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大陸鄉鎮企業對國有企業經營績效之影響-以工業部門為例詹雅惠, Ya-Hui Chan Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要是利用中國統計年鑑、中國鄉鎮企業年鑑、中國工業經濟統計年鑑及1995年第三次全國工業普查資料匯編各年版所提供的一九九五至一九九七年期間大陸工業三十三個產業別之追蹤資料,研究大陸鄉鎮企業對國有企業經營績效之影響。本文所定義的國有企業經營績效,主要分為兩部分:一為大陸國有企業的獲利能力,一為大陸國有企業的生產技術效率。在大陸國有企業的獲利能力部分,本研究論文是採用固定效果模型(fixed-effect model)之迴歸模型來探討大陸鄉鎮企業的產業發展對國有企業獲利能力的影響。接著在大陸國有企業的生產技術效率部分,本研究論文則採用Battese and Coelli(1995)提出的具有轉移對數形式及可採用時序加截面數據的隨機邊界生產函數模型(stochastic frontier production function model),來探討大陸鄉鎮企業的產業發展對國有企業技術效率的影響。
本文主要的研究發現為,大陸鄉鎮企業確實對國有企業之經營績效產生不利影響。從區分的產業類別來看,大陸鄉鎮企業對國有輕工業部門經營績效之影響,已由損害獲利階段進入不利技術效率之階段,而國有重工業部門則停留在受鄉鎮企業負面影響獲利的階段,此乃由於鄉鎮企業發展階段的不同,所造成的影響結果亦有所差異。在本文之研究期間,鄉鎮企業在輕工業的發展已趨成熟,並開始積極發展重工業部門,所以國有之重工業部門依循其輕工業受影響模式,已出現獲利受到鄉鎮企業影響而下降之情形。
其次,本文之實證結果顯示,國有企業規模對其經營績效有顯著的助益效果。規模較大之國有企業尤其是大型國有之重工業,確實存在顯著的規模經濟效益。亦顯現出大陸政府自一九九0年開始,希望透過國有企業資源之整合,促進其發揮規模經濟效益之政策,在一九九五至一九九七年期間可能已在國有企業及其重工業部門初見成效。
此外,本文之實證結果顯示,資金密集度對國有重工業部門產生不利技術效率的影響,對其獲利能力並無顯著影響。
雖然,本文之研究結果顯示,大陸鄉鎮企業確實對國有企業之經營績效產生不利影響,但這僅是短期之現象,本論文認為鄉鎮企業所扮演的角色除了是市場競爭者外,其更應積極的被視為篩選國有企業之機制,經由鄉鎮企業的競爭壓力及短期內之不利影響,可迫使國有企業為保護其獲利不被損害及在市場上繼續生存,必須採取反應措施,而逐漸走向符合市場經濟的制度,例如讓營運不佳的企業在競爭下自市場退出、選擇適當的技術路線、發展具生產利益的產業及企業必須加強產品的創新,以獲取較高的創新利潤等回應措施。若國有企業在長期下真能依循上述模型進行調整,則國有企業之技術效率將有所提昇,並能改善其獲利低下的情況,進而達到經營績效改善。依此看來,本論文認為鄉鎮企業所發揮的是更為積極、穩定的改革力量,促使國有企業長期且持續的進行經營績效改善。
因此,在解決大陸國有企業經營績效的問題時,國有企業制度的改革固然重要,但若大陸政府在推行改革時,能加以考量鄉鎮企業發展此一重要因素,將大陸鄉鎮企業之發展視為篩選國有企業之機制,淘汰不適於市場機制、競爭力不足、虧損之國有企業,則長期下將可使國有企業達到經營績效改善之效果。 / This thesis investigates the influence of township-village enterprises (TVEs) on the performance of China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Industrial-based panel data from 1995~1997 provided by various published years of the China Statistical Year Book , China Industry Economy Statistical Year Book, The data of The Third National Industiral Census of The People’s Repiblic of China in 1995, and China Township-Village Enterprises Year Book are adopted to estimate the fixed-effect model of SOEs’ profit rate function, and stochastic frontier production function model of SOEs’ technical efficiency function.
The primary finding is that the profit rate in the heavy industry and the technical efficiency in light industry of China’ SOEs are both influenced negatively by the output share of TVEs, the above proves the influence of TVEs on the performance of SOEs has changed from profit loses to technical inefficiency, but this condition won’t exist for long because of the policies to improve performance adopted by SOEs , like relocation factors, adjustment size or any useful acts will take effect.
Secondly, larger scale of SOEs, especially in heavy industry, gets higher profit rate and higher technical efficiency, the conclusion indicate that size of SOEs brings improvement of performance to SOEs.
Besides, improvement of the technical efficiency of SOEs is crossed in capital intensive, but has no effect on profitability.
The above proves that SOEs will against the competition by reactions in policy, as long as longtime performance, the technical efficiency of SOEs will make great advances. Therefore, for solving the problem about the performance of SOEs, besides the innovation in economic system, China should concern about the competitiveness of TVEs. In conclusion, China should regard TVEs not only as a competitor but also as a mechanism to sift out uncompetitive SOEs from China’s market so that the performance of SOEs can be improved to reach the crucial position in China.
