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41	Kärnvapennedrustning i USA och Sovjetunionen : Åren 1960-2002 / Nuclear disarmament: USA and the Soviet Union : 1960-2002 Harnell, Christoffer January 2009 (has links) AbstractIII-essay in political science by Christoffer Harnell, autumn -08. Supervisor: Malin Stegman-McCallion. ”Nuclear Disarmament - USA and the Soviet Union 1960-2002” This essay is about USA and the former Soviet Union and their nuclear disarmament. The purpose is to explain why and when the two states begun their nuclear disarmament, as well as what caused the start of the process. The essay investigates how well the two states have followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament. The article says that the states who have signed the NPT-treaty shall work for an disarmament of their nuclear weapons. The arguments are that a state’s nuclear disarmament starts because of a previous action or happening, the new development of a disarmament-theory, the essay aims to proove this.Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union show evidence that they have started their nuclear disarmament after a previous action. USA started their nuclear disarmament in the period 1966-70 because of the former American minister of security Robert McNamara and his U-turn in the aggressive war politic and the former president Nixon and his ambition to lower the heat between USA and the Soviet union by signin the ABM-Treaty. The Soviet Union started their nuclear disarmament many years later in the period of 1986-1987, the cause of this, it is believed, is the nuclear explosion in Chernobyl and the former president of the Soviet Union Michail Gorbatjov’s ambitions to end the war in the world and disarm the nuclear weapons, not just between USA and the Soviet Union, but in all states. USA has followed the NPT-Treaty’s article of nuclear disarmament well, one reason for this is that, they started the disarmament before they signed the NPT-Treaty in 1968. The Soviet Union, however, has followed the NPT-treatys article of nuclear disarmament less well and did not start their nuclear disarmament until 1986-87, even though they signed up for the NPT-Treaty in 1968. The NPT-Treaty will probably still be relevant in the future for the nuclear disarmament, but how well the world’s states will follow it, the future will tell. The nuclear disarmament in this two states has been caused by a previous action and the new developed disarmament-theory is avaliable for further disarmament research. kärnapen nedrustning kärnkraft NPT upprustning USA Sovjetunionen
42	Maskirovka 2.0 : nydaning och kontinuitet i rysk krigföring Gärtner, Lars January 2020 (has links) The characteristics of the Russian military operations during the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and again in the Crimean Crisis 2014, were “rude awakenings” to a shift in the strategic behaviour of Russia, not refraining from military aggression as means to political aims. In the aftermath of these “strategic shocks”, the scholarly debate on how to interpret and understand these limited wars, has several ongoing discussions, among which is whether this modern Russian style of warfare, as demonstrated in Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine and elsewhere, really is a novel concept or plainly “old wine in a new bottle”. This thesis is part taking in that debate through the theoretical framework of three Soviet era warfare methods from the psychological dimension: Deception – Maskirovka, Information Warfare – Reflexive Control, and Subversion – Active Measures. Within the framework, an analytical tool for qualitative text analysis is designed and then applied for the case studies of the Russo-Georgian War, as it compares to the Crimean Crisis, collecting indicators for the apparent presence of traditional methods in these cases. The study concludes that the Soviet era warfare concepts of Maskirovka, Reflexive Control and Active Measures, are relevant as explanators for a facet of the modern day Russian warfare style, in alignment with the general argument on the Russian warfare doctrine as evolutionary, rather than revolutionary, vis-a-vis the strategic practices of the Soviet era. krigsvetenskap Ryssland Sovjetunionen Georgien Ukraina Krim Georgienkriget Krimkrisen hybridkrigföring ickelinjär krigföring vilseledning informationskrigföring subversion Maskirovka reflexiv kontroll aktiva åtgärder Övrig annan samhällsvetenskap
