社群媒體創造了人們生活的新支點，也為文學發展注入新的元素，除了網路作家之外，對於傳統作家也悄悄帶來了影響。本研究目的有六：1.探討文學家經營社群網站的現況與動機。2.探討部落格與文學家的創作是否有關係及有何影響。3.探討Facebook與文學家的創作是否有關係及有何影響。4.探討文學家如何運用部落格、Facebook與讀者互動。5.探討文學家對於運用社群網站創作以及與讀者互動的看法。6.比較文學家部落格與Facebook之異同。 為瞭解資訊時代中部落格、Facebook等傳播媒體的變革是否為臺灣的文學家帶來創作上以及與讀者間互動的質變，本研究於經營部落格與Facebook的作家中各選取十位進行觀察並紀錄，紀錄表之項目主要由更新頻率、文章類型、文章內容題材、與讀者的互動、與文學社群的互動等五個面向延伸而來。 進行觀察後擬定訪談大綱，於部落格與Facebook中各邀請五名作家進行深度訪談，以獲取第一手資料。最後以觀察記錄與訪談資料進行分析。根據研究結果，可獲得以下結論： 一、 文學家經營部落格的原因與動機與其作品有明顯關聯；經營Facebook的原因與動機與其作品則無關聯。 二、 文學家經營Facebook的現況明顯較部落格熱烈與積極。 三、 部落格與Facebook皆與文學家之作品有顯著關聯。 四、 Facebook對文學家創作的影響力明顯大於部落格。 五、 文學家的部落格文章與其出版作品之風格基本上一致；而Facebook的文章風格則與其出版作品之風格有一致也有分歧。 六、 文學家運用Facebook與讀者的互動明顯優於部落格。 七、 文學家對於Facebook上創作文字的出版多抱持正面態度。 八、 文學家認為在網路上與讀者互動利多於弊，且多樂在其中。 九、 文學家認為Facebook相對於部落格在文學上具備更多新的可能。 / Social media had made the new point of human life; meanwhile, they inject new elements into the development of literature. Social media impact not only Internet writers but also traditional writers. There are six objectives of the research: 1. To investigate the current situations and the motivations of literature creators operating the social network sites. 2. To investigate the relations and the influences between blogs and literature creators’ writing. 3. To investigate the relations and the influences between Facebook and literature creators’ writing. 4. To investigate how literature creators interact with readers on blogs and Facebook. 5. To investigate literature creators’ opinions of writing on social network sites and the interaction with readers. 6. To compare the similarities and dissimilarities of literature creators’ blogs to Facebook. In order to realize whether blogs and Facebook changed literature creators’ way of writing and the interactions with the readers, the researcher selected ten writers each from blogs and Facebook to observe and record. Out of the 20 writers, there were five writers of blogs and five of Facebook interviewed under the qualitative research methods. The data were analyzed, and the results are as follows: 1. Literature creators’ motivations and reasons of managing blogs are significantly related to the works, whereas the motivations and reasons of managing Facebook are unrelated to the works. 2. The current situations of literature creators’ operation to Facebook are more active than blogs. 3. Both of blogs and Facebook are related to literature creators’ works. 4. Facebook’s influences on the literary creations are significantly greater than blogs. 5. The styles of literature creators’ posts on the blog are essentially consistent with the published works; however, the styles of literature creators’ posts on Facebook are partly consistent and partly divergent. 6. The interactions with readers through Facebook are much better than blogs. 7. Literature creators hold positive attitudes toward publishing their works post on Facebook. 8. Literature creators think that the advantages of interacting with the readers on the Internet outweigh the shortcomings, and most of them enjoy doing so. 9. Literature creators think that Facebook provides more literary possibilities than blogs.

