[pt] O objetivo desta tese é, em primeiro lugar, analisar a reprodução do discurso da soberania nas Relações Internacionais enquanto mecanismo de fixação identitária e, em segundo lugar, deslocar o foco da soberania por meio de uma análise de mecanismos de morte, esta sendo objeto e local da soberania em si. Considerando o debate na teoria queer sobre os limites da política, a tese faz uma análise crítica do desenvolvimento dessa perspectiva teórica na disciplina, apresentando uma leitura que fomenta o desmantelamento da noção de uniformidade do Estado e da prevalência do internacional como condição das Relações Internacionais, a fim de entender o internacional como universalidade. Depois disso, em diálogo com Foucault e Butler, a tese se aprofunda no detalhamento das relações de poder a nível do corpo por meio do debate sobre a sujeição implicada pela fixação identitária do gênero, e assim a demonstra como fundamental para as premissas da racionalidade e da agência como fundadoras da soberania. Para tal, o contexto brasileiro de marginalização e violência contra minorias de gênero e raça é considerado. Analisa-se a degeneração como forma de produção da diferença em uma gama de variações na intersecção de raça e gênero, em um engajamento crítico com o conceito de racismo de Estado. Nessa linha, a tese aprofunda, então, uma discussão teórica acerca dos diferentes exercícios de morte sobre o outro para entender as contrapartidas da expansão da vida, colocando em evidência a violência constitutiva da formação de uma identidade soberana. A tese então propõe uma análise da morte como chave da agência do ser e da soberania, a partir de uma leitura do excesso batailleano. A soberania é analisada no flerte com a morte, tanto na morte lenta quanto na morte violenta, ambas no entremeio entre a consciência e sua interrupção, e entre a utilidade e o dispêndio. Sendo assim, o identitarismo é posto em xeque por meio do questionamento da capacidade agencial resumida à razão, em uma contribuição que parte da perda de si como contestação da figura do indivíduo e do Estado soberano. Por fim, a proposta de conceituação alternativa da soberania é examinada retomando as potenciais problemáticas identitárias presentes no debate queer. O objetivo é retomar a discussão sobre radicalidade queer e sobre as consequências do movimento de desnaturalização tanto do gênero como da soberania, sejam elas significativas em termos de resistência ou não. / [en] The objective of this thesis is, firstly, to analyze the reproduction of the discourse on sovereignty in International Relations, understanding it as a mechanism of fixation of identity and, secondly, to dislocate the focus of sovereignty through an analysis of mechanisms of death, considering death as object and locus of sovereignty itself. Considering queer theory’s debate on the limits of politics, the thesis engages critically with the development of this theoretical perspective in the discipline, presenting a reading that foments the dismantling of the notion of State’s uniformity and the prevalence of the international as a condition of International Relations, with the aim of understanding the international as universality. After that, in dialogue with Foucault and Butler, the thesis deepens itself in detailing the relations of power at the level of the body through the debate on subjection implied by gender identity’s fixation, demonstrating it as fundamental to the premise of rationality and agency as both founding of sovereignty. To do so, the Brazilian context of marginalization and violence against gender and race minorities is considered. Degeneration is pondered as a form of production of difference in a range of variations at the intersection of gender and race, in a critical engagement with the concept of State racism. Following that, the thesis deepens, then, a theoretical discussion around the different exercises of death over the other in order to understand the costs of the expansion of life, evidencing the constitutive violence of the formation of a sovereign identity. The thesis then proposes an analysis of death as key to the agency of the being and to sovereignty, departing from a reading of bataillean excess. Sovereignty is analyzed in flirting with death, both in slow death as in violent death, both in between consciousness and its interruption, and in between utility and expenditure. Thus, identitarianism is put in check through the questioning of agential capacity reduced to reason, in a contribution that departs from the loss of the self as a contestation of the image of the individual and the sovereign State. Finally, the proposal of an alternative conception of sovereignty is examined by recovering the discussion about queer radicality and about the consequences of the movement of denaturalization both of gender as well as sovereignty, be them significative in terms of resistance or not.

