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企業社會責任與銀行聯貸利差之關聯性 / The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Syndicated Loan Spread劉鎮嘉, Liu, Chen Chia Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以2001年至2012年美國上市公司且向銀行聯貸之企業為樣本,探討企業社會責任評量表現與聯合貸款利息差額之關聯性。本研究發現企業社會責任評量總分越高,其聯貸利差越小。此外,這現象對於較依賴銀行作為資金來源的公司更加明顯。顯示企業社會責任評量表現較好之企業,能提升聲譽及形象、建立銀行之信賴、降低聯貸利息差額;若同時依賴銀行作為資金來源之企業,更能降低聯貸利息差額。另外,本研究進一步拆解企業社會責任評量總分,對組成項目進行迴歸分析,實證結果顯示,企業投入慈善活動及社區參與、僱傭平等、員工關係及權益、產品這四個正面項目,能降低聯貸利差。 / This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility performance and syndicated loan spread. Based on a sample of companies in the US from 2001 to 2012, I find that companies with higher corporate social responsibility performance have lower syndicated loan spreads. Moreover, the decrease in loan spreads are more pronounced among bank-dependent companies. This suggests that companies with better corporate social responsibility performance can set up their enterprise image and establish bank trust, which would then reduce their cost of debt financing. Besides, by analyzing the components of corporate social responsibility indicators, I find that the reduction in loan spreads is associated with strengths in community, diversity, employee relations, and product.
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城市成長轉型的路徑選擇:以中國天津為例 / Politics of Growth and a Pro-Stability Machine in Tianjin陳蓉怡, Chen, Rung Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本論文利用超穩定機器的概念,用以解釋天津城市成長轉型的路徑選擇,三個觀察的指標包括支柱產業的選擇、土地政策的更迭以及行政區劃的調整成果。既有針對中國大陸城市治理的文獻概以成長機器作為主軸。但本文認為,受政績誘因以及中央地方關係制約下的初始條件影響,1980年代的天津以超穩定機器而非成長機器的方式運作,具體運作面向包括漸進的經濟改革、具福利性質的土地使用政策以及對外資的保守與防範。事實證明,當時建立的產業發展方向、土地運用制度與城市內部行政體制,對於天津今天在加速經濟增長階段仍然具有相當的影響力。天津經濟轉型過程中呈現的路徑依賴特質,也突顯出地方政府從超穩定機器邁向成長機器轉型的過程中,實際上涉及了學習與轉化的考驗。 / This dissertation aims to identify the patterns of urban transition in China that uses Tianjin as a specific case. In order to illustrate my argument, an analytical approach that combines path dependence and pro-stability machine is employed. Existing literature that attempts to explore the dynamics of urban development in China has been made predominantly on the basis of the “growth machine” model, which takes the growth of cities as a result of interaction among some internal urban-based players for pecuniary gains and property development. Yet, I argue that Tianjin as a pro-stability machine in the 1980s and the story background was bounded by the official’s incentive of promotion and initial provincial conditions backed by the central government influences. This dissertation identifies three core issues in relation to the pro-stability machine, including: incremental reform in economic area, welfare implication in land use policies and conservative attitude toward foreign forces. Such issues associated with challenges of rapid urban growth in Tianjin today: the selection of pillar industries, reforming land policies and drastic administrative restructuring in Binhai New Area. This dissertation argues that Tianjin’s experience significantly highlights difficulties faced with local governments when they confront with the ‘path dependency’ dilemma in economic transition. The Tianjin government has to not only adjust itself to the roles shifted from a pro-stability machine to a developmental machine but also deal with the accompanied challenges of learning and transformation. It seeks to fill the gap in the existing literature that pays scant attention to the urban renewal experience in Tianjin as a traditionally significant developmental center in north China. This dissertation, therefore, will make important contribution in two aspects. First, it will shed light on the institutional reform process in Tianjin that is critical to the developmental catch-up of the city. Second, it will offer a fresh insight into the debates upon the urban development models in contemporary China.