台海兩岸自1949年隔海分治後，到1987年台灣開放民眾到中國大陸探親恢復接觸。台灣雖然也在1987年開放媒體到大陸採訪，但是兩岸電視新聞媒體的交流、合作受到當時的時空環境影響，非常有限。 1997年底，台灣的TVBS（無線衛星電視台）獲得大陸國務院台灣事務辦公室的批准，成為第一家在大陸北京設立駐點記者（不掛牌的記者站）的台灣電視媒體。之後，台灣其他電視媒體也陸續向大陸提出申請派記者駐點採訪，並先後獲得批准；而申請前往駐點的大陸城市也從北京，陸續增加上海、福州、成都、廈門等。 本文主要研究始於1998年起TVBS在大陸派記者駐點採訪後至2008年之間，和大陸電視媒體（從中央到地方）的互動（包括交流、合作及買賣等）歷程，與這十年間兩岸政經情勢變化的關係影響兩岸電視新聞互動的變化。研究藉此歸結出影響兩岸電視新聞媒體互動的因素，並探討台灣電視新聞媒體進入大陸市場的可能性。 研究發現，大陸電視產業近年來雖不斷引進民間（市場）力量參與運作（例如電視廣告、電視劇拍攝等），但是新聞類仍屬於不得市場化的範疇。這主要是因為大陸所界定的媒介理論認為媒體是黨的喉舌與宣傳工具，必須為黨所用，不得為其他私人力量所掌控。但是由於兩岸特有的政治情勢變化，兩岸的電視新聞媒體多年來已逐漸經由人員交流、新聞事件的合作採訪到相互付費傳送新聞畫面建立互動關係。本文也發現兩岸電視新聞的互動，已從原來主要目的是形成（政治）效應為重，逐漸轉變成為產生（經濟）效益為主的變化。 關鍵詞：兩岸電視新聞、交流互動、關係、信任、人脈、社會資本 / Since the two sides of Taiwan Straits split amid civil war in 1949, Taiwan and Mainland China resumed contact only when the Taiwan government lifted restrictions and allowed its people to visit their relatives on the mainland in 1987. Although Taiwan allowed its media to cover news events on the mainland in the same year, the exchange and cooperation of TV news media between the two sides were very limited due to the historical circumstances at that time. At the end of 1997, Taiwan’s TVBS (Television Broadcasts Limited Satellite) obtained permission from the Taiwan Affairs Office of China’s State Council and became the first Taiwanese TV station to set up a correspondent office (a correspondent office for news covering without company registration) in Beijing. Afterwards, many other Taiwanese TV media applied for the same permission and were eventually approved as well. Beginning with Beijing, the locations for the correspondent offices were expanded later to Shanghai, Fuzhou, Chengdu and Xiamen. The purpose of this thesis was to study the interactions (including exchanges, cooperation as well as the sales and procurement deals) between TVBS and TV organizations on the Mainland (both central and local) from 1998 –when TVBS started setting up correspondent offices on the mainland – until 2008. The study would also look into how the evolving political and economic ties between Taiwan and the Mainland had influenced the interactions of TV news on cross-straits relationship over the same time frame. Based on the findings, the study would identify the factors that had affected the interactions between TV news media from both sides and explore the possibility of Taiwan’s TV news media entering the Chinese mainland market. The study found that although the Mainland TV industry had continuously introduced elements of the market economy into its operations (such as TV commercials and TV drama productions, for example), the news media were still excluded from the model of market economy. This was because the Chinese mainland doctrine had defined the news media as a mouthpiece and a tool of propaganda of the Communist Party. Hence, the news media must serve the interest of the Party and cannot be controlled by private forces. But because of the unique changing political situation across the Taiwan Straits, the TV news media from both sides had established interactive relations gradually over the past years through personnel exchanges, cooperation in news coverage and sending news footages with charged fees. This thesis also found that the interactions of TV news on cross-strait relations had moved gradually from its initial objective of making political influences to mainly generating economic benefits. Key Phrases: TV news on cross-strait relationship, exchanges and interactions, connections, trust, contacts, and social capital.