Unga transpersoner är en växande elevgrupp vilket gör att allt fler sånglärare möter elever som identifierar sig som transpersoner i sin undervisning. En persons röst är nära sammankopplad med den personliga identiteten men det finns väldigt lite forskning om transpersoner i sångsammanhang. Denna studie som bygger på tre samtal i en fokusgrupp bestående av fyra transpersoner i gymnasieålder har genomförts i syfte att undersöka deras erfarenheter av röst, sång och sångundervisning. Studiens deltagare lyfter fram positiva erfarenheter från sångsammanhang där de mött medvetna lärare med erfarenhet av att undervisa transpersoner. Trots lärarnas normkritiska blick och medvetenhet om bland annat språkbruk kan tradition som förstärker könsnormer ibland leva kvar och leda till att studiens informanter inte känner sig inkluderade. Vidare beskriver de hur fysiska förutsättningar sätter stark prägel på deras erfarenheter av röst och sång, där rösten antingen förstärker könsidentiteten och leder till positiva erfarenheter eller blir ett hinder för dem att uttrycka sig som de vill och leva i enlighet med sin identitet. Individuella anpassningar i dialog med transelever är ett viktigt led i att skapa inkluderande sångsammanhang eftersom varje person är unik och det därför inte finns några entydiga svar och lösningar som passar alla. / Young transgender people are a growing group of students, which means that more and more singing teachers meet students who identify as transgender in their classes. A person's voice is closely connected to personal identity, but there is very little research on transgender people in the context of singing. This study, which is based on three conversations in a focus group consisting of four trans students in high school, has been conducted with the aim of investigating their experiences of voice, singing, and singing education. The study's participants highlight positive experiences from singing contexts where they have met conscious teachers with experience in teaching transgender students. Despite the teachers' norm-critical view and awareness of, among other things, language use, tradition that reinforces gender norms can sometimes still be present and lead to transgender students not feeling included. Furthermore, they describe how physical conditions strongly influence their experiences of voice and singing, where the voice either reinforces gender identity and leads to positive experiences or becomes an obstacle for them to express themselves as they want and live in accordance with their identity. Individual adaptations in dialogue with trans students are an important step in creating inclusive singing contexts since each person is unique and therefore there are no clear answers and solutions that fit everyone.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la Breve storia, une biographie médicale publiée par le médecin et anatomiste Giovanni Bianchi en septembre 1744. Elle raconte la vie et l’autopsie d’un jeune serviteur romain, Giovanni Bordoni, connu dans plusieurs villages de Toscane comme un grand séducteur et coureur de jupons, jusqu’à son décès le 28 juin 1743. À ce moment, lorsque le corps est dénudé pour l’autopsie, le médecin détaille son anatomie génitale féminine. En effet, si Bordoni a mené sa vie adulte entièrement sous une identité masculine, son sexe biologique devient sujet à discussion et écrits après sa mort, l’immortalisant ainsi comme une femme aux désirs homoérotiques travestie en homme. Or, en approfondissant la sexualité et le genre tels qu’ils sont compris à l’époque moderne, ce mémoire déconstruit deux affirmations : d’une part que l’homoérotisme féminin est intrinsèquement lié à l’hypertrophie du clitoris, d’autre part que le genre existe dans un lien normatif strict avec le sexe. Ainsi, à travers la Breve storia et la correspondance que Bianchi a échangée avec ses lecteur·trice·s, il est possible de mettre en lumière qu’il existe différentes manières de nommer et de s’expliquer l’homoérotisme au 18e siècle, notamment en le liant l’anatomie génitale, à la psychologie et aux émotions. Ce mémoire souligne également que même si les modernes perçoivent le genre comme lié au sexe, ils peuvent l’envisager comme étant fluide, ou encore ni entièrement féminin, ni entièrement masculin. / This dissertation focusses on the Breve storia, a medical biography published in September 1744 by physician and anatomist Giovanni Bianchi. This novella recounts the life and autopsy of a young Roman servant, Giovanni Bordoni, known in many villages in Tuscany as an enthusiastic seducer and womanizer, until his death on June 28th, 1743. At this point, when the body is stripped for the autopsy, the physician notes female reproductive organs. In fact, even though Bordoni led his adult life under a male identity, his biological sex becomes a subject of discussions and writings after his death, immortalizing him as a woman with same-sex desires, cross-dressed as a man. However, by delving into sexuality and gender as they were understood in early modern Europe, this dissertation deconstructs two main claims: first, that female same-sex desires were intrinsically linked to clitoral hypertrophy, second, that gender existed only in a strict normative link to the biological sex. Thus, by analyzing the Breve storia and Bianchi’s correspondence with his readers, it is possible to shed light on the diverse ways of naming and understanding female homoeroticism in the 18th century, linking it for example with genital anatomy, psychology, and emotions. This master’s thesis highlights that, while the early moderns considered that gender’s essence is found in sex, they could understand it as sometimes fluid, but also as not fully masculine or feminine.