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外資證券公司進入大陸證券市場發展之資訊策略研究熊麟徵, hsiung,jack Unknown Date (has links)
大陸證券發展,風起雲湧,大陸證券投資,蔚為主流。基於同文同種之故,市場發展的環境之相似,股民結構之雷同,又法規及監管制度之複雜,與早期我國的發展過程類似。在一遍全球化的聲浪中,企業在拓展版圖,大陸證券業已成為台灣券商的首選。
證券金融服務業乃高知識密集,高風險密集,高資訊密集的行業,如何利用資訊策略有效之運用,達到對內:提高整體綜效,對外:強化競爭優勢。所以,如何擬定合適的資訊策略,以導引資訊化的有效發展,進而促進公司整體綜效,為奠定本研究根基,本研究從大陸金融政策、大陸證券業競爭趨勢之下的企業經營策略、資訊策略對企業營運影響、證券業資訊實務之探討,進行文獻探討,得到如下資料:
一、策略對企業的經營、競爭等營運績效影響甚鉅。資訊策略,對企業的營運績效,同具密切影響力。而瞭解資訊策略的種類,有助企業的營運定位與資源分配,並可避免失敗,進而提升營運績效。
二、大陸證券業資訊化演進及現況,以及資訊化帶來的優勢與衝擊,了解資訊科技的應用情形,以利規劃證券業資訊科技的應用方向。
三、在企業營運策略下之資訊策略及資訊化實物之探究。
本研究的研究架構,為如下所示:
而研究的進行,一因此類合資券商在中國成立時間尚短且家數甚少。二則此類合資券商資訊策略的研究,目前並無較堅強理論的研究議題。所以,不適合進行精細的驗證性研究,故採行「探索性」與「個案式」的研究方式。而所選的個案公司,乃因其具有營運經歷之特殊性、投入時間的洽當性、進入資格之稀少性,故而以其研究主體。研究工具,以深入訪談、資料分析與企業流程模型為主軸。
對個案公司的研究,先從大陸證券業現況及競爭趨勢探討,次而制定公司的營運策略等相關資料的整理著手、次而探討公司制定資訊策略相關構面與資訊策略,最後針對公司現況與未來進行資訊策略面研究。而提出如下的結論與建議:
(一) 結論:
1、不當的資訊架構造成設置成本增加與人員效率低落。
由個案研究中得知大陸證券業資訊系統演進成因,深受法規政策及上游交易所系統改善之影響。但始終圍繞著系統交易速度的即時性、系統海量交易、作業的正確性打轉。
又因證券市場發展初期,證照取得困難各分公司為了業務需求,盡其可能的把系統加大增員擴充,每家分公司資訊系統的完整及規模眼然像一家總公司。超大的交易大廳,大量的自助委託系統,獨立的財務系統,證券交易系統,超冗餘的硬體設備,備援系統,過多的交易席位,伴隨著資訊系統增加而資訊專業人員也大增,在市場行情不好時,這些設施及充員,都成為分公司經營的負擔。
這種分散式架構增加了分公司的自主性、彈性及效率,但也增加了分公司的經營成本及管理成本,不易達到資訊規模經濟。又系統分散,維護人員也分散到各分公司,平日維護系統及日常作業就浪費不少人力,剩餘時間也不大能夠參與總公司專案規劃,因此資訊人力資源使用不彰,人力重疊,因分公司自主效率反而損及整體運作效益。
2、不良的系統整合造成整體效益不彰與風險管控不易。
因發展初期大小券商因經營不當或虧污,造成券商重組或合併者眾,其原有的系統也陪嫁到新公司,並沒有完善的統一整合,證券公司的結算是由總公司對結算所做二級結算,之後再由分公司對客戶做第三級結算,又因分散式系統各分公司作業獨立性高,財務系統可能不一致的影響,總公司帳平但分公司帳不平,或分公司帳平總公司帳不平時有所聞,造成結算時間拉長,財務及資訊人員疲於奔命,管理性的績效報表也因延誤,錯過管理時機。
由於財務系統由當地控管,加上當地資訊人員的配合,經理人挪用客戶資金炒股的新聞屢見不鮮,也是造成券商於2002年因市場空頭巨額虧損的原因之一。又經紀系統分散在各地,無法在盤中即時監控交易狀況,僅能事後控管,總公司風險控管人員如同虛設。
3、資訊科技衝擊造成價值鏈的改變。
在大陸百分之九十九以上的交易委託使用自助式委託工具,成因來自於,市場發展初期交易所系統容量與處理速度不足,且券商系統也不太穩定、雙方容量都不足的狀態下,僅能透過營業櫃檯的營業員製單後,交由委託輸入人員輸入到交易系統中,藉此控制系統穩定度。
日後由於雙方上下游系統改善,處理速度大增,當時深交所開始實施無形席位,採用電腦直接接入交易所主機後交易量大增,隔年上海交易所也實施無席位交易後,交易容量到達新階段,此時交易瓶頸端已出現在券商端委託輸入人員了,當時股市走多頭,委託單量大,易造成錯過價位及帶來交易糾紛,此時自助式委託系統萌芽,各大小券商皆採用,也就造成日後自助式委託系統盛行於大陸的原因。
由於營業員的素質不高且功能本來就不彰顯,小道及內線消息充陳,投研報告的品質及可信度不高,易流於為做手或莊家的炒作工具,再加上五十年來的文化洗禮下,原本不信任”人”的觀念中,在幾次大規模的套牢下,股民放棄了研究報告,離開了營業員,擁抱自助式委託工具,營業員也離開了營業櫃檯,被自助式委託工具取代。