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大陸資本市場轉型與金融腐敗之研究施庭堯 Unknown Date (has links)
大陸近二十幾年來經濟轉型的成功與經濟持續的大幅成長,世人有目共睹,但過程中同時伴隨著嚴重的城鄉經濟發展的不均衡、貧富差距的擴大及行政官僚體系的腐敗等影響後續經濟發展的隱憂,這似乎是經濟轉型過程的必然現象。本研究嚐試以大陸資本市場尤其是證券發行審議制度為背景,來探討其資本市場轉型與腐敗之間的相關問題。台灣經濟發展雖然早於大陸,但最近同樣發生有高層及行政監管上的腐敗個案,或許可以藉由對大陸市場轉型與腐敗關係的研究,提供我國有關行政監管與金融腐敗防制的參考。
本研究第二章,首先,就有關政府應否干預壟斷,所謂哈佛學派與芝加哥學派的不同見解加以分析;其次,就影響制度轉型的路徑依賴因素試作探討,並舉三個故事加以說明路徑依賴現象;最後,探討影響多數經濟轉型國家極為深遠的所謂華盛頓共識。第三章,分析探討經濟轉型、金融監管及金融腐敗之間的關係。第四章,就大陸資本市場、國有企業、證券市場、證券監管等轉型演進與腐敗問題加以分析。第五章,分別分析有關高層腐敗、公有企業私有化及證券監管的三個案例。第六章,就大陸資本市場的轉型與腐敗問題,提出結論與建議。
在法律必然不完備的前提下,行政監管雖然有其存在的必要性,但絕對的權力必然伴隨著絕對的腐敗,尤其在市場轉型過程,由於公權力的增加、公權力制衡力量的不足、制度銜接上的不週延、官員期望報酬的落差等因素,都會造成市場轉型期間腐敗現象的增加。大陸資本市場的轉型,即出現中國證監會權力的過度擴張與對其制衡力量的不足,造成其資本市場尋租腐敗現象的普遍化,進而影響資本市場品質與發展。就有關大陸資本市場的發展與金融腐敗現象的防制,必須擺脫其市場轉型的路徑依賴束縛,限縮行政監管權力,提昇市場自律,加強中介機構功能,提昇監管機關獨立性,健全法制規範,建立激勵機制。其實大陸資本市場存在的問題,在台灣未必不是問題,分析探討大陸問題或許可以給我們一個檢討改善的方向。
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綠色供應鏈中,供應商管理方法對交換成本 影響之探討—以台灣電子製造業為例 / The effect of supplier management practices on exchange costs in green supply chain—an empirical study on Taiwan’s electronics manufacturing industry林筱雯, Lin, Hsiao Wen Unknown Date (has links)
由於環境保護議題的興起,以歐盟為首,各國對電子相關產品相繼遞出各種法規限制,企業為了因應綠色潮流與各國法規之要求,與供應商體系的緊密配合更顯重要,在此情境之下,企業如何選擇供應商管理的方法,與供應商共同面對綠色趨勢與漸趨嚴苛的法規規定,並且同時避免在交易過程中所衍生出的各種阻礙廠商之間交易效率的成本是本研究之研究重點。
本研究從綠色供應鏈管理的角度出發,以台灣電子製造業為研究對象,了解企業對關鍵零組件供應商的依賴程度、企業本身投入綠色活動的積極度,兩者對供應商管理方法的選擇、以及企業與供應商交易的過程中所衍生的各種交換成本,即外顯單位效益成本、資訊搜尋成本、道德危機成本與專屬資產陷入成本之影響,並進一步找出對這四個交換成本有顯著影響的供應商管理方法為何。
本研究採用問卷調查的方式,以1263家的台灣電子業上市公司作為抽樣對象,於回收的173份有效樣本之統計分析結果顯示:企業對關鍵零組件供應商的依賴程度、以及企業本身投入綠色活動的積極度,兩者會造成企業在選擇供應商管理方法上有所不同,因而對交換成本有不同程度之影響。當企業投入綠色活動的意願愈高,愈會選擇多種的供應商管理方法來加強對供應商的控制,藉以確保供應商提供的商品能符合企業的需求,而這類型的企業在與供應商交易的過程中,總體的交換成本是相對較低的;相反地,當企業較不積極地投入綠色相關的活動時,也會較不投入於供應商管理,總體的交換成本較高,特別是在企業對供應商的依賴程度愈低時,整體的交換成本愈高。而在供應商管理方法中,最能有效降低交換成本的方法為「關係品質」,即企業與供應商之間擁有共同的目標、將品質列為優先考量、彼此之間存在信任、並且了解雙方的需求。
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太平洋經濟共同體之歷史淵源與理論基礎陳忠正, CHEN,ZHONG-ZHENG Unknown Date (has links)
第二章探討「太平洋經濟共同體」此一概念之形成過程、發展背景。往前追溯到二次