Sexuality, sex, and gender represent three out of seven grounds of discriminations, and teachers carry the duty to actively counteract discrimination according to the Swedish National Agency for Education. Even though Sweden is in fifth place of gender equality and teachers are supposed to educate students to become accepting human beings, the Swedish Schools Inspectorate published that only one out of three Swedish teachers include LGBTQ questions in their teaching. This paper aims to summarise what research says about the effects of LGTBQ inclusion in the early years of Swedish primary school. After systematically searching for academic sources in three different databases, and then assessing them, the results were reoccurring. While the Swedish LGBTQ teaching is inadequate, British, and American research shows that the effects of a LGBTQ inclusive curriculum are motivated and committed students, that have greater understanding for social injustices, leading to less discrimination. The results are discussed based on what the relevance is for Swedish primary school, in accordance with the Swedish National Agency for Educations’ fundamental values and overall goals, and the core content of civics.

This thesis aims at analysing the novel History Is All You Left Me by Adam Silvera using a queer phenomenological lens in order to reveal to what extent it depicts aspects of sexuality, consent and relationships in a non-heteronormative way. Furthermore, the thesis discusses different ways of making visible the effects of normativity on student’s learning and development through the proposed queer phenomenological pedagogy.  The literary analysis is conducted by implementing queer theory, queer phenomenology and reader-response to reveal and convey the above-mentioned aspects in a way that enables critical thinking from a non-heteronormative perspective. The pedagogical implications show how the different aspects of sex/sexuality, consent and relationships can be put in juxtaposition and evaluated to broaden the pupils’ understanding and perception. The thesis concludes that the novel History Is All You Left Me contain several examples of sexuality, consent and relationships, amongst others, in a non-heteronormative way, which can be put in juxtaposition in the classroom to further enable critical thinking regarding the topics. Furthermore, the thesis concludes that a queer phenomenological pedagogy can work against normalisation and for pupils finding or expressing their identity and uniqueness.

[pt] A pesquisa intitulada Porque elas aparentam ser meninas ou agem como meninas: apagamento de identidades não-binárias em traduções do mangá Houseki no kuni analisa cinco traduções do referido mangá – duas traduções profissionais, uma para o inglês e uma para o francês; e três traduções amadoras, uma para o português, uma para o espanhol e uma para o inglês – e como essas lidaram com a não-binariedade dxs personagens. O objetivo foi examinar as maneiras nas quais ideologias hegemônicas de tradução e cis-heteronormativas podem levar ao apagamento de identidades LGBTQAI(mais). A análise dos dados demonstrou que todas as traduções para línguas neolatinas, assim como a tradução amadora para o inglês designaram um gênero axs personagens. No caso das línguas neolatinas, a análise dos meta e paratextos sugerem que o gênero gramatical dessas línguas desempenhou um papel importante no apagamento da não-binariedade de gênero. Contudo, também se verificou evidências da influência de ideologias cis-heteronormativas na escolha das estratégias tradutórias empregadas. Dentre as traduções analisadas, apenas a tradução profissional para o inglês não designou um gênero axs personagens. Contudo, a análise de fontes metatextuais revelou que ideologias de tradução relacionadas à ideia de fluência estavam por trás das estratégias tradutórias utilizadas, resultando em uma tradução que mantém a não-binariedade, porém, não a visibiliza. Ao estudar as ideologias cis-heteronormativas e de tradução que subjazem às estratégias tradutórias empregadas, a presente pesquisa contribui para entender como identidades LGBTQAI(mais) podem ser facilmente apagadas em traduções e propor formas de visibilizá-las a fim de combater a hegemonia cis-heteronormativa. / [en] The research entitled Because they look like girls or act like girls: erasure of non-binary identities in translations of the Houseki no kuni manga analyzes five translations of the referred manga - two professional translations, one into English and one into French ; and three amateur translations, one into Portuguese, one into Spanish and one into English - and how they dealt with the non-binary gender of the characters. The objective was to examine the ways in which cis-heteronormative ideologies and hegemonic translation ideologies can lead to the erasure of LGBTQAI (plus) identities. The analysis of the data showed that all the translations to Neo-Latin languages, as well as the amateur translation into English designated a gender to the characters. In the case of Neo-Latin languages, the analysis of meta and paratexts suggests that the grammatical gender of these languages played an important role in erasing the non-binary gender of the characters. However, there was also evidence of the influence of cis-heteronormative ideologies in the choice of translation strategies employed. Among the translations analyzed, only the professional translation into English did not designate a gender to the characters. However, the analysis of metatextual sources revealed that translation ideologies related to the idea of fluency were behind the translation strategies used, resulting in a translation that maintains the non-binary gender of the characters, but does not make it visible. By studying the cis-heteronormative and translation ideologies that underlie the translation strategies employed, this research contributes to understand how LGBTQAI (plus) identities can be easily erased in translations and propose ways to make them visible in order to fight cis-heteronormative hegemony.