摘 要 為因應服務經濟時代的挑戰，企業必須不斷的追求服務創新來建構本身的競爭優勢，而資訊科技和網路通訊技術的發展，亦讓組織、系統、人力以及資訊等各種資源更加有效率、有效能的聯結在一起。對於以服務為導向的組織而言，如何運用資訊科技以提供線上及時、互動的服務給顧客，已成為攸關組織未來存亡的重要課題。 本論文在探討組織推動科技化互動服務創新(IT-enabled Interactive Service Innovation)時所面臨的相關議題，並定義科技化互動服務創新係指一項以資訊科技(亦包含通訊及網路)為基礎的互動式服務創新，其發展、建置以及播散的過程。研究目的是為了解科技化互動服務創新如何由最初的提案轉換至最終的企業經營績效，而其轉換過程中有那些可能的挑戰或窒礙。 本論文採用過程理論並提出一完整的分析架構，藉以闡述科技化互動服務創新於價值實現過程中，所有阻礙其推動或減損其價值的相關挑戰。研究中進行了三個田野個案(Field case)分析及三個圖書館個案(Library case)分析，所涵蓋的創新服務包括互動電視服務、證劵服務與旅遊服務。 研究貢獻包含：(1)提出一分析架構，完整描述科技化互動服務創新之價值轉換過程；(2)對於過程中造成價值減損的相關挑戰有全面性的呈現，對實務界的高階主管在推動科技化互動服務創新時，可作為決策之參考。 關鍵字：科技化服務，服務創新，互動服務 / As the economies are becoming increasingly service oriented, firms need to create competitive service advantages to compete in the service arena. Thus, enterprises endeavor to develop innovative services to meet the rapid changing customers’ needs and to create leverage from these innovations. Furthermore, with the significant advances in networks, telecommunications, and computing technologies, people, organizations, systems and heterogeneous information sources now can be linked together more efficiently and cost effectively than ever before (Qiu, 2010). For the service-oriented businesses, a lot of emerging service opportunities, such as e-services, e-commerce, and auctions, are envisioned, and well utilizing IT to provide on-line, real-time interactive services to customers becomes an imperative for company’s survival. Therefore, the call for responsive, flexible, agile and on-demand services forces the enterprises deliberating the IT-enabled interactive service innovation (IISI) to enhance their distinctive competency. This research conceptualizes the IT-enabled interactive service innovation as the development, deployment, and diffusion of a new interactive service through information technologies (IT) (including the communication and networking) for the customers. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of how an IISI is transformed from the initial proposal, IT assets, competency, and to the end, the business performance, and what the possible challenges may encounter during the transformation. This research adopts process approach and proposes a holistic analytical framework to highlight various challenges that will erode the value realization and even hamper the firms’ evolution. Three field cases and three library cases are adopted to show the empirical evidences that support the framework of IISI. The related industries involve interactive television services, securities brokerage services, and traveling services industry. The research contributions in this dissertation include; (1) building up an analytical framework to expound the process of value generation in IT-enabled service innovation; (2) to delineate the gapping hole in the value chain of IT-enabled service innovation. The practical contributions involve providing a global picture of the IT-enabled service innovation process, thus, the top management or decision makers can foresee the possible challenges, and take proactive strategies to overcome them lest the values will be eroded.

本研究旨在探討一位國中英語教師對於課室互動及提問策略的信念與教學實務。資料搜集與分析採質性之資料收集及分析法，以期對於該英語教師之信念及教學能有整體的瞭解。參與本研究教師及學生為台中市一所中型公立國中的一位英文教師及一個七年級班級，期間自九十八年八月至十二月初。資料蒐集方式以訪談、課室觀察及回憶式訪談的逐字稿為主。 以課室互動的七個面向來探討及呈現此位國中英語教師對於課室互動及提問策略的信念與教學實務。研究結果指出該受訪英語教師的教學信念與實務在課室互動的重要性、語言的使用、提問的目的、提問的類型與提問策略等五個面向呈紫現一致性，唯活動類型、溝通式語言的使用面向不一致。研究結果發現該受訪英語教師教學實務深受其教學信念影響，而造成老師信念及實際上課些微差異的因素包括教科書、時間緊迫、大班級的呈現方式、學生的語言能力不足及班級裡頭學生語言能力個別差異大。研究者根據這些發現，提出了對英語教學的看法及未來研究方向的建議，以期對於課室互動及提問策略有整體的瞭解。 / The study attempts to better understand what beliefs a junior high school English teacher had with regard to classroom interaction and questioning, and how these beliefs were reflected in her actual practices. To achieve the purpose, qualitative methods were adopted to capture a holistic understanding of the teacher’s beliefs and practices. The participants included one junior high school English teacher and one seventh grade class in a medium-sized school in Taichung city. Data were collected from August of 2008 to December of 2008. Data from semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, stimulated recall interview, and field notes were analyzed to see the teacher’s beliefs and teaching practices about classroom interaction and questioning. Seven elements derived from classroom interaction and questioning were used to display the teacher’s beliefs and practices. The results of this study revealed the consistency of the participating teacher’s beliefs and practices in five areas: the significance of classroom interaction, choice of language, the purpose of questioning, teachers’ questioning types and teachers’ questioning strategies. The inconsistency between the teacher’s beliefs and practices was found on the elements of activity types and communicative language use. The results of the consistency between the teacher’s beliefs and practices showed that the teacher’s beliefs greatly influenced the way how she carried out instructional classroom practices. The results of inconsistency, on the other hand, suggesting a mismatch between the teacher’s beliefs and practices, were associated with the following factors, i.e., textbooks, time constraints, large class, students’ limited and diverse proficiency in English. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research were recommended. It is hoped to provide insights into the dynamics of classroom interaction and questioning.