又自助式委託系統同質性太高,無法有效地提出投資建議,券商唯一可以行銷的工具就是調降傭金,因此股民的忠誠度也隨傭金調降而改變。營業員或所謂理財專員在經紀業務之價值鏈中佔有祟高的地位,如今用機器取代營業員有點本末倒置,所以在大陸從來沒聽過證券業有超級營業員。
研究報告寫得不用心,客戶就賺不到錢;客戶不賺錢,員工就賺不到錢;員工賺不到錢,公司也賺不到錢;自然地客戶就沒有品牌忠誠度。
員工賺不到錢,就沒有好人才願意投如這個產業,人員的流動就加大,造成惡性循環。
這樣以自助委託為主的改變,也破壞了以”營業員”為中心的經紀業 務價值鏈。
(二)建議:個案公司訂定資訊策略應考量如下幾點:
1、系統架構採大集中或區域集中架構。
以外包方式建置大集中或區域集中式的系統架構,讓資源適度化,人員配置合理化,維護、災備簡易化,成本最適化,人員控管最易化,達到成本降低,人員及系統效率增長。
2、應用系統設計採取B/S應用。
透過瀏覽器及滑鼠的應用,人性化的操作介面,防呆防愚的設計,讓操作風險降到最低,系統集約在叢集及負載平衡的架構下,達到容錯及擴容的彈性。
3、單一入口的後台整合集中控管系統及工作流程控管系統。
透過單一系統入口,整合的集中控管系統,達到財務、資金控管一致性,風險控管功能獨立性,績效分析即時性,工作流簡化,以盡後線部門管控職能,進而增進整體效益。
4、加強投顧研究報告品質。
透過研究報告考評系統輔助,有系統的考評每個分析師的投研報告,並長期追蹤其研究建議與客戶持股的變化,做為報告品質的參考依據。
5、重建以”人”為中心的業務流程。
透過營業員工作站的輔助,將投研報告、營業員推薦投資組合、輔導投資建議、委託、成交、結算、交割、資金划劃、交叉銷售、向上銷售等活動連結成無縫的環,重建以營業員為主、資訊系統為輔的價值活動。
6、建立投行專案控管系統。
投行業在輔導一個項目的時間長達一年,其中旅行往返及長程電話費用支出很高,原本投行業務的費用就不易控管,且投行人員平均成本高,如果同時進行多個項目,若無資訊系統做成本控制,不易評估出專案效益。
投行業不是成功就是失敗,輔導上市才有錢賺。如果遇到股市不佳,配售狀況不好,券商可能要包銷就會造成資金積壓效應,如果股市不好還可能造成股價下跌雙重損失。
又大陸採計劃型經濟体制,產業成長都要宏觀調控,受政府政策影響非常大,去年火紅的項目,今年可受到打壓,所以時機很重要。
因此一個項目的成敗除了項目本身因素外,項目專案時程管理符合市場需要,是決定成敗的最主要因素。
7、業務分析、決策支援。
中國大陸地大物博,各省份股民喜好不一,光是飲食就有「南甜、北鹹、東酸、西辣」的特性之分,何況是對風險的好惡及風險的承受度。2003年統計股民近6700萬人,平均一家券商就有50萬個客戶,更別說是大行。客源分析,客戶喜好分析,貢獻度分析是未來行銷管理上必備的工具,適時建立CRM系統有助於決策支援,業務拓展。
8、建立教育訓練體制。
公司要有好的財務狀況,必須要找到貢獻度大的客戶,要找到貢獻度大的客戶,則營業員素質、投研報告的品質要好、內部服務流程要佳。要營業員素質、投研報告的品質要好、內部服務流程要佳,則內部流程的改善、人員的成長訓練要有適當的指標去評量,最後改變公司財務狀況,增進股東權益。 / The theme of this thesis is to study strategy planning for Management Information System of A foreign security company,whom will be to operate a company in mainland China .
The study is intended for finding out a strategy of business to guide the company’s strategy of MIS and MIS practice. It has three aims : 1.The security company’s competition of mainland China. 2. According to the competition status to setup a company’s strategy for MIS. 3.According to the strategy of MIS to setup a MIS practice to fit a new joiner.
Finally,According to the study to finding out strategy for MIS to consolidate business ,core competition.
