本論文共計一冊，約五萬字，共分為四章，十七節。 第一章介紹研究的背景，探討與傳播學相關的理論，以及有關婦女問題方面的研究報 告，從而決定作者的研究目的及假設。 第二章說明研究的方法，何以用內容分析，如何選定報紙的內容，如何抽樣、分類、 測量，逐步將散漫的資料整理出條理來。 第三章說明資料分析出來的結果，分別從讀者來信及專欄回答兩方面，反映社會轉形 期的價值觀念變遷的事實。 第四章討論資料分析最後的結果，有所損益不足之處加以說明，同時建議今後類似價 值的研究方向，俾使後學者有所依循參考。

本文共分六章：第一章研究動機與目的，第二章文獻探討，第三章研究問題與假設， 第四章研究方法，第五章分析與解釋，第六章結論與建議。約三萬字。 本研究所欲探討的問題：一、比較媒介通道與人際通道的告知功能，二、比較印刷媒 介與電子媒介的告知功能，三、政見會的角色，四、媒介組合的告知功能。研究的自 變項是使用各種通道的情形，應變項是政治知識的多寡，檢定變項包括媒介暴露的內 容型態、對各種通道的信任程度與選舉侯選人的標準。

在知識經濟的時代裡，「知識管理」已成為學校組織管理與組織學習的核心議題，而「知識分享」更是其中重要的一環。因此，對教學場域中影響「教師」知識分享的相關因素之瞭解必有實務上的意義，尤其是屬於華人人情等特質相關因素的影響是本研究的探索旨趣。 從組織行為的角度去思考教師在學校的知識分享(分為資訊分享、行動示範、情境化知識分享、知識共構四個構面)，主要受到個人、人際、組織層面因素的影響。本研究從本土的人情概念出發，組織層面再加上對創新的關注，探討人情在個人層次(人情特質—忠恕取向、人情束縛、關係取向)、人際層次(情感與工具性關係)與組織層次(情感、關係、創新、法制)是如何地影響著國民中學教師彼此的知識分享意願與行為。 本研究對190位教師進行預試，進行對預試量表信效度檢驗並修正後，進行正式施測，正式施測時回收了583份有效問卷。以相關分析、多元迴歸分析、變異數分析、典型相關分析與結構方程模式分析，驗證本研究之假設並做延伸的探討。 本研究主要發現如下： 一、相對於知識分享的其他構面，教師們以行動示範同事進行知識分享的意願最低、實際行為也最少。 二、學校資訊設備與教師個人資訊能力對教師的資訊分享有正向影響；學校對課程時間與開放空間的彈性安排對教師之知識分享意願有提昇效果，亦促進了知識分享行為的實踐。 三、具忠恕特質、易受人情束縛的教師，其知識分享意願愈高，而展現出的實際知識分享行為也愈多，又尤以具高忠恕特質的教師最甚。 四、教師對與其情感親密的同事相較於僅屬工作關係而交往之同事會有較高的知識分享意願，也會有較多的知識分享行為。 五、若教師所在學校文化愈趨創新求變、情感支持、法制取向，則其知識分享的意願愈高、所展現出的知識分享行為愈多；關係取向文化則與知識分享意願、行為無顯著相關。又其中， 創新求變的學校文化對教師知識分享行為的實踐尤為重要。 六、教師愈具忠恕取向特質者，其所知覺到學校文化中的情感支持程度愈高；教師愈具關係取向特質，其所知覺到學校文化中「關係取向」程度愈高。 七、教師的知識分享意願愈高，則其所展現出的知識分享行為愈多。教師具有高知識分享意願時，若學校有「研究討論會」的安排，教師的知識分享行為愈多。 八、教師愈具忠恕特質，則其知識分享意願也高，進而產生較多的知識分享行為，知識分享意願是重要的中介變項。而若教師分享的對象愈屬情感性關係者，則其知識分享意願也高，進而產生較多的知識分享行為，知識分享意願亦是重要的中介變項。但若教師處於高創新求變的學校文化中，則教師不一定知覺其有知識分享意願，甚至在違反意願的情況下可能直接產生知識分享行為。 　　最後，本研究根據上述發現針對教育實務層面與未來研究提出具體建議以供參考。 / A Study of the Relationships among Teachers’ Renqing Traits of Teachers, Interpersonal Affection, Organizational Culture and Knowledge Sharing in Junior High School By Chien-Heng Yeh Abstract The main purposes of this study were to understand the status quo of knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors among junior high school teachers, as well as examine the relationships among the teachers’ Renqing(人情) traits, interpersonal affection, organizational culture and knowledge sharing. From literature review, knowledge sharing was divided into four aspects---information sharing, action modeling, situated knowledge sharing, and knowledge co-constructing. Renqing traits were also divided into three aspects as Zhongshu(忠恕), Renqing constrain(人情束縛), and Guanxi(關係). People with zhongshu trait mean they’re kind and empathic, those with renqing constrain trait are difficult saying “no” to others and apt to be constrained by renqing, while people with guanxi trait have the belief that interacting with others is to utilize their relationship as an instrument to acquire certain kind of resource. 　　Meanwhile, the interpersonal affection variable was composed of expressive ties(情感性關係) and instrumental ties(工具性關係). The former means both parties are intimate, as well as care about each other; the latter represents the two-person relationship is just on the job. Moreover, the organizational culture in this study contains the four dimensions--- innovative flexibility, affective support, guanxi(關係取向), and law-governed orientation. This study adopts the survey method by questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted with 190 teachers. Having examined the reliability and validity of the questionnaire and revised it, the modified one was then given to the subjects who the study is targeting at. In this study, the subjects were public junior high school teachers in Taiwan. Returned valid questionnaires were amount to 583 .The collected data were analyzed through product-moment correlation, multiple regression, one-way and two-way ANOVA, canonical correlation and structural equation modeling. The conclusions of this study were as follows： (1)teachers’ willingness and behavior frequency to participate in action modeling are the least, in comparison with other aspects of knowledge sharing. (2)The information technology(IT) equipment in school and personal IT ability have the positive influence on the information sharing willingness and behaviors of teachers; the flexible curriculum time and open space arranged in the campus have the effect to facilitate the knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors of teachers. (3)The teachers with more zhongshu, renqing constrain traits have higher willingness of knowledge sharing, and