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汽車產業與智慧財產經營模式之研究-提升產業之經營策略以輪圈業為例 / The Business model of intellectual property management in automotive industrythe management strategy in upgrading the traditianl industry, utilizing alloy wheel industry as case study黃翊珽 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究在探討汽車零件商智慧財產相關議題與經營模式,汽車產業長久以來屬一個封閉的產業,傳統的供應鏈一直以來由製造商所主導,由中心廠根據其設計理念、市場需求、法規規範,安全性與舒適性及環保等多功能需求下,制訂規範與認證方式。儘管各車廠的認證體系與規範各有所不同以及零件商之屬性不同,對於汽車零件供應商來說,共同特點即無論是何種零配件的開發設計與製造,光是簡單的模具設計,動輒開發費用就需五、六百萬,以及經過連續性的試產與樣品送至中心廠之研發測試中心與第三單位等種種繁雜的與冗長之程序認證,這場競賽就像是馬拉松式之賽跑,需要高精密技術、資金、與人力密集。
由於全球化之經濟組織例如WTO引導市場逐漸開放,中心廠採購逐漸以全球市場為採購導向,專屬零件商之模式已不存在,台灣廠商由於全球化一則可藉由此一潮流拓展市場版圖,二則所面臨到的危機不再只是歐美等技術專業大廠,廠商原本慣用的低價之紅海策略,已不敵新興國家或是中國大陸挾帶著廉價人工及土地、水電等之成本優勢。
綜觀台灣的零件商,有多年產業經驗,這些寶貴的無形資產包含研發、生產know-how、以及客戶關係與管理等等,然而,觀察智慧財產長久以來不被台灣的汽車零件商所重視與輕忽之下,往往無形資產之流失,實在可惜,導致許多傳統企業,所面臨的是在人員的替換之下,呈現技術斷層。在內憂與外患之雙重威脅下,如何提升台灣傳統產業,以創新之專業知識為主,台灣豐富之產業經驗為輔,找出一條藍海策略,將是本研究起草之動機。
本研究以汽車零件-鋁輪圈為案例分析,由如何通過嚴格的認證進入汽車產業,成為供應鏈體系下之家族,並經由輪圈之開發、結構以及製程等技術,探討其智慧財產之相關議題,運用創新經營之方式於核心技術下做智慧財產之管理,在OEM/ODM之代工模式下或是自由品牌之模式作品牌之規劃與管理。
欲瞭解鋁圈產業之生態,必定先介紹汽車產業之整體規模與情形。
一、汽車產業之生態
本研究發現,近年來,原本百家爭鳴之汽車品牌,藉由整併進而共用品牌且整合資源之優勢下,增加市場之市佔率、提昇技術、增加品牌之價值,也因交叉持股或併購而達到多角化之經營。因整併所造成的優勢如下:
(一) 供應商因增加經濟規模,增加營收。
(二) 供應商遵循之各車廠規範與認證方式,汽車廠也因整併之故,統整其規範,供應商也因此減少其開發與管理成本。
(三) 藉由中心廠之整併,供應商由原先之供應鏈體系進而擴展其新市場。
未來可見的是歐美地區車市漸趨飽和之下,新興之中國市場與印度市場,也因政府之開放與需求量遽增,將成為下一個汽車產業之後起新秀。
二、汽車供應鏈體系複雜且長
汽車零件銷售管道,主要可分為OEM,由車廠與成車一同銷售,或與保險公司或零售業作自由品牌之售服零件。本研究將針對兩種不同方式的認證與合作模式,作一系列之套探討,並以輪圈業為輔助說明。
由原物料之管理至產品製造,物流之配送,實屬高度垂直整合之行業,本研究將剖析汽車產業供應鏈,延伸探討其價值鏈,並以輪圈產業作為個案分析,探討如何管理與整合不同層次之供應商,以及對於輪圈廠如何創造有利之價值鏈,並作垂直整合或是企業聯盟之方式。以降低交易成本並減少其零組件採購之交易風險。
三、輪圈市場智慧財產行銷與管理之現況
本研究以輪圈個案作為智慧財產經營為案例,探討專利佈局、行銷策略、市佔率之分佈等等。國外專業大廠貫以專利做其技術保護方式,然而由專利分析可發現有些歐美專業廠在過度專利化情形下,反而將公司內部之機密洩漏及不當之公開,而導致競爭對手有機可乘,反觀台灣,有些廠商不重視核心技術而導致競爭力之流失,或是實施營業秘密之予以保護,但無完整支配套措施導致技術外流時有所聞。
因此,本文將藉由台灣之兩大輪圈廠為例:巧新科技與源恆工業,兩家個案不僅是值得探討的輪圈個案,更是台灣典型的傳統產業之廠商,由個案廠商來解析台灣輪圈產業於國際輪圈業之市場定位;源恆工業進入輪圈市場已近三十年,藉由國內中心廠與國外之大廠接軌,以成熟之鑄造技術聞名輪圈業,但近十年來由於大陸與印度廠商挾著廉價之人工與材料,帶給源恆工業之威脅,侵蝕原本之市佔率與產品毛利,本研究將剖析此個案之競爭優、劣勢,並剖析在已發展成熟之鑄造技術下,源恆工業如何利用原有之智慧資本,例如選擇產品難度偏高但毛利較高之產品、經營自有品牌、或是以自有之豐富經驗協助新興地區建廠做整廠輸出之服務性等業外收入,以創新方式,有別於大陸廠商繼續生存。
巧新科技以鍛造高爾夫球頭起家,近五年來轉型為汽車零件商,於今年更獲選為未上市股營收前五十強之排行榜,以技術門檻高贏得先機,如何維持此競爭優勢,以保存無形資產之管理,將是本研究之重點。
儘管智慧財產之管理行之有年,輪圈業也因法規與客戶之需求,創新之技術日新月異,許多長久之know-how 並未妥善之管理,輪圈業者今後需加快建立完整的智慧財產管理,並實際應用其作為行銷之手法。
試圖由研究個案建立起一套完整的管理流程,針對核心技術之管理與行銷之商業模式,建構流程和步驟。並延伸將核心技術受專利或營業秘密保護之後,對內以技術人員專門管理之規範,對外以專利,內部know-how 進而經營輪圈業之品牌。 / This research aims to discuss the intellectual property management in automotive industry. For a long time, the value chain of automotive industry is controlled by the automotive manufactures. Specification and plant certification are different according to each manufacture’s requirement, such as market, regulations, safety and so on. However, it needs to takes lots of time and money to be the one of the automotive family. This expensive prolonged process involves high technology, investment and man-power.
Besides, the international market becomes open under the influence of many global economic organizations, for example WTO. Therefore, the Taiwan’s suppliers are the threatened by not only the US or European’s suppliers, but also the China or India suppliers with cheaper labor cost and raw material.
