2002年教育部頒布「創造力教育白皮書」之後，創意教學儼然成為當代顯學。 創意本身的背後隱含創造力的發展，創意教師不僅要發揮他的創造力行為，同時也需要將創意理念在教學情境中傳達給學生具備有創意能力。然而，在一片創意教學的風潮中，國人對於創意教學的模糊認知和長久以來對於現行教育體制的刻板觀念，使得創意教學在執行過程中遇到了某種程度上的問題。但是，在諸多外在環境限制中仍有老師願意突破傳統思維，勇於嘗試、改變自己的教學模式，其實是更值得我們去探討和研究。 本研究旨在瞭解在目前教育環境中，創意教師所擁有的個人特質、其在教學過程中所面臨的困境及教學上所使用之教學策略，再綜合研究、探討結果，提出具體建議供為從事教育工作者參考，俾使提升教學效能。 本研究採質性研究方法為主，研究對象為台北縣國中現職教師，且在三年內曾獲「GreaTeach 創意教學獎」、「教師創意教學方案」、「POWER敎師獎」之創意教師，其教學領域以學習差異性較大的四個學習領域：國文、英語、數學及自然與生活科技各選取一位教師進行深入訪談研究。 本研究所獲之結論歸納如下： 一、在教師人格特質方面包括有：「生命中影響至深的貴人」的生命歷程關鍵、「力求自我實現」的積極動機、「深受環境影響的生命特質」的發展歷程。 二、在創意教學過程中所面臨的問題包括有：「升學制度」、「常態編班」、「時 間問題」、「觀念問題」及相關教育制度問題等。 三、在創意教學過程中所採用的教學策略及發展歷程包括有：「結合學生自身的 經驗」、「異質分組教學」、「親自操作，主動參與」、「提供創作的園地」、「自我充實，讓創意源源不斷」、「精心設計評量工具以增進學生學習動機」、「不同作業，讓每一位學生都有成功的機會」、「學習檔案，記錄學習軌跡」、「腦力激盪」、「與學生對話」。 最後，本研究根據研究結論，分別就教師個人、學校行政、主管教育機關及未來進一步研究提出具體建議。 關鍵字：創意教學、創意教師、教學困境、教學策略 / Since the Ministry of Education promulgated “The creativity education white paper” in 2002, the creative teaching (CT) has been becoming the current trend. Creativity itself involves its own development. A creative teacher not only has to display his creative behavior, but simultaneously also needs to transmit the creative ideas in the teaching situation to the students. However, in the trend of CT, people still get a fuzzy idea about CT and still hold a stereotyped attitude toward the educational system. This causes the teachers to meet some problems while doing CT. Fortunately, despite the environment limits, there are some teachers who are still willing to break through the conventional thought and change their teaching approaches. That's what's worth our exploration. This study aims to explore the personal qualities the creative teachers have and the teaching strategies they adopt. With the result and discussion, we come up with some suggestions for educators to promote their teaching efficiency. This study adopted a qualitative approach. We interviewed four teachers. They currently teach in junior high schools in Taipei County. In the past three years, they once won “The Grea Teach Creative Teaching prize”, “Teachers whit Creative teaching plan”, the “Power Teacher Rewards.” They respectively stand for four learning domains: Chinese, English, Mathematics, Science and Technology. Our findings are as follows. First, there are some vital personal qualities the four creative teachers have: For example, they have a key life process of meeting someone with the deepest influence on him/her, an active motivation of self-realization, and a developing process -- a life quality－ being deeply affected by the environment. Second, the problems that teachers will meet while doing CT are “selective education system,”“normal class grouping,”“time distribution,”“concepts and ideas,”and those related to “the educational system.” Third, in CT, the strategies and processes of development include “combining the students' experiences,”“heterogeneously grouping teaching,”“operating in person and participating actively,”“offering a corner for creation,”“self-enrichment and endless inspiration,”“evaluation instruments designed elaborately to enhance students' learning motivation,”“individualized assignments－letting each student get opportunities for success,”“learning files－recording the processes of learning,”“brainstorming,”and“the conversations with students.” Finally, the study, based on the conclusion, comes up with some suggestions for the teachers, for the school administration, for the educational authorities, and for the future study. Key words: creative teacher, creative teaching , teaching difficult position, teaching strategy