43	FÄLTARBETENS PÅVERKAN PÅ MARKOPERATIONER - EN TEORIPRÖVANDE FALLSTUDIE PÅ SOVJETISKA FÄLTARBETEN UNDER OPERATION BAGRATION Karlsson, Morgan January 2019 (has links) Previous research on the art of military engineering indicates that the development of this support branch focuses on technological and organizational advancements whereas theory development seems to be lacking. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which J.F.C Fuller´s theory might be able to address the scientific gap that exists today, by considering the possible impact of military engineering on the outcome of a historical land operation. The study uses a case study to examine the four offensives of the Soviet Union’s Operation Bagration, drawing on a theoretical framework derived from contemporary maneuver warfare theory by J.F.C Fuller. This theory contains the physical elements of war: mobility, offensive power and protection and Fuller´s physical principles of war with their tactical and strategical classes. These classes and elements are applied throughout this study to analyze the occurrence of military engineering and their effect on the operation. The findings of the study show that J.F.C Fuller´s theory can be applied to historical offensives to examine the effects military engineering has on the outcome. The effects can for example be explained through the contribution military engineering has on limiting the opponent’s mobility and enabling the envelopment of the opponent’s flanks through mobility. Military engineering J.F.C Fuller Soviet Union operation Bagration land operation Fältarbeten J.F.C Fuller Sovjetunionen operation Bagration markoperationer Other Social Sciences Annan samhällsvetenskap
44	Alien Places in Late Soviet Science Fiction : The "Unexpected Encounters" of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky as Novels and Films Cederlöf, Henriette January 2014 (has links) This dissertation deals with how science fiction reflects the shift in cultural paradigms that occurred in the Soviet Union between the 1960s and the 1970s. Interest was displaced from the rational to the irrational, from a scientific-technologically oriented optimism about the future to art, religion, philosophy and metaphysics. Concomitant with this shift in interests was a shift from the future to an elsewhere or, reformulated in exclusively spatial terms, from utopia to heterotopia. The dissertation consists of an analysis of three novels by the Strugatsky brothers (Arkady, 1925-1991 and Boris 1933-2012): Inspector Glebsky’s Puzzle (Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, 1970), The Kid (Malyš, 1971) and Roadside Picnic (Piknik na obočine, 1972) and two films Dead Mountaineer’s Hotel (Hukkunud alpinisti hotell/ Otel’ U pogibšego al’pinista, Kromanov, 1979) and Stalker (Tarkovsky, 1980). The three novels, allegedly treatments of the theme of contact with an extraterrestrial intelligence, were intended to be published in one volume with the title Unexpected Encounters. The films are based on two of the novels. In the novels an earlier Marxist utopia has given way to a considerably more ambiguous heterotopia, largely envisioned as versions of the West. An indication of how the authors here seem to look back towards history rather than forward towards the future is to be found in the persistent strain of literary Gothic that runs through the novels. This particular trait resurfaces in the films as well. The films reflect how tendencies only discernable in the novels have developed throughout the decade, such as the budding Soviet consumer culture and the religious sensibilities of the artistic community. Arkady Strugatsky Boris Strugatsky science fiction heterotopia paradigm shift Soviet culture 1970s Gothic adaptation Stalker Roadside Picnic Dead Mountaineer's Hotel Arkadij Strugatskij Boris Strugatskij paradigmskifte science fiction heterotopi Sovjetunionen 1970-talet adaption
45	Kapitalisterna från Sovjetunionen : Svenska dagstidningars behandling av inflytesrika män från före detta Sovjetunionen / The Capitalists from the Soviet Union : Swedish newspapers' treatment of influential men from the former Soviet Union Calvo, Ruben January 2021 (has links) The usage of the word oligarch has been growing rapidly in Swedish newspapers since the fall of the Soviet Union. In this study, I will examine the way Swedish newspapers have been using the word, in what I asses as a biased way. Previous research has shown that the word is applicable in a much wider space, and that other countries or parts of the world contains cases of oligarchs. The word oligarch is actually old, it comes from ancient Greece and its renowned philosophers, originally made up to describe when the power of a democracy lies in the hands of only a few. Today, it seems that the word has been heavily associated (almost exclusively), with Russian businessmen. Many whom made their fortune during the turmoil between the collapse of the Soviet Union and the republic of Russia switching from a communist economy to a capitalistic state. There lies certain power in actions, as so in words. To misinterpret, applicate or to use words and situations with the intention of self-advocacy could be dangerous, especially when done so by a force capable of influencing the minds of the masses. The words we use affect our way of interpreting things, in turn, how people interpret, think and conversate about topics and such are called discourse. Critical discourse analysis works as a