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台灣電影產業生存策略 2004 ~ 2006 / 從韓國電影市場解析台灣現況游士賢, Yu, Shih-Hsien Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的原名是「台灣電影產業的競爭策略2004~2006」,訂定時限是因為在三年內實施,可能會有效,超過時限就不敢奢言了。最後更名為「台灣電影產業的生存策略2004~2006」,把「競爭」(Competitive) 改成「生存」(Survival) 的理由是因為台灣電影根本沒有國際競爭的條件。從1998年進入WTO談判,台灣全面棄守電影產業之後,現在提出來的任何方案幾乎都只能勉強求生存。副標題的原名是「從韓國和中國大陸電影市場解析台灣電影產業現況」,因為對中國大陸電影市場的動態難以掌握和取得原始資料的困難,故更正副標題為「從韓國電影市場解析台灣現況」。
本研究在結構上分為幾個部分:
首先是台灣電影相關研究的整理,對過去近三十年有關台灣電影研究之文獻與發展作一釐清,並且將電影產業相關之研究匯整制表,除了勾勒出有關台灣電影產業主題研究之脈動外,也希望避免未來有太多研究人才耗用在相同的題目上。因為在台灣國產電影持續走低的情況下,相關電影產業研究的數量卻反向的大幅增加,顯示有太多對電影有興趣的人找不到適當的事情做。
其次是韓國電影產業近年的崛起,從1998年韓國電影工業復興以來,政府的幾項重要決策和民間群策群力的表現,讓韓國取代香港成為亞洲成長最快的商業電影重鎮。另外是中國大陸電影市場的興起,和從2000年開始,台灣的電視「偶像劇」蓬勃發展:外銷亞洲,並快速且大量吸納電影人才的現象,對照台灣電影業的頹圮,成為一個重要的研究課題。
關於台灣電影產業的發展,本研究只簡述1895年台灣有電影以來到1980年的簡史,因為重點在於八O年代以後的發展,特別是針對1983年開始的「台灣新電影」至今對國片的影響;以及目前亞洲電影市場的現況、和根據市場情報,以迴歸分析和預測模型來作2004年以後未來三年的台灣電影市場預測。
電影產業的重要性 (包括在文化上、經濟上),前人已有相當多的論述,因此這篇論文想探討的問題主要是在政府政策上、以及產業策略上,台灣電影能夠解決目前困境的方法。政府政策上,包括:現行「國片輔導金」發放標準的檢討、國片票房獎勵辦法、「國片」認定標準修正、企業投資抵稅方案、「國片」專映戲院……等方案;以及產業策略方面,與中國大陸合資開拓新市場的可能性、援引台灣「偶像劇」的行銷通路發展亞洲區域市場、引進好萊塢資金的幾種模式……等等。這些可行方案的研究,目的在於從市場現況研判當中,找到確實可行的方法。其適用有效的時間應該在三年以內,也就是說,2004年如果實施這些方案的話,到2006年應該就會看到效果。因為超過三年以上,亞洲市場的變化對台灣電影產業的影響只會加劇,不會減少。
另外,本研究以「全球化」和「都會化」作為台灣電影產業未來發展的結論。在實際的作為上,台灣電影圈從政府、產業界、創作者和工作者,都必須撇開枝枝節節的內部爭鬥,平心靜氣的看清楚國際潮流的無情和現實。「全球化」和「都會化」的內容,才是台灣電影工作者、甚至文化創意產業工作者有機會走向亞洲的生存之道。絕對不是現在眾口鑠金的「本土化」、或綠色思維的「在地化」,能夠讓內容產業工作者有機會在亞洲立足。
具體一點的說明「全球化」和「都會化」的意函。從內容產業、或創意產業的角度分析,以「全球化」和「都會化」為指標,在亞洲排名的先後順序分別是:東京、漢城、香港、台北、上海或北京。這一點可以從觀察電影、偶像劇、甚至音樂……等文化內容商品的出口流向得到證明。拍攝上海、北京的都會上班族故事,這樣的內容拿到前面四個地區放映不會有票房;相反的,東京偶像劇拿到後面四個地區播放,沒有任何人敢質疑它的現代感,韓國偶像到中國大陸、香港或台灣完全可以暢行無阻。這也非常具體的解釋了,為什麼台灣的「流星花園」、「幾米」、「周杰倫」、「張惠妹」、甚至「王文華」……等流行現象可以行銷到中國大陸和東南亞;而同一時期的《鐵獅玉玲瓏》、《台灣霹靂火》、《流氓教授》、《鄭成功》、甚至「明華園」……只能夠在台灣行銷,市場也只有台灣,最多不會超過福建、廣東。
如果捨此而就佊,還是強調「本土化」的話,那麼台灣未來面臨競爭的對手就不會是東京、漢城、香港、上海和北京;而是杭州、長沙、成都、青島、瀋陽、安徽和新疆……;更悲慘的話,會是曼谷、河內和新加坡。
其他所有本研究所討論的,都只是技術問題而已。
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中國大陸中央與地方財政關係之研究 / A Study on Fiscal Relationship Between Central And Local Government of China馮士容 Unknown Date (has links)
由中央與地方之間財政關係中權力不對等與對利益要求的目標不一致以及委託代理結構中委託人與代理人同樣存在著資訊不對稱與目標不一致的特性。是以中國大陸中央與地方之間必然存在著委託代理問題,代理人常常只會追求著自己的目標,甚至會損害整體利益,中國大陸中央與地方之間的一切矛盾與問題起源自中央權力大過地方,因此中央動輒使用「決定」與通知這類的行政性指令,取代應該經由制度或是法制的模式來調整諸如財政管理體制等政策,造成地方擁有較多的資訊,但在權力上卻無法脫離中央而獨立。換言之,地方在某些程度上仍受中央所控制,在分稅制實施之後,中央與地方雖然各自有其所屬的稅種,但中央與地方共享稅的分成比例以及何種稅種屬中央抑或地方,這些事項縱然不致於全盤由中央決定,但未來中央與地方定會共同協議與決定財政資源的分配比例。
是以由委託代理理論來驗證中國大陸中央與地方之間的財政關係,本論文發現中央與地方之間所產生種種問題,乃是因為缺乏制度化以及法制化所致,中共中央以行政性指令來達到其分權、集權的目的,這些措施卻不能真正解決問題。制度變遷與經濟發展係為促進中國大陸經濟成長及中央、地方之間財政資源配置產生變動的重要誘因。在此前提下,制度變遷促成市場機能逐漸恢復,以及經濟發展使得生產、就業結構改變。是以由中國大陸的財政收入結構產生根本的改變、中央與地方對於財政資源的配置仍未訂定合理的比例,以及中央政府仍然能夠主導資源配置這三方面觀之,未來只有在中央主導下與地方協調共同決定財政資源的分配比例,這是本論文研究的發現。
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跨組織資訊系統應用在大陸之績效的關鍵性因素: 以關係觀點出發的個案研究 / The Determinant Factors of IOS Performance in China: A Case Study Using Relational View蘇澄軒, Su, Cheng Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
在現今全球化的商業環境下,企業越來越倚重與商業夥伴的合作,而跨組織資訊系統也成為了強化競爭優勢的有利工具。而大陸憑著廉價的勞動成本以及廣大的新興市場,在全球供應練上漸漸扮演了越來越重要的角色。如何在大陸發展成了其他國家企業的重要課題,而台灣由於地理、文化、語言相近的優勢下,更顯得其重要性。本研究試圖由關係觀點所提出的四個因素出發,探討跨組織資訊系統應用在大陸其績效的決定性因素。經過單一個案研究的分析,結果顯示有效管理對於跨組織資訊系統有強很大影響,相對之下互補性資源幾乎沒有影響力。 / As corporations rely more on collaboration with partners to enhance their position in the global business environment, many of them apply specific IOS as a powerful tool to link with their trading partners to take full advantage of collaboration. China with huge manufacturing base and huge market has been an important part of global supply chain. It is important for other countries to know how to do business with China, especially for Taiwan because of the approximation of geography, culture and language. To fulfill this need, this research aims to find out the key factors that influence IOS performance in China through an observation of a binary relationship built upon IOS by a Taiwanese OEM and its China suppliers / The literature review leads this research to propose four factors that will influence IOS performance in China based on the relational view. A