more behaviors than those with less zhongshu, renqing constrain trait, especially, the zhongshu trait. (4)Teachers have higher willingness of knowledge sharing with those are expressive ties, and more behaviors than those are instrumental ties with them. (5)The three dimensions of school culture--- innovative flexibility, affective support, and law-governed orientation had all significant positive related with the willingness and behaviors of teachers’ knowledge sharing,but guanxi orientation did not.Among them, the innovative flexibility of school culture is the most important. (6)The zhongshu trait of teachers and the degree of affective support culture in school have influence on and interplay with one another. Similarly, the guanxi trait and the degree of guanxi orientation culture in school do, too. (7)Their knowledge sharing willingness and behaviors have impact on and interplay with the other. Besides, teachers with high willingness really share knowledge with colleague when the seminar was actually held in school. (8)Teachers with high zhongshu trait have more knowledge sharing behaviors, via high willingness of them.That is,the willingness is the important mediate variable. Nevertheless,teachers have more sharing behaviors to those that are expressive ties with , via high willingness of them. That is,the willingness is the important mediate variable. But if teachers were in the school of high innovative culture, they directly participated in knowledge sharing activity, not via willingness, even violating their willingness. 　　Finally, some suggestions are proposed based the aforementioned conclusions for further studies and for the practice of education.

網際網路發展之初，女性主義者批評網路是許於男性的新科技，女性被拒絕在這項新科技外，然而越來越多的女性網站相繼成立，各BBS站台也陸續有女性為主的版面出現，顯示女性逐漸在這項新科技中佔有一席之地。 女性在網路世界裡尋找到獨立的空間，在這個新的溝通空間裡，女性如何看待彼此？如何建立關係？少了男性意見的干擾，女性如何型塑溝通文化？專屬於女性的溝通文化呈現如何的特色？這些都是女性入主網路世界後，值得深入探討的問題。 本研究以台大椰林「站崗的女人」版面為研究場域，版上使用者的互動以及版面特殊文化，是探討網路人際關係以及網路科技現代意義的最佳題材。研究以深度訪談進行，探討版上的女性使用者如何看待「當兵」、如何調適「站崗」心情，同時探討在BBS的虛擬環境中，版上的女性使用者如何建立關係、培養親密情誼。 在文獻部分，首先探討電腦中介傳播中人際互動的可能性，接著整理愛情相關理論，探討在時間與空間的限制下，「站崗的女人」與當兵男友的愛情關係可能會面臨的狀況；最後探討女性與網路的關係，包括女性主義者對科技的批判、以及網路中的女性情誼。 　　研究結果發現，同理心、共同經驗、以及女性特質是「站崗的女人」版上使用者建立關係的重要基礎；而來自於版友的慰問與鼓勵、以及版上正面積極的文章，是站崗的女人最大的支持力量來源；站崗的女人與版友和男友之間的互動關係，也突顯出女性在站崗中的位置以及傳統價值觀下扮演的角色。

本研究旨在探討校長親信關係的決定因素及其對行政幹部工作態度的影響。本研究採便利取樣選取一二九所公立中等學校為研究對象，回收有效問卷共計主管問卷81份，部屬問卷415份。本研究依校長及行政幹部對雙方關係的看法，將部屬區分為親信幹部（校長認為部屬是親信，部屬也自認是親信）、信任幹部（校長認為部屬是親信，部屬卻不自認是親信）、接近幹部（校長不認部屬是親信，部屬卻自認是親信）、一般幹部（校長不認為部屬是親信，部屬也不自認是親信）四類。本研究並以各項統計方法進行數項假設考驗，所得重要結果如下： 一•本研究所選預測變項（部屬工作能力、部屬忠誠度、逢迎行為、共事時間、關係基礎、人口統計相似性、工作價值觀），對校長知覺的親信關係解釋力較高，對部屬知覺的親信關係解釋力較低。 二•部屬的工作能力、逢迎行為、忠誠度對校長知覺的親信關係具有顯著的解釋力。 三•忠誠度在校長知覺的信任關係上扮演重要的影響力。 四•無論那一類型幹部與校長在體諒貼心與安全信賴二項的知覺皆有明顯不同。在瞭解相知、開放接納二項的知覺皆沒有顯著不同。 五•與其他幹部比較，校長與親信幹部在各項親信關係的知覺較趨於一致。 六•校長在親信關係方面的知覺高於行政幹部，與過去的研究不同。 七•本研究發現親信關係部份知覺差距與部屬工作態度達顯著負相關，顯示校長與部屬知覺差距愈大，則工作態度表現愈低，反之亦然。 八•校長知覺的親信關係、部屬知覺的親信關係二者皆與部屬的工作態度有正相關，然部屬工作態度顯然較受到部屬知覺的親信關係影響。 九•親信幹部與一般幹部在部屬知覺親信關係上的差異最為明顯。 十•接近幹部在部屬知覺親信關係與工作態度上的表現特殊，與信任幹部及一幹幹部比較，皆強於此二類幹部。 十一•不同類別幹部在組織承諾與工作滿意二項上的表現有顯著差別。 另本研究根據研究結果提出數點建議以供參考。 / The determinants of the confidant relationship between the principals and the subordinates, and the influence of relationship on the subordinates' working attitudes Wen-Song Shyu Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of the confidant relationship between the principals and the subordinates, and the influence of relationship on the subordinates' working attitudes. A convenient sampling technique is used, and the research samples 129 public high schools as the object of study. 81 effective questionnaires from the principals and 415 from the subordinates are obtained. According to the cognition of their mutual relation, this research categorizes the subordinates into confidant subordinates（i.e. the principal considers them as his confidants, and they also consider themselves as the principal’s confidants）, trusted subordinates（i.e. the principal considers them as his confidants, but they don’t consider themselves as the principal’s confidants）, accessing subordinates（i.e. the principal doesn’t consider them as his confidants, but they consider themselves as the principal’s confidants） and ordinary subordinates（i.e. neither the principal considers them as his confidants, nor they consider themselves as the principal’s confidants）. Also through compiling statistics from questionnaire survey, this study examines several hypotheses and concludes the following outcomes: 1.The chosen predictive variables（competence, loyalty, flattering activities, the duration of working as colleaques, the bases of the relationship, the similarity of the demographics, the job values）are more likely to explain the principals' perceptions of confidant relationship rather than the subordinates' . 