影響企業決策的因素隨著時代變遷轉趨複雜，技術演進、財務管理、人力資源，甚至於終端產品發展趨勢牽動整個企業決策方向。同業間的競爭以資訊透明層度影響彼此決策。賽局理論（Game Theory）探討的就是聰明又自私的人如何在策略性佈局中採取行動及與對手互動。如果財務管理是考量企業自身的條件與價值，賽局理論則是加入外部因素包括產業與自身互動關係討論決策模式。本研究以DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory 動態隨機存取記憶體）產業為例，每一世代的支本支出皆以百億計，快速推進的製程技術造成產量大增，影響價格崩跌令廠商大幅虧損。本文以賽局理論為基礎討論最適資本結構下的生產規模。藉由廠商選擇有利於企業的發展策略進而控制資本支出，讓企業維持生產規模最適狀態進而達成價格維持的目的。 本研究以賽局理論為主軸討論產業內業者競合關係，應用納許均衡討論企業有利決策形成過程，就過去五年內DRAM價格崩跌與產能擴增的速度來印證囚犯的困境，從經濟學的寡佔市場理論來討論DRAM產業內的定價關係，運用A. Cournot古諾雙占模型推廣為基礎來討論產能分配均衡。財務管理中最適資本結構下股價最高，以當時的資本負債比為參考，如果以資本額為股東權益來計算在資產＝負債＋業主權益的恆等式下求出該企業應該有的資產、負債規模。在該目標下進行資本結構與負債管理，達成企業最適產能規模。

隨著女性勞動參與率的逐年提高，改變了傳統「男主外，女主內」的性別分工模式，但我國的職場並未調整為對女性-尤其是哺乳期婦女-友善的工作環境。在國際研究發現母乳的好處後，世界各地皆致力於提高哺乳率，我國也自1992年開始推廣母乳哺育計劃，但成效有限，尤其是產假結束後回到職場的哺乳率一直無法與其他國家相比。分析影響哺乳率低落的因素有母親個人因素、就業的關係、家人的支持、政策…等等，而本論文乃研究職業婦女的就業對其哺乳持續的影響。再者，我國的企業規模多屬中小企業，約有七成左右的勞工任職於中小企業，故中小企業的職場環境對女性勞工哺乳的影響更值得我們探討。 本論文之研究方法除採用文獻分析法外，尚利用深度訪談法，透過研究者自身網絡及母乳哺餵相關網站尋找合適的對象予以訪談，冀了解職業婦女在職場哺乳時的經驗及困境。而由本研究調查發現，女性員工不敢在職場光明正大的哺乳，乃因在職場進行哺乳的行為，存有佔用工作時間及影響工作績效等二種迷思；此外，職業婦女面臨幾個困境：哺乳室缺乏的空間問題、企業的競爭壓力導致哺乳時間難求、工作性質與行業別的不利差異、缺乏主管及同事的支持網絡、職場性騷擾及就業歧視情況。其中又以主管/企業主的態度，對職業婦女的持續哺乳佔最重要的影響因素。 我國職業婦女所遇到的哺乳困境，其他國家仍然存在，但不論是國際公約規範對職業婦女的哺乳保障，或是國際母乳哺餵行動聯盟(WABA)皆致力消除職場哺乳的困境，北歐國家施行的延長產後休假期間，或是美國研究的職場哺乳計劃(CLP)，其提高哺乳率成效是有目共賭，因此提供我國政府及企業借鏡，值得我們學習效法。 / In Taiwan, female labour force participates increasingly in great members. Peculiarities of this labour force have to be borne in mind. Until now, pregnancy and lactation have always been regarded as the task of woman, thus all working mothers must often choose between breastfeeding and work. There are 70% of labours working in small and medium enterprises, in which most women working. Therefore, this study focuses on small-to-medium enterprises to see how breastfeeding is regarded and treated. As we know, breastfeeding has been a national major health policy for years in Taiwan. But the breastfeeding rates after maternity leave decline quickly and the rate lagged for behind world standard. This study aims at the conflicts encountered by employed breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. A phenomenological method was conducted. A purposive sample of 12 employed breastfeeding mothers from diverse working places and from various channels were invited to participate in the study. The results of this study are as follows. People have two myths against breastfeeding in the workplace, such as occupied working time and declined working efficiency. And the main conflicts involve lack of lactation space, nursing break hard to find due to heavy work hard, the industry’s character, the rejection from manager or boss, employment discrimination and sexual harassment. The most important obstacle against working mother’s breastfeeding is the attitude of manager or boss. Reflections and policy suggestions are discussed in response to the research results.