single-case study is then taken to detect the determinant factors that will affect IOS performance in China base on the relational view. The results show that effective governance strongly affect IOS performance, whereas complementary resource endowment has extremely fewer influence on IOS performance. Further, the most important items overall are coordination of decision and operation integration and monitoring and control. That is, IOS success in China depends mostly on whether the firms can cooperate with each other through the IOS and keep the ability of monitoring and control the status of transactions and partners. Moreover, the results show us that different types of suppliers may have different concern with IOS relationship, and thus a conditional implementation plan is necessary to IOS success in China
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台灣之兩岸發展優選策略之研究-應用層級分析法 / Study on the Slection of an Optimal Cross-Strait Development Strategy of Taiwan - Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process劉豐壽, Liu, Feng-Shou Unknown Date (has links)
兩岸發展競爭力消長,最近數年來尤為明顯。據瑞士洛桑管理學院(IMD)2007年全球競爭力評比,台灣排名自2005年之第11名滑落至2007年之第18名;中國大陸則由31名提升到第15名,首度超越台灣。彼長我消之因素頗多,牽涉問題亦深且不易解。例如兩岸的統獨之爭,國內的內閣更迭波潮不斷,及政局穩定度、政策一致性、社會凝聚力,以及投資誘因力道等表現相對脆弱。相對於中國大陸,則是彼岸發展處於強勢有利時期,正所謂對岸屬「政經和諧」時期,台灣則處於「政熱經冷」時期,而兩岸間亦依舊停留於「政冷經熱」階段。對岸目前所走的路線恰好是台灣三、四十年前以「經濟為導向」的發展途徑,此為兩岸政、經發展消長最明顯的地方。縱使台灣在自由民主、發明專利、通膨水準、高科技產品、科技人才仍占有優勢,亦或政府大力協助廠商布局全球,如果兩岸未能和諧發展,則仍將難於突破當前困境,或競爭力將持續陷入每下愈況的困局。
本論文研究目的主要針對台灣與中國大陸國力發展之消長過程與趨勢,及兩岸互動對台灣是威脅或是機會,探討台灣發展新思維及應採措施,亦即如何趨吉避凶,乃為本論文研究之預期目標。本論文首次引用決策模式──層級分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP),將兩岸複雜問題系統化,以簡易之結構化思考架構下,由不同層面給予層級分(析)解,讓決策者迅速研判台灣之兩岸發展之優選策略,或據以實施。首先以過去有關兩岸政治、經濟、國防、外交等政策文獻,作為構思研擬台灣當前與未來急需優先採行的重大策略後,隨即親訪產、官、研專家,擬訂AHP層級分析法問卷調查所需問題界定,構建層級結構。即第一層為全方位優選策略,第二層為政治和諧(I1)、經濟發展(I2)、國防安全(I3)與全球化(I4)等四大主題,第三層為各主題內之各子(次要)項(各細分五子項,合計20子(次要)項)。
AHP層級分析法略以總群(組)體(total)、偏經濟專長大於40歲(eco>40)及小於四十歲(eco<40)、偏政策專長大於40歲(pol>40)及小於40歲(pol<40)等五個分類組別,輸入計算軟體結果分析比較得知,不論總群體組或不同各次群組,即不分何種專長、年齡層都以經濟發展(I2)為首選指標,其餘三大主題(項)依次為國防安全、全球化及政治和諧,但彼此權重之高低卻在伯仲之間(詳本論文第四章第三節結果分析)。足見且印證了經濟發展是當前兩岸發展中台灣之首要任務,亦為國內人民、企業界和國外世界級跨國管理大師之共同關注焦點。
本論文採用文獻及當前問題趨勢分析,配合訪談及應用「層級分析法」結果,顯示層級分析法是一種簡易又便捷的優選決策工具。不但可免去一般繁複卷數、人力之累,且其分析結果雖僅具少數專家卓見,卻能充分反映多數人的看法和企求目標,也頗符合「二八法則」管理關鍵原則,值得推廣應用。本論文研究之結論與建議事項,或可提供有關當局施政之參考。 / The rise and fall of competitiveness between China and Taiwan has fluctuated dramatically in recent years. According to the latest IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2007 (published on May 10th 2007), the ranks of Taiwan dropped from 11th in 2005 to 18th in 2007. On the contrary, China’s rank increased from 31st to 15th in the corresponding period of time. This is the first time China’s ranking overtook Taiwan. There are a lot of factors involved of the rise in China and the fall of Taiwan; the problems involved are complicated and hard to solve. There are numerous examples, such as the disputes about Taiwan’s cross strait status, the frequent change of the cabinets in Taiwan, as well as the political instability, policy inconsistency, the social cleavage, and the lack of attraction for investment in Taiwan. These problems have only improved a little when they are compared to China’s progress. China is in the stage of fast development, and both of the political and economical circumstances are in harmony. In contrast, the Taiwan government has focused on political issues rather than how to solve economical problems in the recent years. In addition to this, the cross-strait issues focus more on economical than political issues. Now, the road taken by China, happens to be the road that was taken by Taiwan government, which emphasized “economical-oriented policies” 30 to 40 years ago. This is the most noticeable aspect of the comparison of political and economical development across the strait. Taiwan has the advantage in freedom, patents, the inflation situation, high-tech products, and technology elites. The Taiwan government also spares no effort in assisting companies’ global layout. If the cross-strait situation cannot be improved, the current situation will be difficult to solve. In the end, the competitiveness of Taiwan will worsen.