大戰前之「大東亞共榮圈」、戰後六○年代此概念之提倡、以及七○、八○年代之發
展。援具體數據資料交代論証假設命題是否成立。
第三章探討「太平洋經濟共同體」與「歐洲共同體」相較下之特質。並列述其成立「
共同體」之有利及不利因素為何,並論証假設命題二是否成立。
第四章旨在探討,面對既存「太平洋經濟共同體」成立不利因素 (障礙) ,如何加以
克服? 「共同體」未來的發展方向應如何? 為說明此點,試圖從以下理論中尋找實踐
之依據及可遵循之軌跡:地緣政治上的「浮區理論」(Pan-area or Pan-reg ion )、
依賴發展理論(dependent-development Theory)、整合理論(Intergration Theory)(
政治上與經濟上的) 、及集體 (公共) 財貨理論(Collective or Public Goods)。並
著力於後者。
第五章探討將理論與實際加以結合。試圖從第四章的集體 (公共) 財化理論中對「共
同體」現存之障礙,找尋顧服之途徑。
第六章結論中,則評估以「集體 (公共) 財貨理論」作為「太平洋經濟共同體」成立
理論依據之適用性。並試提出有關「共同體」未來發展之假設命題。本文歸結
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認知型式與說服效果之關係研究蔡光遠, Cai, Guang-Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之撰寫計分五章。第一章為緒論:壹、引言,貳、研究問題與假設,參、名詞
的操作定義。第二章為文獻探討:壹、理論背景,貳、認知型式,參、說服,肆、領
導方式。第三章為研究方法:壹、樣本選取,貳、實驗設計,參、研究工具,肆、實
施程序,伍、統計方法。第四章為結果與討論:壹、統計分析結果,貳、假設驗證。
第五章為結論與建議:壹、結論,貳、建議。
本研究主要在探討認知型式與說服效果之關係。研究設計採用(2×2)多因子實驗設
計,自變項是認知型式(場地獨立性、場地依賴性)和說服方法(直接說服、反態度
說服)應變項是說服效果(態度經說服後所改變之程度)。本研究之假設為:(一)
不同認知型式的人施以直接說服,其說服效果有顯著的差異。(二)不同認知型式的
人施以反態度說服,其說服效果有顯著的差異。(三)不同認知型式的人施以不同的
說服方法,其說服效果有顯著的交互作用存在。
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中共與越南關係發展之研究-政治、經濟、軍事吳有臺 Unknown Date (has links)
中越關係,如同中蘇關係,是國際關係學習很好的一課。中越共50餘年的正式關係,大致言之,可分四個階段,第一階段自1950年至1964年,此為兩國關係最密切友好的時期。第二階段自1964年至1975年,雙方仍維持友好關係,然同時存在若干的磨擦和衝突,致雙方關係每下愈況。第三階段自1975年至1991年,此為兩國關係最惡化的時期,尤其在1979年「懲越戰爭」之後,有10餘年的時間,雙方中斷了正常的往來。第四階段自1991年迄今,兩國關係恢復正常,並穩步成長。
支配每個階段雙方關係演變的因素非常多,吾人可從國際及國家層次結合中越關係的實際發展情形,綜合歸納有以下五大變數主導兩國關係的發展:一、國際情勢。二、意識形態。三、民族矛盾。四、領土糾紛。五、軍經援助。這五大變數在中越關係每一個發展階段中,一直存在,並同時互為因果,交相作用。而且各變數在不同的階段,對兩國的關係具有不同程度的影響,其所導致的結果也有所不同。
亙中越關係發展的全期,五大變數中的國際情勢因素,始終都發揮較強的影響力,而在第三階段中,五大變數的影響力同時增強,並使雙方關係迅速惡化,此階段的中越關係亦為雙方53年關係的最低潮。
國家之間在政治、經濟和安全領域的相互依賴是國際關係,特別是現代國際關係中的一個重要的問題。它為國際的合作和衝突提供了更多更新的可能和機會。在53年的中越關係中,有合作友好的一面,也有衝突對抗的一面,這也正好是相互依賴關係的特徵之一。而因為相互依賴有導致國際衝突的內在傾向,中越間的衝突與對抗,就是這種內在的傾向被激化的結果。
五大變數不僅直接影響中越關係的發展,同時亦成為觀察雙方互賴關係的重要指標。如在軍經援助因素中,吾人可從中共對越南支援的質量,來判讀越南對中共依賴的程度;再如民族矛盾與領土糾紛因素中,吾人可從越南挑起此類問題的時機和其發生的頻率,來研析中越間敏感度與脆弱度的轉換;此外亦可從國際情勢及意識形態因素的變化中,來比較雙方主要需求的規模和替代性。