Taiwan’s suppliers had abundant experiences, including R&D, know-how and customer relationship management. However, those intangible properties were ignored for a long time by most suppliers and the information was not treated as important trade secrets and preserved properly. Those suppliers are situated in a crucial moment. From one side, the prices competition becomes intensified in the market. From the other side, without proper preservation, there will be a gap of professional technology in the company. Therefore, this thesis will focus on how to promote Taiwan manufacture industry on the basis of the abundant experiences of Taiwan and develop a route into the blue ocean strategy.
This research will be focus on the automotive suppliers. We will apply alloy wheel industry as case study. The thesis will describe how a company can pass the certification and participate in the group of automotive family. Besides, the discussion will connect product R&D, wheel structure, and production technology to brand management. How to make innovations into intellectual property and the IP management would be the main concerns of this research.
Before the discussion on the wheel industry, we will need to know about the current condition of automotive industry.
A. The automotive industry
The research discovers that the automotive market were controlled by the biggest ten automotive manufactures due to company merger and acquisition. The action of merge and acquisition can increase the market share and the brand value and bring new product technology by sharing trademark and resource to the manufactures.
The merger and acquisition by manufactures also changes the supplier’s situation and bring suppliers the following success in the future:
1. The supplier increase the sales due to new market expanded.
2. The supplier could decrease the management cost of specification and certification due to the merger and acquisition between automotive makers.
3. The supplier increases its market share due to the manufacture’s merger.
Besides, China and Indian will become the biggest market of automotive industry because of the economic growth in both countries.
B. The supply chain of automotive industry is long and complicated.
The sales channels of automotive components can be divided into two ways, OEM and After Market. This research will explain the different certification and collaboration between those two ways and apply alloy wheels as case study.
The automotive industry is a highly vertical integrated industry from the raw material management to product logistic. This research will elaborate the automotive supply chain and further discuss the value chain between tier 1 and tier 2. We will also discuss about how to manage the supply chain and to create profits from the value chain. It can be done through the decrease of the exchange cost, the purchase low-risked components, the vertical integration of industry and the joint venture.
C. The intellectual property management in alloy wheel industry
In this research, the patent strategy, marketing management and market share of each alloy wheel manufacture will be analyzed to elaborate the patent situation of alloy wheel industry. Form the analysis, we can find that over-filing patents in some American alloy wheel manufactures caused the disclosure of trade secret to their rival companies. On the other hand, some Taiwan suppliers ignore the protection of intellectual property. As a result, their core competence will not be developed.