中共與中華民國在台海維持對峙局面近四十年，從一九七九年起，兩岸的緊張關係已 轉趨緩和。本篇論文的研究動機在透過交涉理論分析以尋求下面問題的答案。從一九 七九至一九八九年之間，台海兩岸兩個政治實體之間的政策互動經過情形為何? 海峽 兩岸的互動情況如何轉變? 彼此之間敵對與妥協取向的起伏變化如何? 目前海峽兩岸 關係朝向那個方向發展? 全文共一冊，共分六章二十二節，凡七萬字，各章內容摘要 如下： 第一章 導論：主要分為研究動機及研究方法與範圍。 第二章 說明國共兩黨約七十年的發展史，由於歷史仍深刻影響兩岸的互動，筆者乃 提出幾項國共兩黨歷史發展的特徵。 第三章 敘述一九七九至一九八六年之間，海峽兩岸政策互動經過，並經由政策分析 說明兩岸政策形成的原因。 第四章 敘述一九八七至一九八九年之間，海峽兩岸政策互動的新發展，並注重分析 經濟與民間交流對兩岸互動的影響。 第五章 結論與展望。 中共與中華民國在這十一年來的互動，是延著兩條主軸而發展，即：國家必須統一及 兩岸關係必須改善。但是目前兩岸所進行的是一場「囚徒困境遊戲」的互動，所以如 何使雙方降低採取「對抗」而願意採取「合作」戰略，是展望未來最大的課題。

博奕理論(Game Theory) 由經濟學研究方法所導出: 公設人是理性的, 并以數學演繹 邏輯推演, 而建構出來的決策模型。由於邏輯系統嚴密, 同時大量采用數學語言, 降 低文字語意的模棱, 而使得政治學之研究更有朝向真正科學地步之新契機。無奈的, 這種新發展的政治模型, 在國外雖已進行三十餘年, 國內則尚在起步。本文企圖較有 系統地全面引介這種理論模型, 以便替國內博奕論研究催生。 本文內容偏次, 除了第一章敘述博奕理論之基本知識如理性公設、效用理論及博奕結 構, 第六章對博奕論之優缺及適用性做一總評外, 中間四章完全以討論各種決策法為 主。第二章探討均衡的策略選擇, 包括兩人博奕的單純及混合策略解求法; 第三章穩 定的可能策略組, 則以求解核心(Core)及穩定組(Stable Set)為主; 第四章聯盟間的 合縱連橫, 剖析數量原則(Size Principle)、議價組合(Bargaining Set)及競價解(C ompetitive Solution); 第五章公平的價值分配, 則就談判合解的得失值分配以及各 聯盟實力指標的權力指數進行探討。 在案例研究方面, 本文共列舉五個, 包括民國七十八年天安門學生運動之均衡解、臺 北市空氣污染的囚犯困境分析、民國七十六年民進黨黨主席之爭的核心解及權力指數 分析、西德政黨間的合縱連橫分析以及民國七十九年中正堂學生運動合作解分析。

為瞭解兒童在認知發展行為的表現，本研究招募國小一年級學童56名，五年級學童32名參與實驗進行。應用囚犯困境賽局與最後通牒賽局之架構設計兩個遊戲，來檢測兒童在合作與分享行為之表現。分析受試者之背叛比率、提供數量、拒絕比率等實驗資料，來檢測年齡、性別以及長幼關係是否會造成顯著影響。 實驗結果發現： （1）年齡較大兒童較傾向較合作且拒絕比率較低，這個結果和認知發展理論的結論一致。 （2）受試者資料在性別效果的假設檢定結果都不顯著。 （3）年齡較小兒童的平均提供數量都大於一半，這個結果和最後通牒賽局的理論預測相反。（4）對手為不同年齡時的背叛比率和拒絕比率都比對手為同年齡時低，這個結果支持國小開設混齡教育課程。 / This paper studies children’s behavior in an ultimatum game and a prisoner’s dilemma game with 56 children of age 7 and 32 children of age 11. With the experimental data of defect ratio, offer quantity and rejection ratio, we tested the age, sex and seniority effects under these two games. The experimental findings are as follows. （1）The older children are more cooperative and have lower rejection ratio than younger ones. These results are consistent with the developmental psychology theories. （2） We observe no significant sex effect in the three tests. （3） For younger children, the average offer quantity is higher than fifty percent, this is different from theoretical prediction and literature results.（4）We found that for pairs consisting of subjects of different ages, The defect ratio and rejection ratio are lower than pairs of the same age subjects. This evidence may provide support for mixed-age education program for some courses in elementary school.