theory, or method to critically examine the ways that we discuss about these so-called discourses, and how the debate about the topics develop in our society. Ultimately, by looking into the way three big and influential Swedish newspapers reported on the topic of oligarchs for almost thirty years, we will see how the discourse of the oligarchs develop. This study will work as an insight into the actual discourse and shed light on how institutions such as our news reporting need to be consistently checked in order to be held accountable before their presentation. It is important as it affects the way that we think and interact with each other. Ultimately, from a historical perspective, active discourses like these are things that can put dirty stains on our history. Instead of keeping them alive, we should remind ourselves of our preconceptions, to avoid further alienation amongst people. History Historia
46	Belarus, Europas sista diktatur? : En kvalitativ fallstudie om demokratins vara eller icke vara i Belarus / Belarus, Europe's last dictatorship? : A qualitative case study on whether or not democracy exists in Belarus Hammarström, Simon January 2023 (has links) The purpose of the paper is to study whether there are any democratic tendencies in Belarus. The question that the paper intends to answer is, are there any signs of democracy in Belarus. The paper is based on a qualitative case study where the paper is assessed with Juan J Linz and Alfred Stepans (1996) theory about five interactive arenas where they explain how a democracy is consolidated. The five arenas are Civil society, Political society, Rule of law, State apparatus and Economic society. Regarding the result, this study has shown that Belarus has a very low grade of democracy tendencies in every arena and much of that because the president Aleksandr Lukasjenko’s undemocratic authoritarian regime. Only in the economic arena there are some small democracy tendencies. The conclusion is that Belarus won’t make required democratic changes as long as Lukasjenko rules the country. Belarus Soviet Union Democracy Democratization Consolidation Five interactive arenas Aleksandr Lukashenko. Belarus Sovjetunionen Demokrati Demokratisering Konsolidering Fem interaktiva arenor Aleksandr Lukasjenko.
47	Fredens ö i krigets hav : En pressundersökning av Växjö tidningars ledare om andra världskrigets konflikter i Norden / The Island of Peace in the Sea of War : A newspaper study of Växjö city’s newspaper editorials regarding the conflicts of the Second World War in the Nordic countries Gustafsson, Joel, Söderqvist, Niclas January 2015 (has links) ABSTRACT Gustafsson, J. & Söderqvist, N., “’The Island of Peace in the Sea of War’ A newspaper study of Växjö city’s newspaper editorials regarding the conflicts of the Second World War in the Nordic countries”, Linnaeus University. A qualitative textual analysis delving into three local newspapers from Växjö city is in many ways the essence of this study. The main purpose of this study is to examine three key conflicts, the Winter War, Operation Weserübung and the Continuation War. Each conflict has been assessed in relation to the opinions advocated in the editorials of the three politically diverse newspapers. The theoretical basis for this study is founded on similar analysis made by Nybom, Johansson and Åmark who all have contributed to the content of this particular essay. Most of all, Nyboms categorization of the so-called realism and idealism have helped us in understanding the motives and plans of action concerning the nations involved in the selected conflicts. There are several interesting conclusions in this study, in particular the newspapers’ view on main antagonists such as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, as well as the Allies. Newspaper studies Smålandsposten Kronobergaren Nya Växjöbladet World War 2 WW2 Second World War Nazi Germany Soviet Union Sweden Finland Norway Denmark Winter War Operation Weserübung Operation Barbarossa Continuation War Neutrality the Allies Pressundersökning Presstudie Smålandsposten Kronobergaren Nya Växjöbladet Andra världskriget Nazityskland Sovjetunionen Sverige Finland Norge Danmark Finska vinterkriget Ockupationen av Danmark och Norge Operation Barbarossa Fortsättningskriget Neutralitet de allierade stormaktskriget