This research will choose two famous alloy wheel companies, Super Alloy and Rosta as case study. Both companies are typical companies of traditional manufacturers in Taiwan. From the analysis of the two cases, we can understand the position of Taiwan’s suppliers of the world.
The Rosta Group has been in the alloy wheel industry over 30 years. It maintains its international business through the connection with foreign manufactures. Except for the customer relationship, the excellent foundry technology is well-recognized by its customers. However, in past 10 years, China and Indian suppliers offer cheaper price by their lower manufacturing cost. The low cost strategy brought the impact of the market share and original profits of Rosta Group. The research will analyze the Rosta Group by SWOT. The advantage of Rosta group will be its abundant experience and excellent production technology. How to transform the intangible capital into the profitable intellect property will be the main concern of this case study. The thesis suggests to choose the products of higher production technology and high profits, to well apply the trademark value or to offer technology consulting for new suppliers who want to start its alloy wheel business. The conclusion will be a advice of the market strategy for Rosta Group to differentiae from China suppliers.
The Super Alloy was a manufacture of golf iron head in the beginning. In 2003, it started its automotive business. The Super Alloy is strong at its forge technology. It was also chosen as the best 50 profit private companies in 2008. How to maintain the competency and manage the intangible asset would be the key point of this case study.
Though the concept of intellectual property has been promoted for years, it is more practiced in the high technology industry. For the alloy wheel industry, the know-how of design, structure and production technology was not maintained and managed properly. It is suggested that the wheel suppliers should develop an intellectual property management and apply it in marketing strategy.
Through the case study, the thesis will try to build a complete managing process of intellectual property, step by step, including protection of core technology and marketing strategy of business model. Besides, the trade secret management, the patent management, the management and promotion of trademark will also be involved in discussion.
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論我國技術授權與市場競爭之處理原則洪萱 Unknown Date (has links)
智慧財產權利人有多種方式利用其智慧財產權。最直接的方式是將智慧財產權出售予他人,以獲得價金之報酬。權利人透過一次獲得相當金額,而滿足其創新的對價;但也有可能由於創新尚未獲得市場肯定,而無法獲得他人提供足以滿足其目的之對價。另種方式是自行設廠製造,不過,一方面權利人未必有足夠的財力投資於生產,而另一方面權利人未必了解經營或未必有意願承擔經營之風險。折衷的方式就是將智慧財產權授權他人使用,而不移轉所有權,以獲得持續的報酬給付,並不喪失其最終的權利。
然而,智慧財產權具有排他效力,只有特定權利人可以使用,他人除非經過權利人同意,否則無法使用,限制或排除他人進入該智慧財產權所涉及之商品市場與權利人自由競爭,而形成限制競爭之效果。此種結果是賦予具有排他效力之智慧財產權所必然產生者,如果因而被認定違反競爭法,恐將導致智慧財產權之規範目的無法達成。因此,對於「智慧財產權法對於智慧財產權利人之保護」與「公平交易法對於公平交易秩序之維護」兩者界限該如何權衡,當為十分重要的課題。
本文經由探討美國、歐盟及日本等國家現行競爭法對於技術授權行為之規範:美國”Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property(1995)”、” Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition(2007)”,歐盟” Commission Regulation (EC) No 772/2004 of 27 April 2004 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of technology transfer agreements”及其Guidelines,日本2007年新修訂「知的財産の利用に関する独占禁止法上の指針」,以及參考我國公平會(Fair Trade Commission)執法實務之案例經驗,俾掌握技術授權行為如何在鼓勵創新與促進技術流通兩者間加以權衡題,進而試就我國技術授權協議案件處理原則(Fair Trade Commission Guidelines on Technology Licensing Arrangements),提供具體修正建議:
一、適用範圍:歐盟及日本於新修訂的技術授權處理規範中,均將適用客體進一步擴大適用至新式樣專利與軟體著作權(software copyright)。然而,我國公平會目前相關案件量甚少,故是否要隨外國立法例擴大適用範圍,應視我國國情及執法實務加以考量,仍有斟酌餘地。
二、建立「安全區」:適度將對於市場競爭程度影響輕微之案件排除,不但增加執法透明度與明確性,同時避免行政資源錯置,應屬可行。衡諸國情及促進產業發展之考量,本文建議立法初期,針對公平交易法第19條限制競爭或妨礙公平競爭行為,於授權人市場占有率10%以下者,認定較無限制競爭或妨礙公平競爭疑慮,而不須加以審查。
三、不須區分黑(違法)、灰(可能違法)條款:現行技術授權處理原則第6點及第7點規定若從法律效果來看,應無區分必要,亦即無區分黑、灰條款之必要。若競爭法主管機關有意區別兩類行為之非難程度,則可在立法說明或處理原則中對於個別行為之競爭評價,詳為敘明,俾讓業者遵循。倘公平會對於特定行為欲採取較為嚴格的執法立場,採取當然違法之判斷者,條文用語應修改為「授權協議當事人○○行為時,即得認定該行為對特定市場供需功能產生影響…」,亦即不須判斷該行為對於市場競爭實質影響程度,只要當事人行為合致構成要件,即屬違法,如此始有區分規範之必要。
四、修正個別條款內容:針對現行第5點至第7點規定,「不構成違法」共11款,及修正後「可能構成違反公平交易法第19條第6款規定」共12款行為類型,就其條文內容或立法說明提供具體修正意見。
五、標準化與專利聯盟(standardization and patent pool):從廣受各界關注的「飛利浦案」,公平會對於科技產業的標準化與專利聯盟情形,如何建構妥適的聯合行為管制模式,首要之務是要確立執法立場。對於專利聯盟可能存有惡性卡特爾之風險,一方面仍保有競爭法主管機關的介入空間,亦不能動輒讓產業承擔過高法律風險,導致阻礙創新或影響商機。美國、歐盟、日本立法例多肯定透過專利聯盟集中授權模式,有助減少交易成本等效益,亦建立不少規範與案例,可供公平會借鏡參考。然而,不能忽視的是我國廠商多處於被授權人地位,在高度仰賴技術輸入之現況,如何確保我國廠商得以在公平競爭環境,得以提升產業發展,競爭法主管機關於制定相關法規時,亦須一併加以重視。
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以專利案件為中心論智慧財產案件審理法 / Intellectual property case adjudication act洪陸麟 Unknown Date (has links)
我國智慧財產法院已於2008年7月1日正式成立並開始運作,專責審理智慧財產權案件,並透過將刑事、民事、行政訴訟合而為一的審理制度,解決昔日智慧財產案件冗長審理的弊病,具有維持同一見解、加速審判速度、以及增進效率等功效。在智慧財產法院開始運作及審理法實施即將屆滿一年之際,本論文彙整智慧財產法院近一年來所審結之專利相關案件的判決來回顧審理法實施前專家學者之學理見解以及審理法實施後智慧財產法院實務見解兩者間之差異性,並且針對審理法的幾項重要特色從立法沿革、學者專家見解、法院實務見解等層面進一步加以討論。
本碩士論文共分為九個章節,除第一章緒論及第九章討論與建議外,其他章節主要針對新型態的智慧財產案件爭訟處理制度加以討論,相關主題包括智慧財產法院的成立背景、過程及其定位(第二章)、智慧財產案件審理法的特色,例如管轄權之劃分、設置技術審查官協助法官之案件審理、秘密保持命令制度、民、刑事訴訟關於權利有效性抗辯處理程序、專責機關參加訴訟、加強審理效率化、定暫時狀態處分程序、行政訴訟中容許提出新證據以及遠距視訊審理(第三章);並針對具有相當爭議性之制度規劃進行討論,例如:專屬管轄與非專屬管轄(第四章)、專利權有效性之抗辯(第五章)、技術審查官與專責機關之參加專利訴訟(第六章)、專利行政訴訟中容許新證據之提出(第七章)、以及定暫時狀態處分之變革(第八章)。
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策略回應對專利訴訟和解影響之研究 / A case study on the competitive dynamics for settlement in mobile patent suits葉君華, Yeh, Chun Hua Unknown Date (has links)
基於智慧財產權對於企業之成長、獲利能力有關鍵性的影響,企業越來越重視智慧財產權的研發及運用策略,有別於以往企業將智慧財產權用在保護自己產品避免被指控侵權,多數企業現在亦將智慧財產權用於干擾競爭對手之商業佈局。又臺灣廠商因智慧財產權佈局較弱,往往係被國際廠商提告的對象,則為免影響企業經營核心事業及避免鉅額之損害賠償,企業傾向選擇與對方和解,本文即係探討倘企業面臨專利訴訟,且經適當之商業評估後,認為與原告和解為最佳的選擇,企業應採取何種方式為自己爭取談判時間,經本文整理後,企業除法律層面的回應—於訴訟中積極答辯、提起反訴或另訴、利用動議拖延訴訟庭審時間,亦可採取商業層面的回應—對外收購專利、策略併購或投資、有效利用友好公司及策略夥伴等,以達到和解之目的。 / Because of intellectual property have key influences that impacts on growth and profitability of individual companies, companies pay much more attention to intellectual property in developments and application strategies. Unlike in the past when most companies use their own intellectual property to protect products and avoid attacks, they use their own intellectual property to interfere with business plans of competitors. As Taiwanese companies are weaker in intellectual property portfolio, leading international companies were often filed lawsuits against them. To avoid being ordered to pay huge amount damages and be able to focus on core business, Taiwanese companies are inclined to settle. This study is focus on when a company evaluates the situation and then decides to settle, the company should take what kind of actions to earn more time to negotiate a settlement. In conclusion, a company can take legal actions such as, defending the lawsuit, bringing the counterclaim, filing another compliant against the plaintiff, filing motions to postpone trial, but also can buy patents, make strategic investments, and make full use of friendly companies and strategic partners in order to reach a settlement.