The target of this thesis lies on analysis of the process and tendency of rise and fall of national power across the strait, as well as discussion about whether or not cross-strait cooperation is a threat or an opportunity for Taiwan. It discusses the new thinking and measures of development that Taiwan should take. In other words, how to make good decisions and avoid bad policies is the goal of this thesis. This is the first time the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted to systematize complicated problems cross strait. By using simplified structural thinking, different levels of problems are analyzed by the AHP. This way, policy makers can judge what are strategies are better to take for cross strait development, and may put them into practice in the future. In the beginning of this thesis, documents concerning cross-strait political affairs, economy, national defense, and foreign affairs were used as references to design major strategies that needed to be solved presently and in the future in Taiwan. Later, experts from industries, the government, and the research field were interviewed to design questions in the survey according to the AHP, and to make the structure of different levels. The first level is about policies in priority in every aspect. The second one is about political stability (I1), economical development (I2), national security (I3), and globalization (I4). The third level is about sub-items of each item (five sub-items of each and 20 sub-items in total).
The AHP was divided into five groups: total, those with the specialty over 40 years of age (eco>40) and under (eco<40), those with the specialty of policy-making over 40 years of age (pol>40) and under (pol<40). After the five classified data was analyzed by computer software, the result showed that both the total and different sub-groups, people in different ages and with different specialties, all chose economic development (I2) as their choice in priority. The other three selective items in order were national security, globalization, and political stability. However, the differences among them were very slim (Please refer to the results and analysis in Chapter 4.3). This proves that economic development should be the primary mission in current cross-strait development. It is also a common concern by the people, companies, and international masters of management.
In this thesis, documents and the current problems according to the AHP were adopted. With the interviews and results from the AHP, it showed that AHP is an easy and convenient tool to make prioritize policies. It not only can save the time and efforts of giving out large numbers of the survey, but the result can truly reflect opinions and goals pursued by the majority, even though only the opinions of a limited number of experts were taken. This also meets the 80/20 principle of the crucial rule of management. Meanwhile, it can also draw conclusion and suggestions in this thesis in providing policy-making references to the government. It shall be promoted and applied with great exertion.
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消費者行為與零售通路發展 - 台灣與大陸之比較 / Consumer Shopping Behavior & Retail Format Development: A Comparison between Taiwan & China蔡翠真, Tsai,Jennifer Unknown Date (has links)
While retail business development in Taiwan has reached mature stage for many retail formats, it is still in the rapid growth stage in China. Consumer shopping behavior in Taiwan and China might be different given different economic and retail development progress.
The findings of this research support two hypotheses. First the retail format development is different in Taiwan and China. Second the consumer shopping behavior is different in Taiwan and China.
All retail formats were developed ahead in Taiwan by around 15-20 years. It took around 35 years in Taiwan to develop up to current status. However, it took a much shorter time for China to catch up. The development was much more concentrated and intensive.