48	I bronsålderns gränsland : Uppland och frågan om östliga kontakter Ojala, Karin January 2016 (has links) In archaeological research, the province of Uppland has often been viewed as the northern ‘periphery’ of the Nordic Bronze Age region. At the same time, many researchers have also emphasized the distinctive and ‘independent’ regional character of Uppland and northern Mälardalen. Throughout the twentieth century, Late Bronze Age contacts between Uppland and areas to the east – especially Finland, the Baltic countries and Russia – were much discussed and played an important role in the creation of Mälardalen as a distinctive Bronze Age region. This dissertation examines how images of the Late Bronze Age in the Mälardalen region, more specifically Uppland, have been formed from the late nineteenth century until today, and how views on eastern contacts have affected interpretations of Bronze Age Uppland. The study consists of three parts: 1) A critical discussion on political dimensions of archaeology and archaeological concepts of contact, interaction, similarity and difference, with a special focus on Bronze Age research. 2) A historical examination of representations of the Late Bronze Age in Mälardalen and Uppland, including a discussion about contacts with northern Sweden and a case study of Broby, a Late Bronze Age site near Uppsala. 3) An analysis of debates on contacts between Mälardalen and areas further to the east, through case studies of bronze axes, so-called Mälar celts and Ananino celts, ceramics and inhumation burials. In the analysis, special focus is placed on the Volga-Kama region in Russia and archaeological research in Russia and the Soviet Union. The study shows that discussions on contacts and interaction between ‘East’ and ‘West’ have, in many ways, been affected by the changing political situation during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Knowledge about archaeological research in Russia and the Soviet Union has been very limited among archaeologists in Sweden. In order to further investigate the character and importance of eastern contacts during the Late Bronze Age, more collaboration and exchange between researchers in the different countries is needed. Furthermore, in order to better understand eastern contacts, it is also necessary to investigate in greater depth the relations between Mälardalen and northern Sweden. Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age archaeology archaeological cultures contacts interaction networks borders nationalism politics bronze axes Mälar celts Akozinsko-Melarskie celts Ananino celts Ananino culture ceramics inhumation graves A. M. Tallgren Broby Uppland Mälardalen Sweden northern Sweden Baltic Sea Russia Soviet Union Yngre bronsålder tidig järnålder arkeologi arkeologiska kulturer kontakter interaktion nätverk gränser nationalism politik bronsyxor mälardalsyxor akozinsko-melarskie yxor ananinoyxor ananinokultur keramik inhumationsgravar A. M. Tallgren Broby Uppland Mälardalen Sverige norra Sverige Östersjön Ryssland Sovjetunionen
49	"Åtgärder som befrämja rikets försvar och överensstämma med flaggans värdighet" : En undersökning av Sveriges marinstrategi våren 1941 Strömgren Lasell, Victor January 2021 (has links) Denna uppsats undersöker Sveriges marinstrategi i händelse av krig med Tyskland respektive Sovjeteunionen våren 1941 utifrån Chefen för Marinens instruktioner för krigsfall I respektive II. / This paper explores Swedish naval strategy during the Second World War (1939-1945), an area that has not seen significant research. This paper focuses on how Swedish maritime forces were to be used in case of war with Germany (War Plan I; Krigsfall I), and with the Soviet Union (War plan II; Krigsfall II). This paper focuses on Swedish planning during the spring of 1941. The period after the fall of France (June 1940) and before the German invasion of the Soviet Union (June 1941) was a period where both Germany and the Soviet Union possessed what could be described as strategic freedom of action. This means large parts of their armed forces could have been used for operations against Sweden. The basis for each potential conflict was different: Germany occupied Norway and Denmark and could launch a ground invasion of Sweden directly; meanwhile Sweden and the Soviet Union were still separated by Finland and the Baltic Sea. Maritime forces would therefore play very different roles in the two War Plans. No official plans in case of war with the western Allies existed at the time, and hence this has not been explored here. The conclusion of this paper is that Swedish naval strategy at the time was somewhat offensive and focused on gaining sea control, at least in the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia, to maintain freedom of action to be able to conduct troop movements along the Swedish coast, to the island of Gotland, and to Finland. Sweden 1941 World War two Second world war WW2 naval strategy strategy see power naval power war planning defence planning Nazi Germany Soviet Union Finland Ruotsi 1941 Toinen maailmansota Strategia Laivasto laivaston strategia puolustuksen suunnittelu Natsi-Saksa Neuvostoliitto Suomi Schweden 1941 zweites Weltkrieg Marine Strategie Marine-Strategie See-Strategie Flotten-Strategie Verteidigungsplanung Kriegsplanung NS-Deutschland Deutschland Sowjetunion Finnland Sverige andra världskriget 1941 flottan marinstrategi strategi krigsplanering flottstrategi sjömakt försvarsplanering Nazityskland Sovjetunionen Finland History Historia Other Humanities not elsewhere specified Övrig annan humaniora

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