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台灣法人科專計畫與科技部計畫之資源錯置研究:以專利價值指標為研發產出 / Misallocation of technology development programs and ministry of science and Technology’s programs: using patent value index as the R&D output王郁棋, Wang, Yu Chi Unknown Date (has links)
近年創新研發相關文獻指出創新政策可能因政策不一致性及資源被不適任者所佔有等因素而宣告失敗。其中「資源錯置」此議題乃最為大眾所關注,因此本研究採用Hsieh and Klenow(2009)的資源配置效率模型以檢視台灣兩大科技計畫─「法人科專計畫」與「科技部計畫」是否有資源錯置之情事,以確保我國科技計畫之成效。結果指出,科技部計畫之資源配置效率相對於法人科專計畫較為不穩定,主因為科技部計畫執行機構多為學術型機構,其專利產值較易浮動。研究後續進一步分析兩大計畫底下各機構之扭曲程度。法人科專部份,工研院長期為正向扭曲,中科院則長期為負向扭曲,其正負之差異源自於機構的研發屬性不同;科技部計畫部份,各機構扭曲程度波動較大,乃受到機構研究目的與發表形式差異所導致。本文受限於利用專利作為產出衡量,無法提供科技部計畫全面性的評估觀點。未來若能納入人文社會科學領域且綜合其他學術指標做為產出衡量,將能提供更完整的科技部計畫資源配置效率分析,提供更精確之政策建議。 / Past literature has sounded an alarm to the failure of innovation and warned that policy inconsistency and misallocated innovation inputs as two major reasons to fail innovation. Since Taiwanese government had consistent support over research and development via policy support, this research has focused on the issues of innovation input distortions. In this thesis, the "Technology Development Program (TDP)" supported by Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) as well as endowment projects financed by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) are utilized as the research target to investigate the innovation efficiency. The results in this research suggest that TDP has stably higher performance than the MOST-financed projects. TDP projects are executed as more business-related uses while MOST-financed projects usually focus more on the fundamental technological breakthroughs. Besides, the results also suggest that the innovation objectives set by different institutions are crucial to the current innovation efficiency measure. For example, the TDP projects executed by Industrial Technology Research Institute, a commercial technology developer, record less distortions than other TDP projects granted to other institutions responsible for national defense development. This would shed light on the more aligned innovation objective setup and the following innovation resource allocation.
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高科技產業分析架構研究-以LCD產業為例洪崑欽 Unknown Date (has links)
高科技產業的特性為資本密集、技術密集與人才密集,產品生命週期較為短。在面臨全球化的競爭挑戰時,面對的壓力遠高於傳統產業。因此如何提昇台灣高科技產業得的水準和強化產業競爭力,實為當今台灣廠商與政府應面對的重要問題。
LCD產業相關技術發展已近成熟,加上台灣為全球筆記型電腦及PC監視器的生產重鎮,具有不得不進入LCD產業的壓力。此外,液晶顯示技術的發展也帶動其他電子產品的創新,範圍涵蓋了資訊、通訊及消費性電子商品等。LCD具有輕薄、省電、無輻射、不佔空間及可攜性等優勢,隨著多元化應用的推廣及技術的發展,產業整體市場規模將急遽成長。
高科技產業如LCD產業,對於國內相關產業的關鍵零組件自主性與促進產業升級都有重大的影響。在面對日本及韓國強烈的競爭下,台灣廠商如何在LCD產業的全世界市場領域中建立競爭優勢,找到適當定位,是一個值得討論的重要課題。