The development order is also different. In Taiwan, the order is department store, supermarket, convenience store then hypermarket. In China, however, hypermarket development advances convenience store. Convenience store is still in an early development stage.
Shopping behavior in different channel is also different. Taiwan shoppers visit convenience store most often while China shoppers patronize supermarket and hypermarket most frequent.
In Taiwan, except household products, most packaged food or beverage are purchased most often from convenience store. In China, most are from supermarket and hypermarket. Moreover, Taiwan consumers are more particular, demanding and sophisticated.
If any manufactures would like to enter China market, modern trade is suggested to the most important channel. It is easier for quick distribution, lower risk and more similar practice to Taiwan retail environment.
If any retailers would like to enter China market, it is wiser to have international alliances. The retail business now in China plays with big economic scale. Without advanced knowledge, technology as well as rich working capital, it is very challenging to compete in China market.
For research in the future, it is recommended to include village information. Under China government policy, village should be upgraded with strong government support. It will provide a more comprehensive pictures if village is included.
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中國大陸公司治理與股票報酬之關係張亮勳 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以中國大陸上市公司為研究對象,探討股票報酬與公司治理間之關係。此外,為了檢視中國大陸公司治理是否為股票市場上之系統風險,本研究採用學術上廣為使用之四因子模式(Carhart 1997)作為基本迴歸模型,藉由控制住影響大部分股票變異之四因子,純粹探討公司治理指標對於股票報酬之解釋能力。最後,本研究進一步比較各公司治理指標對於股票報酬變異之解釋力相對強弱為何。
實證結果發現:
(1)國家股股東持股比率相對較高、董事會規模相對較大、董事長兼任總經 理之公司具有較高股票報酬;而機構法人持股比率相對較高、公眾股股東持股比率相對較高、獨立董事占董事會比率相對較高之公司則具有較低股票報酬。
(2)絕大部分公司治理指標對於超額股票報酬具有顯著影響力,本研究進而推論中國大陸公司治理為股票市場上之系統風險之一。然而,公司治理指標對於提升四因子模式解釋力之程度相當有限。
(3)在原本四因子模式中加入「國家股股東持股比率溢酬因子」、「獨立董 事占總董事人數溢酬因子」二公司治理指標,會比加入「公眾股股東持股比率溢酬因子」、「董事會規模溢酬因子」指標具有較佳之模式解釋力。而在模式中加入「公眾股股東持股比率溢酬因子」、「董事會規模溢酬因子」二公司治理指標又比「機構法人持股比率溢酬因子」指標具有較佳之模式解釋力。 / This study investigates the relation between corporate governance and stock returns in China’s listed companies. Additionally, I apply four-factor model (Carhart 1997) to examine whether China’s corporate governance mechanisms are systematic risks in stock market. At last, I compare the explanation power of excess returns among all corporate governance indexes.
I find that: (1) Firms, with higher level of nation ownership, larger board size and dual roles of chairman and managing director, have higher returns; firms ,with higher level of legal person ownership, of public ownership, of independent directors’ ratio, have lower returns. (2) Most Corporate governance indexes have significant impacts on excess stock returns, so we infer that corporate governance in China is one of systematic risks in stock market. However, I also find that corporate governance indexes add few margin contributions to four-factor model. (3) Governance indexes of nation ownership and of independent directors’ ratio have more impact on stock returns than the index of public ownership and of board size. Meanwhile, index of public ownership and of board size have more impact on stock returns than the index of legal person ownership.
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中國大陸外資政策轉變對大陸台商營運之影響 / The Impact of Changes in China’s Foreign Direct Investment Policies on the Operations of Taiwanese Companies張瑤貞, Chang,Yao Chen Unknown Date (has links)
現階段中國大陸之經濟發展已不存在資金與外匯的制約、整體投資環境的改善、內需市場吸引力的加大及加入WTO後,一些對外開放初期為吸引跨國企業投資的讓利政策,正逐步取消。為使外商投資與產業結構調整政策相結合,中國大陸的引資方向從「招商引資」到「招商選資」、從外資「超國民待遇」到「國民待遇」轉變。中國大陸於2006年11月公佈《利用外資十一五規劃》,未來將更加重視引進具備先進技術、管理經驗、資源節約型、環境友好型等高素質外資項目。近期重大的外資政策轉變,將對在中國大陸台商的營運活動,造成新的挑戰。
本研究參考工總問卷調查結果,同時運用深度訪談,綜合分析歸納中國大陸近期實施內外資企業所得稅合一、調降出口退稅率及《勞動合同法》對台商營運之影響。本研究發現,企業所得稅是企業有盈餘才需繳,因此廠商普遍繳得比較心甘情願。調降出口退稅率政策對於出口產品遭調降稅率,產品附加價值又不高者,影響較大。《勞動合同法》對廠商的影響則較為普遍。儘管中國大陸外資政策轉變,但因其市場發展潛力大,加上台商群聚效應及經營慣性等因素,維持原投資規模及原投資地點者均超過半數,實際上減少規模或結束營業僅約1成。且經營自有品牌者、產品附加價值高者、管理效率高者、內銷市場比重高者、原本即較遵守法令規範者,相較之下,所受衝擊較小。
即使近期中國大陸外資政策之轉變對出口型、勞力密集型企業較為不利,惟對於高新科技、節能、環保及信息等產業繼續給予租稅優惠,相關商機應可掌握。樂觀者從危機中看見轉機,台商應審時度勢,合法經營,重新整合資源,積極升級轉型,才是永續經營之道。 / Economic development in China is no longer bound by restrictions on foreign exchange and capital investment, and the investment environment as a whole has been improved. These factors, along with the increasingly attractive internal market and China’s joining the WTO, have resulted in the gradual cancellation of profit-concession policies established at the earlier stage of the market opening to attract international investments. To ensure that foreign direct investments(FDI) will be fully integrated with the industrial structure adjustment policies of the country, China’s FDI policies have also been redirected from “Attracting Investors” to “Selecting Investors”; and the “Preferential Tax Treatment” granted to foreign investment institutions has been discontinued and replaced by the “National Treatment”. In November, 2006, the Chinese government further announced the “11th Five-Year Programme for Utilization of Foreign Direct Investment”. It is expected that more attention will be paid to the introduction of high-quality foreign investments distinguished by their high technology, management experience, resource-saving and environment-friendly features, etc. Significant changes in China’s FDI policies in recent years will pose new challenges to the business operations of Taiwanese companies in China.