有鑑於臺灣地區已在民國八十二年步入「老人國」之列，顯示老年人的經濟問題已不容忽視。尤其是女性老人，更是最易落入貧窮的一個族群，因此，本研究即在探討老年婦女陷入貧窮之因素及困境，研究目的有三： 1.探討婦女在老年陷入貧窮困境的因素。 2.探索貧窮的老年婦女之生活困境，以及她們如何適應。 3.依據研究結果提出政策上的建議。 本研究採取女性主義者對女性陷入貧窮因素的解釋，輔以生命週期的觀點，來探討在女性的一生中，累積經濟資源（主要是工作薪資及財產繼承）的能力與機會如何影響到其在老年期的經濟地位。另外，也探討年滿65歲的老年婦女一旦陷入貧窮，她們所面臨在經濟上、健康醫療上、住屋上、心理適應及社會疏離的困境，以及她們如何適應。 本研究係採「質化研究法」，深入訪談十二位領取中低收入戶老人生活津貼的老年婦女，藉以勾勒出其生活狀況，及其一生中面臨的困境與難關。研究結果顯示，由於女性身為經濟依賴者的身份，因此，陷入貧窮最大的因素在於被依賴者無法提供充足的經濟生活。而女性的被依賴者包含丈夫、子女及自己（含娘家）。由女性的一生看起來，她們先是生在不甚富裕的家庭裡，於是無法對她們做人力投資，再加上勞力市場的性別歧視，使她們無法靠自己的力量賺取薪資。除此之外，娘家的困窘也無法提供任何財產的繼承。而後，在婚姻市場上也找不到條件較佳的丈夫，經濟生活得不到保障。而在這種貧困的條件下，對所生育的子女自也無法做良好的投資，培育其人力資本，影響到在勞力市場的表現，再加上子女若無撫養之意願，「養兒防老」的期待自然落空。 更深一層去探究老年婦女陷入貧窮的因素，其實是受到「父權主義」操縱的影響。由父權主義延伸的「性別勞力分工」的概念，形塑了「男主外，女主內」的分工方式，於是女性擔負起無酬的家務工作及照顧工作的責任，再加上女性在教育、財產繼承、勞力市場等所受到的不平等待遇，使她們要靠自己的力量賺取薪資是相當不容易的，於是她們的經濟生活只能依賴男性，而當男性無法支持時，就無可避免的陷入貧窮。 歸納起來，受訪者正式進入社會救助體系的導火線不外三種：健康、住屋、以及工作中斷。這些事件的發生使得她們原本即不充裕的經濟生活更是陷入困境，在沒有其他支持體系的情況下，唯有進入社會救助中低或低收入戶的體系，以獲得生活上的補助。面對貧窮這項事實，大多的受訪者都抱持宿命論的態度。而在適應的方法上，受訪者多是參與宗教活動、運動、與鄰居聊天等方式來調適自己的心情。但由她們所從事的活動看來，侷限於自家附近，並很明顯的偏向從事免費的活動，形成了社會疏離的現象。會造成這種現象的因素即是因為受訪者受限於經濟狀況、教育程度以及自卑心理，使她們與外界聯繫的程度不高。 根據研究結果，研究者提出幾點建議： 1.減少就業市場的性別歧視。 2.減少因家務照顧責任的損失。 3.合理計算貧窮線之基準，並規劃相關的補助措施。 4.鼓勵低收入戶老人參與文康休閒活動，及加強對低收入戶獨居老人的問安服務。 5.規劃國民年金制度。 本研究之研究限制有二： 1.無法推論及概化。 2.信度與效度的問題。

Migration has been a globally prevailing phenomenon through human history, which urges multilateral activities and prompts diverse concerns among sourcing and receiving nations in different arena simultaneously. Marriage migration is one of the common migratory patterns; wherein women constitute the main part of marriage migrants as dependents proportionately. The female marriage migrants and their economic plights are the target of this study. Three aims of this study are to examine the status of marriage migrants; to discover marriage migrants’ influence; and to analyze marriage migrants’ economic predicaments and propose suggestions for the government and further study. Aside from secondary data analysis and the vertical and parallel comparison, two additional analytic tools are used to elicit effects of migrants’ employment and estimate causes and strategies of migrants’ economic predicaments. The conclusions are that the source of marriage migrants are women from less- developed nations; the transnational marriage is generally poverty combination in Taiwan; the possibility to ease economic plight depends on the job supply and access; marriage migrants entering employment benefits on mixed families; the variables of marriage migrants’ labor participation are