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國中師生認知風格與學生英語學習表現之相關研究 / The Relationship between Student-Teacher Cognitive Styles and Students' English Performance in Junior High School廖惠君, Hui-chun,Liao Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在討論台灣國中師生認知風格與學生英文學習表現的關係。此研究目的是要探討(1)不同認知風格的學生在英文學習表現上是否有顯著性的相關,(2)不同認知風格的老師在教學成效方面是否有顯著性的相關,(3)師生認知風格相符合的學生群和不相符合的學生群在英文學習表現方面是否有顯著性的相關。
研究樣本以新竹一所國中242位學生及4位老師為研究對象。藏圖測驗用來區分研究對象之認知風格是否為場地獨立型或場地依賴型之學習者。此242位學生皆參與全民英檢之聽、讀、寫測驗;此外,研究者亦對師生進行個別訪談以獲得更進一步的解釋。
本研究採描述統計及Pearson積差相關進行資料分析。研究結果顯示(1)場地獨立型學生在聽、讀、寫的學習表現上較場地依賴型學生佳,並有顯著性相關;(2)場地獨立型老師所教的學生在聽、讀、寫的學習表現上雖較場地依賴型老師所教的學生佳,卻無顯著性相關;然而當男女學生分開進行檢測時,場地獨立型老師所教的女學生在聽力的學習表現方面較場地依賴型老師所教的女學生佳,並有顯著性相關;(3)師生認知風格不相符合的學生群在聽、讀、寫的學習表現上雖較師生認知風格相符合的學生群佳,卻無顯著性相關;而當進行更進一步的數據檢測時,師生場地依賴型風格不相符合的學生群在聽力及寫作的學習表現方面較師生場地依賴型風格相符合的學生群佳,並有顯著性相關;此外,其老師為場地依賴型的場地獨立型學生在閱讀的學習表現上較師生場地依頼型風格相符合的學生群佳,並有顯著性相關。訪談的結果發現,師生場地獨立型風格相符合的學生群能受惠於教師的教學,而師生場地依賴型風格相符合的學生群能夠在與教師的人際互動中受益。
最後,研究者根據研究發現提出數點建議。首先,對於師生認知風格的確認在教學上有其必要性。其次,教師的教學應力求多樣化,並且對於不同認知風格的學生能施予不同的教學法。再者,師資培育者應提供相關的教學訓練,幫助英語教師在教學上能依據學生不同的認知風格予以不同的教法。最後,本研究建議未來能有更多的研究探討場地獨立型或場地依賴型的師生在英語教學或學習中所扮演的角色,並提供更多更有建設性的貢獻。 / The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between student-teacher field-independence-dependence cognitive styles and students’ English performance in a Taiwanese junior high school. The purpose of this study was to explore: (a) different language tasks achieved successfully by students with different cognitive styles, (b) the teaching effectiveness of teachers with different cognitive styles, and (c) language performance under matching cognitive styles between students and teachers.
Two hundred forty-two student participants and four teacher participants from a junior high school in Hsin-chu city were chosen in this study. The Hidden Figures Test (HFT) was conducted to measure the participants’ cognitive styles to be field independence (FI) or field dependence (FD). These 242 students took the General English Proficiency Tests (GEPT) with regard to listening, reading and writing. Interview was also given to both the student and teacher participants.