This study has referred to the results of a questionnaire survey conducted by the Chinese National Federation of Industries and adopted an in-depth interview approach, so as to analyze and identify the impact on of the various recent policy changes in China on the operations of Taiwanese companies, including the unified corporate income tax rate for domestic and foreign investment enterprises, the reduction of export rebate rate and the implementation of the Labor Contract Law. The findings show that, in general, enterprises are more prepared to pay corporate income tax because it will only be levied when the company has made profits. The downward adjustment of export rebate rate would impact more on companies whose export products are of lower added value, and are subject to the adjusted rebate rate. The Labor Contract Law, on the other hand, would have a relatively wider influence on the companies. In spite of the changes in China’s FDI policies, more than half of Taiwanese companies have determined to maintain their existing investment scope and business presence in China, considering the great market potential, the cluster effects of Taiwanese companies and the organizational inertia. Only about 10% of the companies have physically reduced their business size or closed their businesses. Comparatively, the less impacted companies are the ones which own their own brand names or highly value-added products, those with better management efficiency or a higher percentage of China’s domestic market, or companies which have been relatively more compliant with the regulatory requirements in the past.
While the recent changes in China’s FDI policies have turned out to be unfavorable for export or labor-intensive industries, Taiwanese companies should grasp business opportunities in the areas of high and innovative technologies, energy-saving, environmental protection and the information industry, to which tax credits are being continuously granted. With crises come opportunities. It is recommended that Taiwanese companies in China should evaluate the situation and abide by the relevant regulations; and endeavor to achieve sustainable business development through the re-integration of resources and active upgrading or transformation of businesses.
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一九五○年代反攻大陸宣傳體制的形成 / The Formation of the propaganda institution for Reconquering the Mainland in the 1950s林果顯, Lin, Guo Sian Unknown Date (has links)
本論文從十九世紀末以來亞洲民族國家形成的脈絡,探討反攻意識型態在戰後台灣歷史的歷程中所扮演的角色,目的在探求戰爭塑造與國家建構兩者之間的關係。戰後台灣承繼了日本總力戰、中國抗日戰爭與動員戡亂等多重戰爭體制的影響,在「反攻大陸」的訴求下延續與強化戰時措施,作為在台灣建立國家的憑藉,也強烈形塑統治體制的特徵。在體制建構外,鼓吹人民支持的即為反攻意識型態,透過意識型態各面向的發展,中華民國政府賦予這場戰爭各種不同的意義,並逐漸找尋出不懼時間流逝、為何一直無法反攻的回答。伴隨著意識型態逐步完備的是宣傳手法的漸次純熟,藉由不斷地實驗摸索,反攻意識型態化為日常生活中無所不在的訊息與制度性措施,所依靠的是由軍方大幅介入、以戰時措施宣傳戰爭的方式。統治體制的性質與反攻意識型態的訴求與手法,反映了五○年代以戰爭為中心思考的策略,也代表著戰後台灣國家體制建立的特質。 / This dissertation discusses the role of the ideology of "Reconquering the Mainland" in the 1950s Taiwan from the context of the formation of the nation-state in Asia. The aim of this dissertation is to analysis the relation between war-making and state-making. Postwar Taiwan is conbined with several war systems, including the late Japanese colonization, the anti-Japan war system, and the system of Mobilization for Suppressing the Communist Rebellion. By the reason of "Reconquering the Mainland," Taiwan inherited and increased these war systems to build its state and make the type of rule. What the way to maintain the war system and encourage Taiwanese to support the rule is the propaganda on the ideology of "Reconquering the Mainland", and builing the propaganda institution for the ideology.
Through the development of the ideology, the KMT government finded the resolution of time pass-by and the reason why the government can't reconquere the Mainland. And through the development of the propaganda, the ideology permeated in the daily life of the "normal" people. This dissertation also argues the role of the military in the propaganda institution. From the ideology, propaganda institution and the propaganda way, we can find the central role of the thinking of war, and the importance of war-making in the state-making in the 1950s Taiwan.
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