本研究以產業經濟學的產業結構-廠商行為-績效(Structure—Conduct—Performance, S-C-P)理論,為主要的分析架構,再配合Porter的五力分析架構,價值鏈分析和國家優勢競爭之鑽石模型概念分析台灣的LCD產業。希望透過研究的過程,找出一套適用於LCD產業的產業分析架構。在實務上希望能夠作為業者擬定企業競爭策略及政府擬定產業政策的參考。由於本研究有其研究的限制,本文也開列出後續研究的建議,希望提供後者更進一步的研究方向。
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工業電腦產業智慧資本與智慧財產經營研究-以研華公司為例 / Study on the intellectual capital and intellectual properity of industrial computer industry – A case study of Advantech張俊一, Chang, Chun-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
工業電腦產業為資訊電子產業中的利基產業,其產業特性為少量多樣、高毛利、客戶多而分散、競爭者眾多等特性。本研究以工業電腦世界第一大廠「研華股份有限公司」為主要研究對象,資料來源為個人在研華股份有限公司擔任產品開發(Product Manager)職務期間所親身處理相關事務與蒐集公司內部資料為主,並輔以其他工業電腦廠商之新聞、報紙、証交所資料等為輔,從「新產品開發」、「品牌經營」與「行銷通路」三個構面,來探討工業電腦廠商之「智慧資本」與「智慧財產」經營運作模式。
本研究在智慧資本方面的發現如下:
一、人力資本:
1、研華因為品牌效益高與相關人力資源與福利制度完整,招聘優質人才較為容易,且人才平均學歷高、國際化程度高、專業分工仔細。
2、不同事業群之間的跨部門人才互動機會不多,且企業內部缺乏輪調機制,難以培養對各產品事業部皆熟悉的高階主管。
3、目前由董事長兼任總經理的模式,親自來管理不同事業群,難以真正跨入高階主管專業經理人制度。
4、目前法務僅一人,且合併在稽核部門,並且無智財管理專業背景,難以將法務或智財管理提昇至企業策略層級。
(二)、結構資本:
1、研華的各項作業流程均高度電子化,舉凡財務、會計、出納、產品開發、生產、庫存管理、訂單處理、RMA、採購等等,均是透過電子化與網路的界面完成。
2、研華的電子商務系統服務的對象包含員工、業務、經銷商與終端客戶,並針對不同的使用者發展出不同的線上服務系統,產品開發主要的系統是NPI與PLM,客戶管理則是Siebel CRM,其他財務、採購、生產管理與Logistic則是透過SAP ERP系統,不同的系統之間,已完成資料共享與動態連結。
3、研華的主核心競爭優勢是其「全球行銷通路」與「電子商務系統」高度整合。只要一有新的產品上市,就能立刻透過公司的系統,讓全球的客戶知道、並透過網路下單與出貨。
4、研華目前的主要瓶頸是產品種類太多、生產線異動太頻繁、生產良率偏低,如何改善相關作業流程,簡化產品種類、彈性生產、提高良率,是一大考驗。
(三)、關係資本:
1、研發人員與供應商關係互動緊密,採購對供應商的議價權相對較弱。
2、研華公司透過WPC(World Partner Conference)、Global AE Training、Solution Day、Exhibition等活動,與分公司、經銷商及終端客戶(System Integrators)頻繁互動。
3、研華公司透過研華文教基金會,投入大專青年創業競賽與教育,並與國內多數大專院校建立良好的合作關係,建立人才召募網絡,並附帶社會公益的正面形象。
本研究在智慧財產管理方面的發現如下:
(一)、專利與積體電路電路布局保護方面:
1、專利申請前建議召開Braining Storming會議,並請擁有專利專業背景的人員在旁協助會議的進行,以提昇專利品質並達成專利知識內部共享與流通之目的。
2、將現有的212個專利製作成研華專利技術手冊,並分送每位產品開發相關人員,以達專利知識能在內部流程與使用。
3、加強發明專利的申請與大陸的專利布局,並主動分析「威達電」已申請之發明專利,研擬對手提起專利訴訟之因應策略。
4、將專利的維護與原申請單位掛勾,以利專利權之成本分攤與節省,甚至是適時放棄。
5、請專業智財管理人員Review目前研華已簽屬之授權合約與權利金給付之合理性。
6、積體電路電路布局保護在工業電腦產業之作用有限,建議相關產業及人員,改以營業祕密的方式保護即可。
(二)、商標與品牌:
1、研華的商標申請活躍,包含公司名稱、產品與服務等。
2、研華的品牌行銷活動有專人負責,制度完善且分工仔細。
3、研華並未有商標授權之營利行為與未來規劃。
4、研華公司透過WPC(World Partner Conference)、Global AE Training、Solution Day、Exhibition等活動的舉辦,增加品牌知名度與價值。
5、在D&MS的業務模式下,商標與品牌的效益重要性偏低。
(三)、著作權:
1、建議強化禁止員工使用非法軟體之教育,並進一步要求員工簽屬免責合同:若發生員工自行使用非法軟體,公司已盡教育與宣導之義務,並得以免責。
2、建議MIS人員定期抽檢員工的電腦使用非法軟體情事,並記錄備查,以利爭議發生時的權責歸屬。
(四)、營業祕密保護與員工競業禁止:
1、建議制定員工保密合同,並要求員工就職時簽屬。現職員工則由高階主管帶頭示範,要求其他員工比照辦理。
2、建議在員工就職時與離職前做保密教育,並查詢員工離職前夕是否有違反規定私自帶走機密資料。
3、由各部門主管自行決定該部門各類文件機密等級,並強化公司內部文件機密等級標示。
4、建議考量要求高階主管簽屬競業禁止的可行性,並與公司紅利配股制度包裏實施。
(五)、其他智慧財產經營運用:建議設立專責智財管理單位或強化法務人才智財專業,並由具備理工與法務背景人才擔任,其主要掌管事項可以包含一般法務、專利申請及管理與分享、合約管理、商標申請、企業內部智財稽核與教育、授權合約審核、競爭對手侵權確認等等。
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研發投入與產出對於企業經營績效之遞延效果-以我國電子業上市上櫃公司為例吳佳瑋, Wu, Jia-Wei Unknown Date (has links)