2.The subordinates' loyalty, competence and flattering activities highly interpret how the confidant relationship is developed. 3.Loyalty plays an important role in affecting the principals' perceptions of trusting relationship . 4.No matter which kind of subordinates staffs are, their perceptions in consideration and reliability are quite different from the principals', while both perceptions are not very different in understanding and openness. 5.Compared with the other staffs, the principals' and the confidant subordinates' perceptions in confidant relationship are more likely the same. 6.The perceptions of the principals in confidant relationship are higher than those of their subordinates, which is different from the results of previous studies. 7.The perception differences in confidant relationship have the negative correlation with the subordinates' working attitude. It shows that the higher perception differences are, the worse working performance is, and vice versa. 8.The principals' and subordinates' perceptions in their confidant relationship both have the positive correlation with the subordinates' working attitude. However, the subordinates' working attitudes obviously are influenced by the subordinates' perceptions of confidant relationship . 9.The most significant difference of subordinates' perceptions in their confidant relationship is between the confidant subordinates and the ordinary subordinates. 10.Accessing subordinates' perceptions in confidant relationship and their working attitude show a unique result, which is better when compared with the trusted and ordinary subordinates. 11.There are significant differences in organizational commitment and job satisfaction among the four kinds of subordinates. Besides, this research also provides several suggestions for reference according to the consequences. Keywords: confidant relationship, differential matrices, vertical dyad linkage mode, leader-member exchange theory, working attitude

本研究旨在探討國中新移民子女父母親管教態度、人際關係及學業成就之相關情形，就研究結果加以統整，並據以歸納結論，最後提出建議，以供有關教育相關人員瞭解及改善現況或未來研究之參考。 本研究主要結論如下： 一、新移民子女的父親管教態度、母親管教態度在要求上，對於七年級子女有顯著差異。 二、新移民子女父母親教育程度程度為研究所與大學或大專，在父母親管教態度的反應上有顯著差異。 三、新移民子女家中經濟狀況良好及富裕，其父母管教態度在反應及要求上有顯著差異。 四、新移民子女的人際關係與同儕的互動、兄弟姐妹的互動，在性別部份有顯著差異。 五、新 移民子女的人際關係與父母的部份，在七年級部份有顯著差異。 六、新移民子女家中經濟狀況良好及富裕，其人際關係與父母部份有顯著差異。 七、新移民子女其學業成就在不同性別方面，國文及英文學習有顯著差異。 八、新移民子女其學業成就因家中子女人數不同，在八年級的英文學業成就有顯著差異。 九、新移民子女父親教育程度不同，在七年級的國文、英文、數學學業成就具顯著差異。 十、新移民子女家中經濟狀況不同在學業成就上具顯著差異。 十一、新移民子女父母管教態度對人際關係具有正向的預測作用。 十二、新移民子女父母管教態度在國文、英文、數學的學習具正向的有預測作用。 十三、新移民子女的人際關係在學業成就部份具正向的預測作用。 十四、新移民子女父母管教態度、人際關係對學業成就具正向的預測作用。 最後，本研究根據研究結果，提出各項建議，以為家長親職教育、學校教學與輔導、學校行政管理及未來研究提出建議。 關鍵字：新移民子女、父母管教態度、人際關係、學業成就 / The purpose of this research aims to study the correlations among parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships and academic achievement of foreign spouses’ children. This study adops the methods of literature review and questionnaire, aided with literature explore to collect information. I hope to provide references for the educational administration authorities. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows: 一、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents discipline on attitude require, have significant difference to the children of grade seventh. 二、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents' education degree is research institute and the university or junior college, there is significant difference of in parents discipline the response of the attitude. 三、Foreign spouses’ children have good rich economic situation, parents its discipline attitude in react and have difference of significant on requiring. 四、Interpersonal related to and the siblings of the same generation of foreign spouses children, there is difference of significant in the sex part. 五、Foreign spouses’ children interpersonal part related to and parents, there is difference of significant in the parts of grade seventh. 