multiple; and the opportunity to have a new and better life attracts women to migrate via marriage. In addition, several suggestions are proposed for further researchers: to refine the variables analysis method for marriage migrants’ labor participation; to study marriage migrants’ post- employment situation; and to emphasize migration forced by global warming and climate change. For the government, the suggestions are: to list migrant employment promotion programs on policy agenda and to make professional training channels and job supply more accessible and affordable for migrants.

近二、三十年來，台灣在貿易自由化趨勢、產業結構調整以及外勞政策等多重因素的影響下，使得原住民社會傳統封閉的部落生產型態逐漸遭受瓦解，許多原住民因為原鄉欠缺就業機會，紛紛離鄉背井移居至都市謀生，但因競爭力不足、適應力不佳而就業困難，致使原住民失業率大幅提高。為能改善現狀，創業便成為良好的途徑之一。政府雖有提供各項措施扶持原住民創業，然而政府所提供之各項政策措施是否能實質有效地協助原住民創業成功？同時在原住民創業過程中，是否不同原住民的特質會影響創業成功模式？緣此，本研究先從「推拉理論」及相關文獻分析光復後原住民遷移都市之原因，選定台北市原住民企業為主體，採用問卷調查方式，以了解其於創業過程中之困境，並探討政府所提供之創業輔導措施能否有效協助原住民創業。最後歸納台北市原住民創業成功模式之四大面向，分別提出改進策略與建議，希冀由不同面向探悉都市原住民創業成功之內涵，以提供原住民改進內在自我特質、政府相關單位形塑適當之外在環境條件的參考。 要言之，本研究所獲致之結論歸納如下： 一、原住民陷入就業困境之主要原因為︰特殊原住民文化與主流文化應對下之社會歧視、原住民人力提供與社會所期待之人力需求未能符合、外籍勞工大舉入境排擠原住民就業，以及政府長期缺乏積極有效之就業政策。 二、影響台北市原住民創業成功之四大面向，包括：（一）個人特質：舉凡教育程度愈高、原住民在家中的排行或有負擔家計的責任感、以及與原漢接觸的程度高，都有助於創業成功。（二）創業歷程：若在創業前有關工作經驗豐富、取得多項相關證照、自有資金充裕，以及積極拓展人際關係等，都能促使創業計畫順利實現。（三）經營方法：如於行銷、財務、會計、帳務等層面處理良好，且能善用原住民文化資源，凸顯產品的獨特價值，當能彰顯創業績效。（四）政府輔導措施：善加利用政府提供的輔導企業營運措施及原住民族綜合發展基金貸款，有助於創業順遂。 三、此外，本研究發現台北市政府雖針對原住民創業提供多項的輔導措施，然而實際申請相關之原住民企業仍為少數；且原住民族綜合發展基金貸款政策，也因貸款過程及貸款擔保方式有欠妥適，致使原住民創業受惠有限，實有必要進行全面之檢討。 / Over the past 20 or 30 years, Taiwan under the multiple influence of factors in liberalization of trade trend, industrial structure adjustment and foreign labor policy, etc. make Indigenes productive attitude of clan with close social tradition disintegrated gradually. Because a lot of Indigenes are short of employment opportunity in original country, they migrate to the city in order to make a living. But it is difficult to obtain employment because the competitiveness is insufficient, adaptive capacity is not good, cause Indigenous rate of unemployment to improve by a wide margin. In order to improve the current situation, initiating becomes one of he good ways. Although the government offers multiple measures to help Indigenes initiate, we want to know if the measures are truly and effective to assist Indigenes initiate. And if the different idiosyncrasy of Indigenes, it will affect the initiating model. Therefore, this research is based upon “pull-push theory” and