對於從事創新績效相關研究的學者來說,在進行實證分析時,皆必須考量研發活動對於經營績效的影響並不僅止於當期,且存在著遞延效果;相同地,對於實務界的投資者來說,也必須考量各企業所進行的研發活動對其經營績效的遞延效果。過去學者將研發活動依流程分為投入與產出兩個構面,其中,研發產出又可再細分為數量與品質二部分,因此,本研究將就我國電子業上市上櫃公司,分別探討研發投入、產出數量與品質對於企業經營績效的遞延效果。
研究結果發現,研發投入之效益於未來第三年實現。研發產出數量對於經營績效並未呈現顯著的相關;而研發產出品質對於當年的企業經營績效即產生效益,且此效益及於未來二年。本研究推論,研發產出的數量雖能反映企業研發投入的成果,但唯有能夠高品質的產出,才能有效提升企業的經營績效。 / For scholars engaged in innovation performance research, they must consider that the impact of R&D activities on financial performance often has a time-lag effect; so do the investors in the capital market. In the past, researchers divided R&D activities into two aspects by means of the procedure, including R&D input and R&D output. The latter also includes the quantity and the quality of R&D output. Therefore, this thesis uses Taiwan’s electronics industry as a research sample and examines the lag-effect of R&D input, R&D output quantity and quality on the companies’ financial performance.
The research results show that the benefits of R&D input are realized in the 3rd year in the future. In addition, the benefits of R&D output quality are realized in the current year, and last to the 2nd year in the future. However, there is no evidence for the relationship between R&D output quantity and companies’ financial performance. Overall, only can the high quality R&D output contribute to the companies’ financial performance.
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台灣專利聯盟(Patent Pool)的可行性探討─以國際產業標準的營運模式為例 / The feasibility analysis of Patent Pool in Taiwan─The Business Model of International Standard徐弘光, Hsu, Henry Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,台灣高科技廠商開始投注大量的心血在於專利申請上,由公告的美國專利數目,台灣專利權人2005年在美獲取專利數已位居美國以外國家的第三位,在這樣的數據下,應該值得驕傲,然若從訴訟案例來看,台灣廠商卻仍明顯處於被指控專利侵權的窘境,在光電產業、光儲存產業、半導體產業、IC設計業等,有相當多的案例說明台灣廠商雖然在專利的數量上已達一定的成效,但營運上卻因為專利議題而障礙重重。
許多專利聯盟案例的成功,如MPEG LA與DVD 6C都說明了以專利為基礎所產生標準後能帶來的龐大商業利益。使得標準之爭,成為國際級大集團的必爭之地。反觀台灣或是中國,近年來都有許多與標準相關的聯盟產生,但都未能為主流產品所遵循、參與。
本文藉由MPEG-2 的案例,對於技術、專利、產品、產業的相互關係作一實證的探討,並以國際級跨國公司的智權管理來分析其營運模鏈式。發現推動標準的領導廠商,在標準制訂過程中,積極地參與標準組織、轉化研發成果為專利;在專利的佈局上,也善用專利申請的技巧在各國廣佈專利;積極推廣標準成為主流後,再組成專利聯盟、訂立授權機制。
國內廠商,若要制訂標準、組成專利聯盟,應建立許多研發的配套機制,例如研發過程中,標準、產品與專利的結、產業上中下游價值鏈的安排、研發聯盟的組成等。 / Hi-tech companies in Taiwan have begun to focus their resources on patent prosecution and the added-value thereafter in recent years. According to the statistics of USPTO, Taiwan ranks 3th on the total patent granted to a foreign origin. This is clearly an achievement to be proud of. However, Taiwan companies are still subject to many infringement challenges, be they in the field of optoelectronics, optical storage, semi-conductor or IC design. Clearly the growing patent ownership has not quite resolved the intellectual property issues these companies must overcome.