六、The economic situation is good and rich in the foreign spouses’ children's family, there is difference of significant between its interpersonal relationships and parents' part. 七、Study difference of significant in Chinese and English in different sex in eighth, their study achievements of foreign spouses’ children. 八、Their study achievement, children of foreign spouses’, children number different in house, have difference of significant in the English study achievement of grade eighth. 九、Foreign spouses’ children father's education degree is different, have difference of significant in Chinese, English, mathematics study achievement of grade seventh. 十、The economic situation has difference of significant differently on the study achievement in the foreign spouses’ children. 十一、Foreign spouses’ children parents discipline attitude have to interpersonal relationships to prediction function. 十二、Foreign spouses’ children parents discipline attitude have at Chinese, English, studies of mathematics to function of predicting. 十三、Foreign spouses’ children at study been new for interpersonal relationships of immigrant children achievement part have to prediction function. 十四、Foreign spouses’ children’s parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships have to study achievement to prediction function. Finally, this research proposes every suggestion according to the result of study, think parents home education, school education and guidance, school administration and research and propose the suggestion in the future. Key word: Foreign spouses’ children, parents discipline attitude, interpersonal relationships, academic achievement

本研究目的在於建構加護病房護理人員之非理性信念、情緒特質及情緒管理對人際關係之影響路徑模式。本研究採問卷調查法，參與者為200位加護病房護理人員，研究工具則包含非理性信念、情緒特質、情緒管理與人際關係等四份量表。研究中以驗證性因素分析、描述統計、單因子多變量變異數分析及結構方程模式分析資料，主要的研究結果如下： 一、教育程度在大學以下者比教育程度為研究所者具有較強烈之「希望感」正向情緒特質。護理年資高者較護理年資淺者能在人際關係方面展現主動關懷的行為。此外，修過情緒管理課程或壓力管理課程者比從未修過該課程者，具有較強烈之正向情緒特質。值得注意的是，從未修過壓力管理課程者卻比修過該課程者，具有較強烈之「自卑感」負向情緒特質。 二、非理性信念愈強者，其負向情緒激發愈強烈。但非理性信念與正向或負向情緒特質交互作用後，非理性信念對負向情緒激發的影響會被削弱。此外，非理性信念對積極回應策略沒有效果。 三、正向情緒特質對負向情緒激發具有負向效果，但卻對積極回應策略具有正向效果。 四、負向情緒特質對負向情緒激發具有正向效果，但對積極回應策略具有負向效果。 五、不同非理性信念者，其人際關係並無顯著差異。 六、正向情緒特質對人際關係具有正向效果。 七、負向情緒特質愈強者，其人際關係愈差，且負向情緒特質是透過負向情緒激發或積極回應策略對人際關係產生間接影響效果，雖然其效果並不大。 八、不同負向情緒激發者，其人際關係並無顯著差異，但當負向情緒激發受到正向情緒特質的影響後，會對人際關係產生正向的效果。 九、積極回應策略對人際關係具有正向效果。 十、修正模式一與二顯示非理性信念對負向情緒激發與積極回應策略皆無直接效果，非理性信念對人際關係亦無間接效果。但不同的是，在修正模式一中，正向情緒特質會對負向情緒激發產生負向效果，但對積極回應策略與人際關係產生直接的正向效果。此外，正向情緒特質會分別透過負向情緒激發與積極回應策略的中介，進而對人際關係產生負向與正向的效果。而在修正模式二中，負向情緒特質會對負向情緒激發產生正向的直接效果，但對積極回應策略會產生負向的直接效果。此外，負向情緒特質會透過積極回應策略的中介，對人際關係產生負向的效果，且負向情緒激發會透過積極回應策略的中介，對人際關係產生正向的效果。 　　針對上述結果，本研究分別針對護理人員培育機構與醫療院所提出課程教學與人員輔導之建議，並指陳後續研究可以參考與改進的方向。 / The purpose of this study was to propose and examine a path model of irrational beliefs, emotional traits, emotional management, and interpersonal relationship among nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU). Two hundred ICU nurses in Taiwan participated in this study. The employed instruments included the Inventory of Irrational Beliefs, the Inventory of Emotional Traits, the Inventory of Emotional Management, and the Inventory of Interpersonal Relationship. Moreover, the used data analysis methods were Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), One-way Multivariate Analysis of variance (MANOVA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. Participants with an educational degree under college had a stronger “sense of hope” than those with an educational degree of graduate schools. Those with long period of working experiences in hospitals showed more proactive caring behaviors than their counterparts. Moreover, those who had taken emotional-management or stress-coping courses had more positive emotional traits than their counterparts. Finally, those who had never taken stress-coping courses had a stronger sense of inferiority complex than their counterparts. 2. Participants who had a stronger irrational belief experienced more negative- emotion arousal than their counterparts. However, the interaction of irrational beliefs and emotional traits could weaken the effects of irrational beliefs on negative-emotion arousal. On the other hand, the participants’ irrational beliefs did not have effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 3. While the ICU nurses’ positive emotional traits did not have effects on their negative-emotion arousal, such traits had positive effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 4. While the nurses’ negative emotional traits had positive effects on their negative- emotion arousal, such traits had negative effects on their employment of proactive response strategies. 