在現今的競爭環境中，服務成為創造企業競爭優勢的利基，不僅在傳統的服務業如此，連新興的資訊產業或網路企業也都面臨服務的考驗。面對顧客的服務需求愈來愈多，企業為了維繫良好的顧客關係以追求持續性的競爭優勢，因此紛紛提供更符合使用者需要的服務品質（Service Quality）來提高顧客滿意。網路公司為能傳遞更優質的網路服務品質給予網路使用者，首要必須明瞭消費者如何知覺與評鑑其網路的顧客服務，企業才能針對顧客重視的服務品質，投入資源予以加強。本研究藉由文獻回顧對網路互動性、生動性、遙距臨場感與網路服務品質的明瞭後，進一步探究出彼此之間的關係為主要研究目的。 研究者並利用LISREL分析方法，進而實證出變數間的確呈現顯著的因果關係，即生動性與互動性對遙距臨場感有正向影響，遙距臨場感與互動性對使用者者知覺網路服務品質存在正面的影響效果；換言之，提供網路服務的企業應盡可能增加網站內容生動程度與使用者互動程度，提升網站遙距臨場感與使用者的互動性，以提高使用者知覺網路服務品質的程度。網路服務品質採用Yang and Jun（2002）提出安全性、客製化、可獲性、回應性、容易性、接近性、可靠性七個構面作為研究，研究結果顯示七個構面對於網路服務品質影響顯著，企業可針對網路服務品質重要性作為企業網站經營規劃的依據，作為提供網路服務企業傳遞更優質服務品質於消費者時的最佳參考依據。

智慧資本各領域研究於近年皆有快速的增長與延伸，其中議題探討著重於分類、衡量與資本彼此間的動態行為。分類的研究自1997年開始，即有多元的探討，不斷有學者提出新的分類架構，學者間分類概念大致約可分為三大類：人力資本、結構資本與顧客資本，差異多在其中組成元素的解釋範圍、定義或是從屬層級的調整。衡量方面的研究亦相當多元與豐富，許多學者提出衡量的工具或架構，試圖衡量出學者所分類智慧資本類別的存量大小與價值。在資本間動態行為的研究上，涉獵的學者相對較少，因此也提供了本研究發展的空間。 針對過去學者較少探討的動態行為，尤其是資本的流動與影響次序方面，展開相關議題的研究。在過去文獻與暑期實習期間實際對公司觀察的啟發下，發展出三階創價過程，分別對應到三種不同的產品與顧客類型。在此三階創價過程中，智慧資本存在流動次序、智慧資本影響範圍、創新行為等型態上的差異。透過對中國砂輪股份有限公司實際的訪談與觀察，公司裡三種差異鮮明的產品類別，提供了研究所形成三階創價過程差異的驗證。研究中所述及的創價過程並非附加價值的創造過程，而是過程中顧客使用產品後會使得成本降低或是生產效益增加，增加了公司的顧客資本或是其他智慧資本。企業價值包含財務價值與智慧資本，本研究所述創價過程，為智慧資本增加所提升的企業整體價值與顧客產品使用效益兩部分。 本研究在資料的收集與分析中獲致以下六個研究發現：依創價過程的不同，有不同的智慧資本影響深度與幅度；智慧資本的流動隨著資訊的流動而有次序性；智慧資本影響越深，所生效益越大；不同創價過程創新型態與轉化程度不同；人力資本為智慧資本流動中的關鍵影響因素；不同部門型態有資本生成的差異性存在。

本研究從作者實務工作曾經遭遇的兩個「威嚇語言」互動策略為起點，發現過去相關研究多屬探討記者與消息來源互動社會結構層面之「靜態論述」，鮮少觸及「語言互動」策略與內涵。本研究改以語用學之言說行動、語境概念、禮貌原則以及社會心理學之面子、面子威脅等概念為基礎，歸納出人際溝通由核心到外圍的語言互動脈絡，並依合作程度高低推演出記者與消息來源間之「合作性語言互動」(cooperative verbal interaction)與「非合作性語言互動」(non-cooperative verbal interaction)兩種不同語言互動策略。 根據訪談與個案研究資料所示，記者與消息來源語言互動過程使用之各種不同手法（如婉言相勸、閃躲、打哈哈、口頭威嚇、直接修理等），均可歸納於「合作／非合作」語言互動策略範疇。整體而言，「合作語言策略」最常出現，「非合作語言策略」在互動過程只是施壓手段，但兩種策略若像「胡蘿蔔與棍子」般地交叉運用，則常有較佳效果。 本研究亦發現，消息來源並非記者隨意擺布的「掌中棋」，亦即記者若不當使用「非合作語言策略」而將消息來源逼至瀕臨壓力邊緣之際，消息來源亦會使用「非合作語言策略」嚴厲反擊而造成反效果。因此，語言策略的尺度拿捏與技巧等語境因素，常是互動雙方能否達成目標之微妙關鍵所在。 / As previous studies in this area have long emphasized more on the social levels of reporter-source interactions, this study, based on the literature of pragmatics, facework, and impoliteness, examined how the news reporters interact with their sources on a linguistic level trying to distinguish varied verbal strategies used by these two interactants in news reporting, such as exhorting, evasiveness, verbal threatening, and verbal attacking. Research result reveals that both cooperative/non-cooperative verbal interactive strategies are common and easily observable in news reporters’ routine meetings with their sources. In principle, the non-cooperative verbal interaction can be further divided into four sublevels according to the degrees of cooperation between the two interactants. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the cooperative/non-cooperative verbal interaction model developed in this study can be used not only as a research framework to examine the reporter-source interactions in a qualitative way, but also as a practical strategy which would show that both the reporters and sources may use the model to detect and challenge, and in the meantime to counterattack, the other side in their daily encounters.

本篇論文主要研究漢語兒童的否定表達，與其性別對否定表達方式之影響。使用的語料來自四位平均年齡五歲一個月的兒童，在家中與母親的日常對話。參與研究的兒童共使用八種語用策略與其組合，來對他們的母親表達七種否定。分析語料後顯示，此年齡層的兒童表達方式與成人不同，他們偏好使用單一策略做否定。此外，有別於同儕互動中主要使用間接否定來維持友誼，兒童對母親表達否定時較為直接。而他們的間接否定策略，大多出現在可能危及聽者面子的拒絕（Rejection）與否認（Denial）這兩者，也較常出現在表達自己能力與知識上的不足時（Inability & Epistemic negation）。在性別對否定表達的影響方面，女生在否定時有注重關係的傾向（care orientation）。她們拒絕或否認她們母親的次數比男生少，表達拒絕或否認時，也比男生使用更多間接策略與提供較容易理解的原因。在其他的否定語意方面，女生比男生更常表達自己在能力或知識上的不足，此外也更常述說物品的不復存在（Nonexistence）。本研究提供了漢語兒童在否定表達上的結果，也為兒童性別對否定表達的影響提供說明與證據。 / The study investigates children’s expression of negation, and how each gender expresses it to their mother. We observed 4 Mandarin-speaking children of age 5 (mean age= 5; 1) when they were having natural conversation with their mother at home. We found that children used 8 pragmatic strategies (account, nonverbal, correction, temporizing, challenge, countering move, partial agreement, and appealing) to express 7 negation meanings (Nonexistence, Non-occurrence, prohibition, rejection, denial, inability, and epistemic negation). The results showed that children preferred to use single strategy to negate, unlike adults. In contrast with peer interaction in which children preferred to use indirect strategy to maintain their friendship, the amount of direct strategy and indirect strategy were quite even in our data. Their indirect strategies tended to appear in negation meanings that are potentially face-threatening (rejection and denial) or reveal their own insufficiency (inability and epistemic negation). They also inclined to use a combination of strategies to deliver rejection, denial, and prohibition. When we further examine negation in boys and girls, we observe ‘care orientation’ in girls’ negation. They denied and rejected their mother less than boys did, mainly using indirect negation or understandable accounts while boys did the opposite. As for other negation meanings, girls revealed one’s insufficiency (Inability and Epistemic negation) and reported nonexistence of entities (Nonexistence) more often than boys did. The findings provide Mandarin children’s results and evidence of the expression of negation in mother-child interaction, and suggest gender does affect how boys and girls deliver various negation meanings.