the relevant documents to analyze the reasons the Indigenes migrate to city. And select Taipei Indigenous enterprise, with a series of interviews, to understand their predicament met with course of initiating and whether the government offer could help Indigenes to initiate effectively. Finally, four major factors were sum up, and propose improving the tactics and suggestion separately. It hopes to find out the intension that the urban Indigenes initiate successful, and offer some reference of Indigenes to improve inherent self-specially, and the relevant units of government properly. In short, the study results have shown as follows: 1. The main reasons that the Indigenes falls into predicament of obtaining employment are the social discriminate under the specially Indigenous culture and the major culture, Indigenous manpower offers can’t accord with the society need, foreign labors of manpower demand that the society expects on a large scale , and the government lacks the positive and effective employment policy for a long time. 2. Influence Taipei key factors of successful initiation, including: (1) Idiosyncrasy: The higher education degree, the first kid of a family, the responsibility for home, and high degree contracted with original Chinese, contribute to starting an initiating successfully. (2) Course of initiation: If it is abundant to work relevantly experienced, obtain multiple relevant certificates, own enough fund and actively expand interpersonal relationships, etc., can all impel the plan of initiation to realize smoothly. (3) Management method: Dealing with such aspects as marketing, financial affairs, accounting, account, etc. well, and make the best use and the unique value of Indigenous culture resources can reflect the performance of initiation. (4) The government’s coaching measure: Exploiting enterprise’s operation measure of coaching offered by government and the loan of Indigenous comprehensive expansion funds properly, will contribute to initiating smoothly. 3. Besides, the study shows that the government of Taipei offers multiple coaching measures to the Indigenes, but enterprises are still minority to apply to the coaching measure of government. In addition, the policy of lending of Indigenous comprehensive expansion funds cause Indigenes receive benefits not proper and rightly limitedly, due to its loan course and loan guarantee way. And it carries on overall self-criticism really and necessarily.