5. The nurses’ irrational beliefs did not have effects on their interpersonal relationship. 6. The nurses’ positive emotional traits had positive effects on their interpersonal relationship. 7. The nurses’ negative emotional traits had negative effects on their interpersonal relationship, and such effects were brought about via negative-emotion arousal or the employment of proactive response strategies. 8. The nurses’ negative-emotion arousal did not have effects on their interpersonal relationship; however, when influenced by positive emotional traits, the negative-emotion arousal had positive effects on interpersonal relationship. 9. The nurses’ employment of proactive response strategies had positive effects on their interpersonal relationship. 10. The results of Modified Model 1 and Model 2 indicated that the nurses’ irrational beliefs did not have direct effects on their employment of proactive response strategies as well as on their interpersonal relationship. In modified Model 1, however, positive emotional traits had negative effects on negative-emotion arousal and proactive emotional strategies; moreover, positive emotional traits had indirect negative effects on interpersonal relationship via negative-emotion arousal while such traits had indirect positive effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies. In modified model 2, on the contrary, negative emotional traits had positive effects on negative-emotion arousal while such traits had negative effects on proactive emotional strategies; moreover, negative emotional traits had indirect negative effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies while negative-emotion arousal had indirect positive effects on interpersonal relationship via proactive response strategies. With accordance to the above findings, the researcher proposed some suggestions with regards to teaching and counseling for nursing training institutes and medical institutions; moreover, some suggestions were proposed for future studies.

本研究旨在探討高中身心障礙學生知覺的家庭功能、學校支持、希望感與人際適應之相關研究。以台北縣、市領有視覺障礙、聽覺障礙與肢體障礙身心障礙殘障手冊的高中身心障礙學生，共186人為研究對象，採用家庭功能量表、學校支持調查表、希望感量表、人際適應量表為研究工具，再以台北縣、市立公私立高中普通班學生，做為參照，以了解身心障礙學生知覺的家庭功能、希望感與人際適應的關係，和一般學生是否不同。統計方法以因素分析、信度分析、描述統計、t考驗、皮爾森積差相關、典型相關、多元迴歸分析等進行分析。結果發現： 一、高中身心障礙學生在知覺的家庭功能、學校支持、希望感與人際適應都有中上程度，其中，家庭功能與人際適應情形略低於高中一般學生，希望感則無明顯差異。 二、高中身心障礙學生知覺的家庭功能、學校支持、希望感與人際適應有三組顯著的典型相關存在。 三、高中身心障礙學生知覺的家庭功能、學校支持與希望感對人際適應有預測力，其中以學校支持的「同學支持的有助性」為最主要的預測向度。而高中身心障礙學生與一般學生知覺的家庭功能與希望感預測人際適應的情形有差異。 / This research is focused on the relationships between perceived family functioning, school support, hope and interpersonal adjustment about high school students with disabilities. Subjects are 186 high school students with visual disability, hearing impairment and physical disability coming from Taipei county and Taipei city in Taiwan. This study apply the Family Functioning Scale, School Support Investigation, Hope Scale and Interpersonal Adjustment Scale to obtain the necessary data. The collection of the data is interpreted with the use of factor analysis, cronbach alpha, t-test, pearson correlation, canonical correlation analysis and multiple regression. Findings are as such: 1. High school students with disabilities are all above average on percieved family functioning, school support, hope and intepersonal adjustment. However, they show less perceived family functioning and interpersonal adjustment than their general peer classmates; besides, there is no significant difference about hope whether the high school students have disabilities or not. 2. There are three significant canonical correlations between perceived family functioning, school support, hope and interpersonal adjustment about high school students with disability. 3. Interpersonal adjustment was able to be explained by percieved family functioning, school support and hope. Classmates’ support is the most important variabilities among high school students with disabilities.There are differences between high school students and their general peer classmates on predicting interpersonal adjustment.