The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment correlations. The results show: (a) FI students performed better than FD students in the listening, reading and writing test, and there was a significant correlation between FI students and students’ English performance in the listening, reading and writing test; (b) students with FI teachers outperformed students with FD teachers in the listening, reading and writing test, but there was no significant correlation between teachers’ cognitive styles and students’ performance in the listening, reading and writing test; but when the data were re-tested between female groups and male groups, female students with FI teachers were found to perform better than those with FD teachers in the listening test, and there was a significant correlation between female with FI teachers and students’ performance in the listening test; (c) student-teacher FI/FD mismatch groups performed better than student-teacher FI/FD match groups in the listening, reading and writing test, but there was no significant correlation between student-teacher FI/FD mismatch groups and students English performance in the listening, reading and writing test; however, the further examination indicated that FD mismatch groups performed better than FD match groups in the listening and writing test, and there was a significant correlation between FD mismatch groups and students’ performance in the listening and writing test; and the further examination also revealed that FI students with FD teachers outperformed FD students with FD teachers in the reading test, and there was a significant correlation between FI students with FD teachers and students’ English performance in the reading test. The result of the interview revealed that FI match groups benefited from the teacher instruction while FD match groups benefited from the interpersonal aspect of the teachers.
Pedagogically, the findings of the study suggested the necessity of the awareness of students’ and teachers’ cognitive styles; in addition, teachers were suggested to be cognitive-flexible, and teacher education programs were also advised to offer related language training to assist teachers in achieving cognitive flexibility. Further research should be conducted to understand to what extent field independence/dependence plays a role in how students learn and how teachers teach, hence providing more constructive insights for English language education.
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組織間交易過程中我方交易管理之研究 / Managing Contractual Fulfillment For Inter-organizational Transactions許淑寬, Hsu,Shu Kuan Unknown Date (has links)
如何有效率管理或執行組織間交易活動,是學術界及實務界有興趣的議題。以成本觀點觀之,交易組織管理交易活動愈多,即代表付出的管理成本愈高。
本研究以交易買方角度,思考組織間交易過程中,我方管理交易活動複雜度。故本研究焦點設定在我方在決定與他方進行交易後,交易過程中的協調與管理活動。研究問題主要欲瞭解我方在決定交易對象後,執行該交易的管理成本為何;即瞭解影響我方管理交易付出活動多寡的因素為何。
為能確認研究議題相關之實務現象,本研究先進行個案研究,訪談六家電子產業公司、十二個交易個案。與理論對話後,整理出「我方交易管理複雜度」構面,並建構出本研究架構﹕考量交易特性、交易重要性及交易經驗與知覺他方投機行為對我方交易管理複雜度之影響。進一步地進行實證研究。
本研究透過問卷調查,共蒐集電子製造業產業170個有效交易樣本,研究假設經檢測後,本研究結果發現,在組織間交易過程中影響我方交易管理複雜度之因素包括:(1)交易任務流程的相互依賴程度愈高,因作業流程彼此銜接或為合作的資訊取得需要,我方管理重點將置於流程的協調,故我方會付出較多的管理行為來溝通協調交易的作業,包括對內整合與對外(即他方)溝通協調的管理活動。(2)交易任務不確定程度,包括交易品質的不確定與交易數量的不確定,我方將增加管理複雜度,例如進行監督、增加互動頻率或溝通來降低品質與交期的不穩定。(3)交易的重要程度高,表示該交易標的物取得對我方具有潛在優勢。當交易的作業重要性愈高時,我方在管理該交易時將增加管理行為取得或增加我方權力、或降低對他方的依賴,故我方交易管理複雜度將提高。(4)當我方知覺到他方有投機行為時,因交易任務流程相互依賴高的情況下,我方擔心資訊不對稱可能造成我方損失、或擔心我方須不平衡地多付出,我方除加強溝通協調取得更多作業資訊外,也須付出其他監督他方行為成本,形成我方整體交易管理愈趨複雜。 / Managing inter-organizational transactions efficiently is an important issue in practice and in research field. From cost perspective, when an organization manages transaction activities more, it pays the management cost more.