The purpose of this study is to explore different power dynamics in the spiritualist movement of fin-de-siècle Sweden. The source material for this exploration is the spiritualist magazine of Efteråt, which was the main spiritualist magazine in Sweden at the time, in print between 1891–1922. The main material for this study is specifically the texts that fall under the genre of ”fictionalized witness-accounts” of supernatural phenomena. These witness accounts yield reoccurring tropes that are either actors, arenas, or narratives. The process of finding these tropes is made through discourse analysis as constructed by Norman Fairclough complemented using grammar and props as presented by Mattias Fyhr. The theoretical tools utilized are the framework of Luce Irigaray and the relationship between the subject and the object, the concept of receptivity as coined by Ann Cvetkovich, and finally the concept of heterotopia as coined by Michel Foucault. The relationship between a masculine subject and a feminine object is generally maintained throughout the source material. However, this dynamic is open to destabilization. This is especially prominent in the arena of the séance room, where perceived feminine volatility is both a liability and a resource. This also rises interesting perspectives concerning male mediums. This destabilization in further deepened when the concept of receptivity is applied and the relationship between the spirit world and the material world is come into question: where is agency situated? The last result concerns the spiritualist movement and its relationship to hegemonic society. With the help of the concept of heterotopia the different spiritualist rooms show what is deemed lacking in society at large, as well as the perceived functions they have within the movement.

[pt] A adoção com dupla paternidade faz parte dos debates em torno das minorias sexuais e sua relação com os direitos que são reconhecidos às pessoas e cidadãos pertencentes a um Estado. A partir desse ponto de partida, a pesquisa visa observar as dinâmicas que surgem em casais de homens que optam por ter filhos por meio do instituto jurídico da adoção, a fim de ilustrar como sua identidade homossexual é negociada em relação aos requisitos legais que são exigidos para adotar. Nesse contexto, o foco do trabalho é direcionado aos postulados não essencialistas oferecidos pelos estudos queer, com o objetivo de ter uma visão crítica do processo adotivo com dupla paternidade, segundo os fundamentos teóricos de Michel Foucault, Judith Butler e Paul B. Preciado. A pesquisa opta pela adoção, justamente para observar desde uma perspectiva queer, se ela se afasta ou não das posições que naturalizam a família heterossexual, como a única capaz de gerar prole e apta para adotar. Isso, porque adotar é um ato jurídico que se aperfeiçoa com a vontade de quem o pratica, sem exigir, em princípio, uma verdade biológica ou identidade sexual de quem deseja adotar. O trabalho analítico da pesquisa se nutre das informações fornecidas pelos casais entrevistados, pretendendo oferecer uma contribuição na área dos estudos sobre homossexualidade, desde uma visão queer que vai além do estabelecido. / [es] La adopción con doble paternidad, se encuadra dentro de los debates en torno a las minorías sexuales y su relación con los derechos que le son reconocidos como personas y ciudadanos pertenecientes a un Estado. Desde ese punto de partida, la investigación se interesa por observar las dinámicas que se suscitan en parejas de hombres que escogen tener descendencia mediante el instituto jurídico de la adopción, a fin de ilustrar como es negociada su identidad homosexual en relación a los requisitos que se exigen para adoptar. En ese contexto, el enfoque del trabajo está direccionado a los postulados no esencialistas, ofrecidos por los estudios queer, con el objetivo de tener una visión crítica del proceso adoptivo con doble paternidad, de acuerdo a los fundamentos teóricos de Michel Foucault, Judith Butler y Paul Preciado. La pesquisa escoge la adopción, justamente para observar desde un entendimiento queer, si ella se aleja o no de las posturas que naturalizan a la familia heterosexual, como la única capaz de crear descendencia e idónea para adoptar. Esto porque adoptar es un acto legal, que se perfecciona con la voluntad de quienes realizan el acto, sin requerir, en principio, de una verdad biológica o identidad sexual de quienes desean adoptar. El trabajo analítico de la investigación se nutre de la información entregada por las parejas entrevistadas, pretendiendo ofrecer un aporte al área de los estudios sobre homosexualidad, tomando palco desde una visión queer que va más allá de lo establecido.