即時通訊（Instant Messaging）盛行之今已十年，新聞產製也因引進新科技逐漸產生質變。鑑於即時通訊相關研究目前尚未觸及「新聞產製」領域，本研究嘗試初步探討即時通訊對新聞產製工作的影響，並希望藉此研究發現，提供新聞產業未來改進與檢討的參考。本研究描繪新聞記者於新聞產製過程中，如何運用即時通訊彼此溝通，以及如何對新聞產製過程造成影響，與出現哪些利益與弊端。 本研究採質化深度訪談，輔以圈內人記者身份，透過參與觀察，融入研究對象群時間一共四年，研究發現：(一)記者使用即時通訊的動機是基於完成新聞採訪任務、（二）記者新聞採訪工作仰賴即時通訊、(三)新聞室控制藉由新科技工具延伸、(四) 記者與消息來源之間的訊息傳遞，仍傾向使用傳統的「面訪、電訪」管道、尚未積極運用即時通訊、（五）用於新聞職場的即時通訊工具，仍具有個人私密領域的特性、(六) 新聞記者使用即時通訊交換訊息，出現新聞觀點同質化現象、（七）新聞產業精簡人力下，新聞圈默認同業間複製新聞與改寫現象。 本研究建議：(一)重新定位即時通訊工具於新聞產製過程的價值、(二)新聞界須正視新聞複製與觀點同質化現象、(三) 即時通訊納入新聞正規作業體系將成趨勢。 / Instant Messaging (IM) has been popular for a decade, and news production has changed due to IM. Since the research of IM does not reach out to the area of news production, this thesis is going to explore the influence of IM toward news production. The thesis will describe how journalists communicate with each other by IM through the news production process, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using IM. This study is a qualitative research methods with deep views. Through participant observation of a inside journalist, it took 4 years to discover the results, which are (1) Journalists use IM is based on the motivation of complete news covering task, (2) Journalists rely on IM to complete the task of newsgathering, (3) "Social control in the news room" extends control by IM, (4) The communications and interactions between Journalists and the news sources is still traditional, which are interviewing, or by telephone, not IM, (5) Using IM in newsgathering is still has personal and private, (6) Journalists use IM to exchange information, news reporting appears the same point of view, (7) under the condition of downsizing manpower in the news industry, the press tacitly agreed to the phenomenon of “news copy and news rewrite”. The thesis recommended: (1) re-positioning IM in the process of news production value, (2) the Press must face up to the phenomenon of “news copy and the news viewpoint homogenization”,(3) IM into the news operating system will become a trend.

Woodruff (1997) 認為企業若沒有由建構滿意度的顧客價值 (customer value) 中做更為深入的了解，則顧客的意見將無法完全引導管理者研擬競爭策略。因此Woodruff (1997) 進而主張顧客價值才是企業當前最主要競爭優勢的來源，而非滿意度而已。Peterson (1995) 的研究指出，透過經驗所給予顧客的價值，是促使顧客願意與廠商進一步建立起長久關係的驅動因子。Spiegelman (2000) 也建議：「廠商若希望能夠將第一次消費的造訪者，進而轉變成為重複購買的顧客，則廠商必須在消費體驗的過程中不斷的傳遞價值」。換言之，體驗價值 (experiential value) 可視為提高顧客忠誠的最佳利器 (Stoel, Wickliffe and Lee, 2004)。再者，Babin, Darden, and Griffin (1994) 認為體驗價值是消費經驗後的主要結果，若研究者沒有確實掌握所知覺的體驗價值為何，則無法清楚了解消費者的消費經驗全貌。然而體驗價值雖然對於行銷研究與管理者相當重要，但有關消費者體驗價值的探討，主要都限制在網路購物的人機互動情境。關於線上人際互動情境中，將可能產生何種體驗價值，學者就較少進行探究 (Mathwick, 2002)。 Pine and Gilmore (1999) 在體驗經濟《Experiential Economics》一書中曾指出，消費者之所以能夠形成難忘且有價值的體驗，關鍵乃在於廠商是否能夠設計一個使消費者完全融入，且如同身歷其境的感受。換言之，引發消費者沈浸當下的消費情境，成為企業傳遞體驗價值給消費者的關鍵因素所在。但很遺憾的，沈浸與體驗價值的關係，過去研究較少深入的分析與探討，而且先前的研究情境卻也僅限於線上搜尋的人機互動經驗 (Mathwick and Rigdon, 2004)，忽略了人際互動的體驗才是消費者最為渴望的經驗 (Spiegelman, 2000)。因此在今日人們相當渴望透過網路進行人際接觸的同時，研究更應深入討論與分析，在線上人際互動情境中，沈浸 (flow) 與各種體驗價值 (experiential value) 的關係。 基於上述，研究將選擇以同時具有人際與人機互動的線上遊戲為主要研究情境，藉此以補足缺乏探討人際與人機互動共有的沈浸經驗之缺口，同時也進一步將沈浸概念擴大其應用的範疇，不在只限於人與特定事物間的沈浸研究。 在研究方法方面，有鑑於人際與人機互動的沈浸概念必須重新被審視並釐清 (Huang, 2006)，並且考量消費者的沈浸狀態是具有動態且連續發生一段時間的特性，同時也由於沈浸本身是一種內心深處的感受，若訪談過程中沒有任何憑據可提供受訪者作事後的回憶，則受訪者將很難描述沈浸當時發生的所有感受與心路歷程 (Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi, 1988)，基於此，本研究選擇能夠幫助受訪者回憶起所有心路歷程的自發性導引法 (auto-driving) (Belk and Kozinets, 2005)，為探討沈浸的質化研究方法，如此才能藉此重新釐清在人際與人機互動情境中，消費者沈浸的定義與構面。更進一步的，由於能夠更清楚掌握沈浸的本質，也才能夠使得研究者可以更為明確的探究出引發沈浸產生的人際與人機互動因子以及在沈浸歷程中消費者所知覺體驗價值類型。 經訪談17位受訪者後，不僅探究出在人際與人機互動媒體情境下的沈浸成份，同時也依據沈浸所包含的特質，對沈浸下了如下的定義：「所謂沈浸是指消費者產生情境推想、整合思維、具象化、情緒感染與情緒激發的狀態。」其中「情境推想」，是消費者猜想線上其他消費者的想法、意圖與動向所釀成；「整合思維」是來自消費者多方思索回應他人策略與執行策略效果所促成；「具象化」則是消費者將線上他人的表情或揣摩想像內容予以圖像化所形塑而成的狀態；「情緒感染」的狀態則源自消費者感同他人情緒的效果；「情緒激發」是來自消費者將個人內心的情緒，藉由肢體或表情予以宣洩的狀態。另外，從消費者的自我沈浸描述內容中，研究得知，前述這五種沈浸成份，其彼此間存有因果關係，而這樣的研究結果，是先前沈浸研究未能確實發現的。 其中，情緒激發的形成深受情緒感染與整合思維兩元素直接影響，又具象化分別會直接影響情緒感染與整合思維兩成份的產生。最後情境推想也會分別引發具象化、整合思維、情緒感染等沈浸成份的產生。 更進一步，研究也根據訪談內容結果得知，影響沈浸的前置因子可分為人際與人機互動兩種類型的因素，其中在人際因素方面，包含具有二元對立目標設定的競玩，以及源自環境成份所營造出探索趣味的嬉玩。同時人際與人機互動情境中所引發的人際互動競爭性與親和性，可營造出競玩氣氛。而人際互動中的不確定性與嘲弄則是構成嬉玩的主要成份。最後影響消費者沈浸經驗的人機互動因子包括驚奇性、因果性、生動性等三種因素。因此這將可以給予研究者與管理者，在設計吸引消費者融入購買或消費情境時的重要參考。 另外，訪談內容的結果也顯示，人際與人機互動的沈浸經驗不只是一種最佳互動消費經驗 (Novak and Hoffman, 1996; Privette and Bundrick, 1987)，同時它包含了許多豐富且多元的體驗價值 (Mathwick, et al., 2001)。