The success of patent pools can bring profit to companies. In cases of MPEG LA and DVD 6C, they makes standard war a critical issue to international companies. On the contrary in Taiwan and China, many alliances aiming to promote standard fail to become standard finally.
The case of MPEG-2 is analyzed in the aspects of technology, patent, product, industry and also their interactions. In addition, the IP management of the business model is also discussed. We found the leading company of industrial standard are aggressively participating the standard organization and applying patents. In patent application, there were skillfully in filing patents in different countries. After the technology become dominant standards, they start to form patent pool and build the license mechanism.
Domestic companies should establish the infrastructure of R&D before setting standard and forming patent pool. For example, the connections of standard, product development, patent application, industrial value chain and R&D alliance should be planed and established during R&D process.
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電信競爭與專利策略之研究 / A Study on Telecom Competition and Patent Strategy方修忠 Unknown Date (has links)
專注於科技創新並將之轉化為智慧財產權的應用,可說是通訊產業競爭的關鍵因素;專利不但是通訊科技演變與進步的註腳,也相當程度地解釋了為什麼Ericsson與Nokia之所以屹立不搖,為何Qualcomm得以崛起,為何Ericsson與Sony要合資成立索尼愛立信,又為何NTT DoCoMo的i-mode得以成為今日全世界最成功的無線上網服務,而Lucent與Siemens又為什麼無奈地逐漸淡出市場?答案就是科技的創新與管理!
本研究試圖在既有的競爭與策略的理論上,以專利為核心,來探討電信事業如何在飽和的行動通訊市場,透過專利的取得,獲致先進的技術,進入新市場,以強化自身競爭優勢;進而藉由授權及執行之策略運用,佈建專利保護網,排除競爭對手進入市場;同時利用專利創造公司財富、提高股東價值,並可作為併購、合資等談判籌碼,以達到產業控制等目的。
因此,本論文即在探討電信事業如何運用專利策略,以創造績效,項目如下:
一、探討電信事業的專利現況並做案例分析。
二、探討電信事業如何運用其專利,並結合運用國內、外專利策略的理論。
三、訪談電信事業經理人,探討專利如何從行銷、技術與法律面達成公司目標。
四、探討電信事業如何利用專利作為談判籌碼,以便在各種交易中取得優勢。
本文以圖表方式呈現台灣五個主要電信事業的專利現況,先依據各業者申請中華民國、美國以及中華人民共合國之專利項目與數量,比較何者擁有最多專利權;進而探討其是否也相對的具有最強的競爭優勢。並以實際案例呈現台灣主要電信事業發生之專利糾紛,及其如何研擬與執行專利策略,並與理論作如何之結合。
從本研究之實際案例與專利策略模型得之,企業應該在平時就體認專利不只是技術部門或法律部門的業務,公司高階主管更要認知專利策略與公司的行銷策略或財務目標是緊密結合的。尤其應該要求專業經理人將專利資產視為「企業家精神」的一環來重視與培養,如此一來,專利策略的成本效益就得以自然顯現,並與公司的行銷策略與營運目標相互結合。
關鍵字:電信、產業鏈、專利、策略、專利策略、專利分析 / Focusing on innovation and make it a strategy of IPR is one of the sustainable factors of telecom operation in such a fierce competition. Why Nokia and Ericsson keep their competitiveness ? Why NTT DoCoMo and its i-mode are so successful ? Why Lucent and Siemens both fall behind from their telecom competitors ? The same reason in common is technology innovation and management.
Patent strategy primarily includes 3 parts,which are obtaining patent rights, creating patent value, and enforcing them. Patent strategy should run with Marketing strategy so as to apply patents as an isolating mechanism to deterrent other competitors, and to leverage patents to maximize income or using patents as bargaining chips to strengthen companys’ position in dealing with the third parties, as well as to defend themselves against patents owned by others. As a result, patent decisions become sources of dynamic capabilities in the never ended competition.
In this paper, 2 qualitative analysis researches are presented. First, there are several patent award lists of Taiwan’s three major mobile companies breaking down by ROC, USA and PRC respectively. Secondly, 5 in-depth interviews with 4 high rank managers of Fareastone and it patent law firm were made to show how FET perform it patent strategy against a service product made by another mobile company and software company.
This thesis is to provide telecom companies with a successful case study in formulating a patent strategy and expects to raise the suggestion for managers in telecom industries regarding the strategic importance of patents and patents management should be part of the “Entrepreneurship”.
Keywords: Telecom, value chain, Patent, Strategy, Patent strategy, Patent analysis
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