This study takes the view of the buyer organization on transactions, and it considers the management complexity for inter-organizational transactions. It focuses on coordination and management for inter-organizational transactions after buyer organizations decided the transaction party. In other word, this research wants to explore what influence buyer organization to manage inter-organizational transaction on management cost.
In order to explore the issues, this study adopted two study researches. At first, this study took 12 case studies form 6 companies to develop the construct of management complexity and build this research framework.
Secondly, the study collected 170 samples of transaction in electronic industry by questionnaire investigation. The findings include below. (1) The higher the task-process interdependency is, the more management complexity buyer organizations pay for coordinating, communicating inter-organizational operational process or gathering more transaction information. (2) Task gets more uncertainty, including quality uncertainty and quantity uncertainty of transactions, then buyer organization will do more management complexity, e.g., monitoring transaction party and interacting frequently to each other. (3) As the transaction is important to buyer operations, buyer organization would do more management complexity in order to get more power in inter-organizational relationship or reduce dependency on transaction party. (4) If buyer organizations feel the transaction party opportunism, they would pay more attentions to safeguard. Especially, buyer organization will do something more to prevent getting loss from asymmetric information, when the task-process is getting more interdependent. Hence, the higher task-process interdependency trends to make buyer organizations pay more management complexity, when buyer organizations perceive higher opportunism
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任務性、脈絡性及適應性績效表現與主管獎酬決策影響效果之研究 / The study of the effect of task performance, contextual performance and adaptive performance on supervisory reward decision簡博浩, Chien, Po Pao Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究目的在探討工作績效理論中任務性、脈絡性及適應性績效表現對主管獎酬決策的影響。研究一以「特定職位或職系適用」的角度,以業務經理為標的,運用實驗法以影片模擬實驗法的三因子實驗設計來進行,以233位企業主管為受試對象。研究二以「跨職位適用」的角度,運用調查法以150位主管選取一位部屬來評量三種工作績效表現。兩個研究結果顯示,任務性及脈絡性績效表現如過去研究結論一致,對主管獎酬決策有影響;適應性績效表現亦對主管獎酬決策有影響。透過實驗法驗證,適應性績效表現與脈絡性績效表現的交互效果對主管獎酬決策有影響;但與任務性績效表現的交互效果則是不存在的。透過調查法驗證,在任務越複雜的工作,脈絡性績效表現及適應性績效表現對主管獎酬決策的正向關係則越強。在研究三中,針對上述研究結論及實務應用,以兩個職務屬性為干擾效果,發現顧客接觸需求程度及任務相互依賴性越高的職位,適應性績效表現與主管獎酬決策的關係就越強。
本論文之研究延伸工作績效內涵,驗證適應性績效表現對主管獎酬決策有其影響。並以三個不同的研究來驗證假說,從不同的職務適用觀點及研究方法的角度,更具理論及實務的價值。 / The current research aims to examine how adaptive performance, contextual performance and task performance correlate supervisory reward decision. The study employed the methods of survey and laboratory experiments and virtually comprises three parts. In Part One, from the perspective of specific occupations or job families, 233 manager subjects were recruited to view a previously-videotaped simulated sales executive’s job performance and give rating afterwards in terms of his task performance, contextual performance, and adaptive performance. In Part Two, from the perspective of applicable across jobs, 150 manager subjects randomly chose one of their subordinates and rated his/her task, contextual and adaptive performance. The findings in either Study 1 or Study 2 were congruent with results of previous research, which indicated not only the main effects of task and contextual performance but also (that of) adaptive performance affected supervisory reward decision. In addition, the experiment study justified that the interactional effects of adaptive and contextual performance were crucial factors to modify the supervisory reward decision, while the field study illustrated how employees’ contextual and adaptive performances reinforced supervisory reward decision especially when task complexity were taken into consideration. In Study 3, based on the former findings and practical application, we found that a job position of high customer-contact requirements and high task interdependence significantly strengthened the correlation between adaptive performance and supervisory reward decision.
This study not only endorses the essentiality of job performance but also testifies effect of adaptive performance on supervisory reward decision. Moreover, this study, using different methodologies, has extended theory and provided practical implications.
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