本論文研究材料為佛教經典中與文殊菩薩相關論述的典籍，研究之主題為不二中道之義理思想，並就生命境界的提升與轉化為焦點，呈顯不二中道思想對生命問題的實踐。 佛教經典中與文殊菩薩有關的經典數量非常多，為了對文殊法門能整體地掌握，因此首先將大乘佛典中文殊菩薩的相關典籍及其同本異譯作全盤地整理，並且從中探究文殊菩薩在佛教經典中所扮演的角色。 文殊菩薩在大乘經典中出現得很早，他所顯現的身分也很特殊，一方面他是十地菩薩，另一方面他因為智慧第一而堪為諸佛之引導者，是過去、現在、未來諸佛之「佛母」，然而文殊菩薩又以「童真菩薩」的樣貌實踐菩薩道。另外，他也是菩提道上淳熟的修行者，能入聖道，能入出菩薩「正性離生」，並且已經決定不退墮。在禪定方面，他已久修三昧，是甚深三昧的實證者。再者，文殊菩薩身具超越二元對立的圓滿智慧，能「達無礙智慧彼岸」，具有「超越智慧的完成」，也是智與行融合的實踐者。 「文殊法門」的內容是以空義為基礎，以不二中道思想為主軸，意指為不落入於任何的極端，捨離二邊，又不執著於二邊，是一種不偏於任何一方的觀點或方法。「不二」是依於法性平等的原則而突破認知所形成的框架，進而讓每個生命體放捨因對立所造成分離、孤立、二元的主觀評價，以中道的角度面對各種問題，避免讓個體生命落入一般認知的苦樂、迷悟、生死、聖凡等二元對立中，超越「分別」所造成的侷限，並且朝向更廣闊的生命視野。 本文並藉由經典中的例示闡述不二法門的實踐面向，說明超越二元對立的中道思想可以在面對人、事、物時，提供另一種適切的行為態度，避免陷入極端的對立狀態。不二法門對於生命困頓的問題正好能提供更開闊的思維角度，因此阿闍世王有機會可以跳脫罪惡感的枷鎖；娼妓金色女能轉化生命中受到貪欲煩惱所困擾的瓶頸；惡魔波旬也有可能得以超越心靈「束縛」與「解脫」的兩邊。 文殊類經典中所提出的例示，正顯示著不二法門對各種不同社會階層的生命關懷，是具有普遍性及平等性。這種關懷表面上看來是針對經典中的人物，然而事實上這正是經典向讀經者傳達著對生命體的關懷，期望所有的生命個體面對生命困頓的境界時，能在有限與無限的掙扎中超脫，使生命的寬廣度更向上開拓。 / This thesis utilizes and explores the Mañjuśrī scriptures, which discuss the doctrine of “non-duality”, and which are associated with the concept of the “Middle Way”. It is the purpose of this thesis to explore “the dharma-door of non-duality” (advaya-dharma- paryāya / mukha). The method adopted by Mañjuśrī, especially so, the focus on the study of sentient beings practicing “non-duality” to overcome the difficulties in life, is central to this study. To fully comprehend the Mahāyāna scriptures which expound on the subject of Mañjuśrī, this thesis studies and compares many textual sources, including the sutra itself, which has been translated by different translators spanning many different periods of history. In the Mahāyāna scriptures, Mañjuśrī appears very early, and plays an important role in inspiring aspirant Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in cultivating the “Bodhi-Mind”. On one hand, Mañjuśrī plays the role of a Bodhisattva, and on the other hand, he is the supervisor of all Buddhas in the past, the present, and the future. As the embodiment of the perfection of wisdom, Mañjuśrī, out of great compassion, devotes himself to support and assist all sentient beings in overcoming obstacles, and does this systematically by preaching the doctrine of non-duality. The dharma-door of Mañjuśrī, non-duality, is a method of attaining the Middle Way, based on emptiness (wunyata). The Mañjuśrī scriptures elucidate the concept of the “Middle Way” by means of transforming erroneous dichotomous cognition into the cognitive state of non-duality. To illustrate the theme of practicing non-duality, I will give three concrete illustrations of how king Ajatawatru applied non-duality to solving the paradoxes of guilt and guiltlessness. For example, how did a prostitute make use of non-duality to transcend the conflicting natures of greed and purity, and how did the demon utilize the actuality of the “Middle Way” to overcome the contradiction between mental restraint and unrestrained conceptualization? In brief, this study examines the main idea of the Mañjuśrī scriptures depicting non-duality, which can help sentient beings free themselves from dilemma. In other words, the Mañjuśrī scriptures take non-duality as a guideline to concern all kind of living beings in different social conditions.