換言之，當消費者全心投入在情境推想、整合思維、具象化、情緒感染與情緒激發等任一種活動時，都可以知覺到成就感、尊重、趣味性等這三種價值類型。隨著沈浸經驗本身具有多元且豐富的體驗價值，使得參與線上人際互動的消費者，更因此希望再次透過如此的經驗獲取價值。也因此，沈浸經驗提高了消費者願意再次經歷的意圖。 在經過第二階段研究中一系列沈浸量表的發展與檢測分析後，研究結果顯示，所發展的沈浸量表與體驗量表不論是在探索性因素分析、一階驗證性因素分析與二階驗證性因素分析都具備很好的信度與效度。不僅如此，藉由結構方程式模式的統計分析，研究進一步驗證五種沈浸成份間、沈浸與體驗價值間、五種沈浸成份與體驗價值間、沈浸與持續消費行為間以及五種沈浸成份與持續消費行為間的因果關係。而研究結果顯示，不僅整體模式的配適度達評鑑要求的水準，同時每一個變數彼此間的因果關係也都達顯著。 / Woodruff (1977) maintains that customers’ opinions can lead managers to plan competitive strategies if enterprises can have a profound understanding and analysis of customer value, which influences on the formation of customer satisfaction. Accordingly, it’s Woodruff’s contention that the primary source of competitive edge among present-day enterprises isn’t just concerned with “customer satisfaction”, but with “customer value” as well. According to Peterson’s research (1995), the experience-based value bestowed upon customers is an impetus to customers’ desire to develop a long-term relationship with enterprises. Furthermore, Spiegelman (2000) also suggests that enterprises have to incessantly deliver value to customers in their consumption process if enterprises expect to turn customers purchasing for the first time into those making purchase over and over again afterwards. In other words, experiential value can be seen as the best way to enhance customer loyalty (Stoel, Wickliffe, and Lee 2004). What’s more, Babin, Darden, and Griffin (1994) think that experiential value is the major result of consumption experience, and that observers won’t get a clear, and panoramic picture of the consumption experience in case they can’t tell exactly what the perceived experiential value is. However, though experiential value plays an integral part between managers and marketing research, discussions on customer’s experiential value are primarily confined to the online-shopping machine-interactivity context. As for online person-interactivity context, scholars are to put less emphasis on what experiential value can be generated and delivered to customers under such a context (Mathwick 2002). According to the book Experiential Economics, written by Pine and Gilmore (1999), Pine and Gilmore indicate that whether enterprises can create a context for customers to fully engage themselves in and live vicarious with is the key to the formation of customer’s unforgettable and valuable experience. To put it differently, the consumption environment which can prompt customer’s flow in the present plays a pivotal role in helping enterprises deliver experiential value to their customers. However, it’s a pity that in-depth discussions and analyses of the relationship between experiential value and flow are usually overlooked by previous researchers. Besides, previous research context is limited to online-searching machine-interactivity experience (Mathwick and Rigdon 2004), neglecting that person-interactivity experience is the one that customers yearn for the most (Spiegelman 2000). Therefore, in-depth discussions and analyses of the relationship between various experiential values and flow in online person-interactivity context should be made, especially in modern times when people are desperate for personal exposure through the Internet. As aforementioned, by choosing online games with both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity as the primary research context, the research aims to make up for the lack of discussions on flow experience shared by person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts. In the meanwhile, the research puts concepts of flow to a wide range of use, not just in the flow research between people and specific things. As far as the research method is concerned, the research takes the facts into consideration that concepts of flow in person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts need re-examining and clarifying (Huang 2006), and that customer’s flow conditions are dynamic and capable of lasting for a period of time consecutively. Moreover, since the flow is a feeling in the recesses of mind, interviewees might have a hard time delineating