This essay analyses the songs from Den poetiska Eddan (The Poetic Edda) with a queer perspective through a queer reading. I use Tiina Rosenberg’s concept of queer leakage along with historical contextualization to figure out how to approach an older text through a modern perspective. Throughout the essay, I discuss how queer leakages appear throughout the text either in representations of gender and norm-breaking behavior, or through an analysis of the use of insults. The analysis establishes that there are queer leakages to be found in The Poetic Edda and that the conclusion avoids being anachronistic through the historical context that the evidence is tried against. The essay concludes that identities our society views as static are rather dynamic and in constant need of assertive actions for their own enforcement. / Den här uppsatsen analyserar tre kväden ur Den poetiska Eddan genom ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsen använder Tiina Rosenbergs begrepp queera läckage tillsammans med en historisk kontext. Detta för att pröva hur en kan möta äldre texter genom ett modernt perspektiv. Under analysen diskuterar jag hur queera läckage ter sig genom texten, antingen genom olika typer av könsroller eller normbrytande beteende, samt genom en analys av förolämpningar. Analysen påvisar att det finns queera läckage i Den poetiska Eddan, och att slutsatsen undviker att bli anakronistisk på grund av den historiska kontext som textexemplen prövas gentemot. Uppsatsens slutsats är att de identiteter som vårt samhälle ser som statiska i själva verket är dynamiska, samt att de ständigt behöver hävdas för att fortsätta existera.

[pt] Nas duas últimas décadas, as pessoas passaram a estar mais conectadas remotamente, transferindo para o mundo virtual atividades que, anteriormente, só ocorriam de forma presencial. Esta transição do real para o virtual vem mudando o cenário da comunicação interpessoal, dando lugar a formas mais imersivas de interação. Esta pesquisa teve como foco investigar, através da perspectiva do Design, como os elementos através dos quais os usuários conseguem se representar e interagir em ambientes virtuais contribuem na formação de espaços seguros para a população LGBTQUIAP+. Buscou-se, ainda, demonstrar como essas mesmas representações de uma corporeidade virtual são utilizadas em aplicativos de Realidade Virtual Social (Social Virtual Reality), plataformas que se caracterizam como o encontro entre as redes sociais, a telepresença e a realidade virtual. As etapas da pesquisa incluíram a análise e o desenvolvimento de uma taxonomia das principais plataformas de Realidade Virtual Social, bem como entrevistas com participantes queer em um ambiente virtual desenvolvido para esta pesquisa. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que os ambientes virtuais sociais atuam como facilitadores de performatividades individuais e coletivas para a população LGBTQUIAP+. / [en] In the last two decades, people have become more connected remotely, transferring to the virtual world activities that previously only took place in person. This transition from real to virtual has been changing the scenario of interpersonal communication, giving way to more immersive forms of interaction. This research focused on investigating, through the perspective of Design, how the elements through which users are able to represent and interact in virtual places contribute to creation of safe spaces for the LGBTQUIAP+ population. It was also sought to demonstrate how these same representations of a virtual corporeality are used in applications of Social Virtual Reality, platforms that are characterized as the meeting between social networks, telepresence and virtual reality. The research steps included the analysis and development of a taxonomy of the main Social Virtual Reality platforms, as well as interviews with queer participants in a virtual place developed for this research. The research results suggest that social virtual places act as facilitators of individual and collective performativities for the LGBTQUIAP+ population.