying real-life phenomena in their natural settings. This research was carried out in two case companies in the information and communication technology domain. Data from 45 interviews were analysed for preparing publications I–V, which are included in this thesis. In addition, during the longitudinal action research study described in this thesis, data from 26 interviews and 132 workshops were utilised to develop solutions for the RS process, which is an industrial implementation of the VLSRE process. The conducted action research contributes to the field of software engineering, in which such research efforts are currently lacking. This research has identified a number of significant challenges that different stakeholders face related to requirements processing and decision making in the VLSRE context. Examples of these challenges are the great number of incoming requirements, the lack of information for decision making and the feasibility of utilised tools. To address the identified challenges, a requirements architecting method was developed. The method includes a dynamic requirement template, which gathers structured information content for eliciting requests, documenting and communicating requirements and forming features while considering the needs of different stakeholders. The method was piloted, validated and deployed in industry. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimus toteutettiin laajamittaisen vaatimusmäärittelyprosessin kontekstissa keskittyen vaatimusten seulontaprosessiin. Vaatimusten seulontaprosessi määritellään tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheen prosessiksi, jossa käsitellään jatkuvana vuona tulevia kehityspyyntöjä. Vaatimusten seulontaprosessissa pyritään tunnistamaan tehokkaasti lupaavimmat pyynnöt jatkoanalyysiä, tuotekehitystä ja toteutusta ajatellen sekä suodattamaan pois niin aikaisessa vaiheessa, kun mahdollista ne pyynnöt, joilla ei ole arvontuotto-odotuksia. Tutkimuksen tavoite oli ymmärtää haasteita, jotka liittyvät vaatimusten seulontaprosessiin sekä kehittää ratkaisuja näihin haasteisiin. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin laadullisen tutkimuksen menetelmiä. Kokonaisuutena tutkimusprosessi noudattaa toimintatutkimuksen periaatteita siten, että jokainen sykli tai sen vaihe sisältää yhden tai useamman itsenäisesti määritellyn tapaustutkimuksen suunnittelun ja läpiviennin. Valitut tutkimusmenetelmät soveltuvat hyvin tilanteisiin, joissa tutkimuskohteina ovat reaalimaailman ilmiöt niiden luonnollisissa ympäristöissä havainnoituina. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin kahdesta informaatio- ja kommunikaatioteknologia-alan kohdeorganisaatiosta. Väitöskirjaan sisällytettyihin julkaisuihin I-V on analysoitu 45 haastattelun aineisto. Näiden lisäksi väitöskirjassa kuvatun pitkäkestoisen toimintatutkimuksen aikana hyödynnettiin 26 haastattelun ja 132 työpajan aineistoa kehitettäessä ratkaisuja vaatimusten seulontaprosessin haasteisiin. Vaatimusten seulontaprosessi on laajamittaisen vaatimusmäärittelyprosessin teollinen toteutus. Tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin useita merkittäviä haasteta, joita eri sidosryhmillä on liittyen vaatimusten seulontaprosessiin ja päätöksentekoon laajamittaisessa vaatimusmäärittelyprosessissa. Vaatimusten suuri määrä, päätöksentekoon tarvittavan tiedon puute ja käytössä olevien työkalujen soveltumattomuus ovat esimerkkejä tunnistetuista haasteista. Ratkaisuna haasteisiin kehitettiin vaatimusten seulonta- ja analyysimenetelmä. Kehitetty menetelmä sisältää dynaamisen vaatimusdokumentin, jonka avulla voidaan kerätä kehityspyyntöjen tietosisältö jäsennellysti, dokumentoida ja kommunikoida vaatimukset sekä muodostaa niistä tuotteisiin toteutettavia ominaisuuksia ottaen huomioon eri sidosryhmien tarpeet. Kehitetty menetelmä on koestettu, validoitu ja soveltuvin osin otettu käyttöön teollisuudessa.