the course of thought developments and feelings in the flow experience if there are no reminders in the interview process for them to recall afterwards (Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi 1988). Considering the above-mentioned factors, the research chooses a method called “auto-driving”, able to help interviewees recall their courses of thought developments and feelings in their consumption process (Belk and Kozinets 2005), as the qualitative research method for exploring what flow is. In this way, the definition and dimensions of customer flow experience in person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts are likely to be clarified. What’s more, researchers can get a more explicit picture of what types of experiential value that customers would perceive in the process of flow are due to the fact that such a method will better the understanding of the essence of flow. Furthermore, once the elements of the flow have been confirmed, the researcher may also clearly ascertain what kinds of the person-interactivity and machine-interactivity factors triggering flow. After the first phase interviews, the present study not only finds out components of flow, but also defines flow as consumers’ state of inferring thinking, integrated thinking, visualization, emotional contagion and emotional arousal. Besides, according to the content of consumers’ self-description about flow experience, the study also found that causal relationships among the five elements of flow which were not found in the previous flow studies. For example, emotional contagion and integrated thinking influenced simultaneously emotional arousal and visualization influenced simultaneously emotional contagion and integrated thinking. Finally, inferring thinking directly influenced visualization, integrated thinking, and emotional contagion. Furthermore, the researcher identifies both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity factors that influence flow in base on the result of interviewees’ description about flow experience. Also, there are ludus which comes from the design of winning or losing and paidia which comes from exploring interesting content in person-interactivity factors. At the same time, the elements of ludus are competition and affiliation, and the elements of paidia are uncertainty and teasing. Finally, the machine-interactivity factors which influence flow include surprise, causality, and vividness. These findings would be practical implications for design consumers’ flow experience in further for the researcher and the management in service marketing. The result of the interviews also proves that flow experience with both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity is not only the optimal interactive consuming experience (Novak and Hoffman, 1996; Privette and Bundrick, 1987), but also delivers the multiple and rich experiential value to consumers. (Mathwick, et al., 2001). On the other word, consumers would perceive experiential value of achievement, reputation, and playfulness when they act with total involvement in one of the inferring thinking, integrated thinking, visualization, emotional contagion, or emotional arousal. Because of flow experience including multiple and rich experiential value, consumers in online person-interactivity would like to have the same flow experience in order to perceive these experiential value again. Therefore, flow experience positively influences re-patronage intention. The result of flow scale development and detection and analysis in the second step of this study shows flow scale is validity and reliability base on the exploratory factor analysis, the first confirmatory factor analysis and the second confirmatory factor analysis. The study further confirms causal relationships among the five elements of flow, causal relationships between flow and experiential value, causal relationships among the five elements of flow and experiential values, causal relationships between flow and re-patronage intention, and causal relationships among the five elements of flow and re-patronage intention by the statistic analysis of structure equation modeling.