本研究以《Yahoo!奇摩新聞》的毒澱粉報導以及其讀者評論為研究對象，研究重點分為兩大部分，第一是探討台灣媒體如何再現食品安全新聞，欲了解其風險訊息品質、可讀性表現，第二是探討讀者評論，並聚焦討論是否不同的讀者評論特色會有讀者互動溝通上的差異，而風險訊息品質的高低又是否會有讀者互動溝通上的不同。 本研究以內容分析法分析《Yahoo!奇摩新聞》的毒澱粉報導以及其讀者評論，樣本蒐集以官方單位開始對事件發表聲明的日期為起始日（2013年5月13日），做出處置的階段為結束日（2013年6月21日）。 本研究發現台灣媒體報導食品安全新聞時，儘管會告知風險，但對報導注意度有益的表現形式不足，欠缺整理過的資訊，幾乎不會使用表格、流程圖等化繁為簡的方式解釋毒澱粉的危害或流向，也很少使用故事手法呈現報導；對報導理解度有益的部分則呈現出解釋力偏弱的情形，報導解釋專有名詞和關鍵概念的比例不高，也極少提供中英對照名詞；此外，也發現毒澱粉新聞提供的風險資訊中，質化資訊多於量化資訊，個人難以依其評估自身風險。 最後在探討新聞資訊精確度與讀者評論特色對讀者互動溝通相關性的部分，發現讀者評論才是影響互動的主要因素，「不禮貌的讀者評論」、「提及個人故事或經驗談的評論」以及「離題的評論」都較能引發讀者互動；新聞對讀者的互動則沒有顯著的影響。

近年隨著音樂數位化，唱片銷量巨幅降低，現場演出成為表演者能否獲得觀眾喜愛的指標，同時也成為音樂產業營收成長的主要項目。 表演者與觀眾的互動在過去多以拍手、聲音回應為主；而本創作透過行動載具（mobile device）的輔助，嘗試將互動與音樂展演現場的元素，例如影像、聲音、燈光、舞臺等設計相互結合；期能以觀眾的參與、現場系統裝置的即時反應、樂團的回應創造出讓觀眾深刻體驗展演內容之互動音樂會。 本創作從音樂展演面向出發，以使用者經驗為研究方法，進行跨領域實作，從行動載具的特性，思考應用程式之設計、互動元素、創新表演內容，如何促進現場氣氛、以及後續社群效應的設計，是一個嘗試整合科技應用與音樂表演的創作。除國、內外科技應用於現場音樂類表演之案例、相關文獻進行研究，並實地進行場域田野調查、展演相關工作人員、觀眾等訪談，歸納整理適切的現場表演元素，據此發展創作雛形，並實際與臺灣獨立樂團《大象體操》，於2014年12月10日舉行「幾何-大象體操+林維辰互動音樂展演實驗場」，後續以此演出內容作相關使用者行為、現場影像紀錄作回饋與相關資料分析。 本創作期能以數位科技為音樂產業實驗新的表演內容設計與商業模式，以數位為內容加值，尋找音樂產業新的可能性。